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Sanitation of the oral cavity in children and its role in prevention dental diseases. Medical examination of children at the dentist.

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SECONDARY PREVENTION 1. Early timely detection of the first signs of disease in the oral cavity 2. Application of traditional methods of treating diseases (therapeutic, surgical) in order to prevent their progression.

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Main groups of secondary prevention measures 1. National: Sanitation of the oral cavity of children and adolescents Sanitation of pregnant women Medical examination of the child population 2. Individual: Regular removal of dental plaque Treatment of gingivitis Treatment of initial forms of caries Surgical and orthodontic measures Physiotherapy

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The sanitation system is regular examinations after a certain time and sanitation of the oral cavity. Treatment of all teeth affected by caries and its complications (permanent and temporary). Removal of supra- and subgingival dental plaque. Replacement of irrational fillings. Removal of damaged and untreatable teeth and roots. Treatment of periodontal diseases and oral mucosa Identification and treatment of early stages malocclusion

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The planned rehabilitation should include the entire child population. Sanitation is carried out at least once a year, professional examinations are carried out 2 times a year. Sanitation should include the entire range of activities for each child. Planned sanitation is accompanied by an analysis of morbidity, a study of the dynamics of morbidity, and taking into account the effectiveness of measures. Hygienic education of children, development of their oral care skills.

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Forms of rehabilitation 1. Individual 2. One-time 3. Planned Methods of rehabilitation 1. Centralized 2. Decentralized

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1. Centralized Pros: Possibility of conducting additional examination methods. Availability of junior and secondary medical students. personnel. Possibility of physical procedures Consultation with dentists of other specialties. Possibility of removing temporary teeth Disadvantages: The need to accompany children to sanitation Disengagement of schoolchildren from school The child gets tired while waiting for an appointment

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Decentralized Pros: 100% coverage of sanitation Students are not interrupted from classes There is no need to transport children and accompany them The doctor is not limited in time There is an opportunity to carry out sanitary and educational work Cons: There is no possibility of additional examination methods and physical procedures Impossibility of performing removals There is no possibility of consulting other specialists Possibly insufficient equipment.

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Documentation 1. Sanitation card, form No. 267 Life history, state of health of the child, state of oral hygiene, fills in the dental formula. 2. Journal of the dentist’s work Daily work records 3. Monthly report of the dentist’s work

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Quantitative indicators of sanitation 1. Percentage of children in need of sanitation among those examined 2. Number of missing teeth per 1000 children 3. Coverage of sanitation: number of sanitized / number of those in need of sanitation x 100% 4. Coverage of sanitation of patients with uncomplicated caries 5 Coverage of rehabilitation of patients with complicated caries, cured in one visit. 6. Number of cases of complicated caries in temporary teeth, permanent teeth per 1000 children 7. Number of UET performed by a doctor per day

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Qualitative indicators of rehabilitation 1. Duration of treatment 2. Timeliness of treatment 3. Completeness of treatment 4. Treatment outcomes

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Clinical examination is a method of health care for the population, including a set of health-improving measures. This is a method of dynamic monitoring of the health status of a practically healthy population and patients with chronic diseases.

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Medical examination of children in the first 3 years of life. 1. Healthy children. 2. Healthy children, but with risk factors for caries. 3. Children with malformations of dental tissues: hypoplasia, dental caries, malocclusions formed by the age of 3.

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Preschoolers and schoolchildren 1. healthy children who do not have dental caries and risk factors for its development 2. healthy children with risk factors for the development of caries 3. children with damage to the hard tissues of teeth, who have caries, risk factors for its development, KPU = 1-4 4. the presence of caries, the presence of risk factors caries, KPU=5-7 5. presence of caries, its complications, KPU>8 Damage to immune zones by caries, presence of foci of demineralization, caries increase per year of 3 or more

"Prevention of dental diseases"

Plan

I Introduction:

1) Definition of prevention of dental diseases;

2) Goals and objectives of prevention;

3) Relevance of the topic.

II Main part.

Methods for preventing major dental diseases:

1) Dental education of the population;

2) Training in the rules of rational nutrition;

3) Training in the rules of dental oral care;

4) Endogenous use of fluoride preparations;

5) Use of local prophylactic means;

6) Secondary prevention (sanitation of the oral cavity).

III Summary

IV Conclusions

V Bibliography

I Introduction.

Prevention of dental diseases is the prevention of the occurrence and development of oral diseases. The introduction of prevention programs leads to a sharp decrease in the intensity of dental caries and periodontal diseases, a significant decrease in cases of tooth loss at a young age and an increase in the number of children and adolescents with intact teeth. The cost of preventive methods is, on average, 20 times lower than the cost of treating existing dental diseases.

Dental morbidity in our country is quite high, and its further increase should be expected unless the conditions influencing the development of the disease are changed in a favorable direction.

Goals and objectives of prevention:

Reducing the intensity and prevalence of dental caries; increase in the number of people without caries.

Reducing the percentage of people with signs of periodontal tissue damage; reducing the number of sextants with bleeding, tartar and pathological pockets in a key age group in accordance with the index of need for the treatment of periodontal diseases.

Relevance of the topic:

The topic of prevention of dental diseases is very relevant, since the results of numerous studies show that the intensity of the main dental diseases (dental caries and periodontal disease) among the Russian population is quite high.

Thus, in three-year-old children, the intensity of caries in primary teeth is on average 3.7, that is, every three-year-old Russian child has almost 4 teeth affected by caries.

Subsequently, with age, a significant increase in caries activity is observed. By the age of 15, the average number of affected teeth among adolescents reaches 8.0. In the adult population, the incidence of dental caries reaches 100%.

As for the condition of periodontal tissues, it turned out to be unsatisfactory for the majority of the Russian population, regardless of age and place of residence. By the age of 35–44 years and older, almost all of the examined patients had severe periodontal lesions with a predominance of tartar and periodontal pockets of varying depths.

Concerning Belgorod region, then in 2000 periodontitis was registered in 52.18 cases, and in 2001 – 96.70 cases.

II Main part.

Basic prevention methods

dental diseases:

1) dental education of the population;

2) training in the rules of rational nutrition;

3) training in the rules of hygienic oral care;

4) endogenous use of fluoride preparations;

5) use of local prophylactic means;

6) secondary prevention (sanitation of the oral cavity).

Dental education methods include conversations, lectures, seminars, health lessons, games, etc.

Methods that involve the interested participation of the population are called active. Their advantage is the direct relationship and interaction of the specialist and the audience, which ensures best effect impact.

Methods that do not require the active participation of the population are called passive.

They don't require presence medical worker, influence long time and to a large audience. The disadvantage is the lack of feedback between patients and specialists.

Dental education, depending on the number of people involved in educational work, is divided into 3 organizational forms: mass, group, individual.

The steps that any person must overcome to develop a useful habit: knowledge => understanding => conviction => skill => habit.

Training in the rules of rational nutrition.

Nutrition can affect dental tissue in two ways: firstly, during tooth formation before eruption and, secondly, after eruption.

For the formation of teeth resistant to caries, one of the main conditions is the nutrition of a pregnant woman that is complete in terms of quality and quantity, including dairy products, minerals, vitamins, vegetables, and fruits. Nutrition is of great importance in the first year of a child’s life, when the formation and development of permanent teeth occurs.

The occurrence and progression of dental caries in the population is facilitated by the following dietary habits:

High content of easily fermentable carbohydrates in food, especially sugar;

Increasing the frequency of meals;

Reducing the consumption of foods that require intense chewing, which leads to an increase in salivary flow and “natural cleansing of the oral cavity”;

Reducing the consumption of foods that help inhibit dental caries.

Individual oral hygiene.

Personal hygiene involves careful and regular removal of dental plaque from the surfaces of teeth and gums by the patient himself using various hygiene products.

There are many methods for brushing your teeth. One of them is the standard method of brushing teeth Pakhomov G.N. It is as follows: teeth brushing begins with an area in the area of ​​the upper right chewing teeth, sequentially moving from segment to segment. The teeth on the lower jaw are cleaned in the same order.

When cleaning the vestibular and oral surfaces of molars and premolars, the toothbrush is placed at an angle of 450 to the tooth and cleansing movements are made from the gum to the tooth. The chewing surfaces of the teeth are cleaned with horizontal movements. When cleaning the oral surface, the brush handle is positioned perpendicular to the occlusal plane of the teeth. Finish cleaning with circular movements.

The main tool for cleaning teeth is a toothbrush.

There are 5 degrees of toothbrush hardness: very hard, hard, medium, soft, very soft.

The most widely used brushes are medium-hard brushes.

Toothpicks are designed to remove food debris from interdental spaces and plaque from the lateral surfaces of teeth.

Fluxes are designed to thoroughly remove plaque and food debris from contact surfaces of teeth that are difficult to reach with a brush.

Toothpastes should be good at removing soft plaque and food debris; be pleasant to the taste, have good deodorizing and refreshing effects and have no side effects: locally irritating and allergenic.

The main components of toothpastes are abrasive, gel-forming and foaming substances, fragrances, and dyes.

The most widely used therapeutic and prophylactic agent is fluoride-containing toothpastes. The entry of fluoride into tooth enamel increases its resistance to acid demineralization due to the formation of structures more resistant to dissolution.

Toothpastes containing stone phosphates, sodium, calcium and sodium glycerophosphates, calcium gluconate, zinc oxide have a pronounced anti-caries effect.

IN Lately Therapeutic and prophylactic toothpastes, which contain several medicinal plants(sage, peppermint, chamomile, echinacea, etc.).

Chewing gum is a means of improving the hygienic condition of the oral cavity by increasing the amount of saliva and the rate of salivation, which helps clean the tooth surface and neutralize organic acids secreted by plaque bacteria.

Dental elixirs are intended for rinsing the mouth. They improve the cleaning of dental surfaces, prevent the formation of plaque, and deodorize the oral cavity.

Endogenous methods of fluoride application.

The use of fluoride compounds for the prevention of dental caries can be divided into two main methods - systemic (endogenous) - the intake of fluorides into the body with water, salt, milk, in tablets or drops; and local (exogenous) - the use of solutions, gels, toothpastes, varnishes.

Products for topical use.

Fluoride-containing varnishes. They are used to prolong the period of exposure of fluoride to enamel. They form a film adjacent to the enamel that remains on the teeth for several hours, and in fissures, crevices and microspaces for several days and even weeks.

The average reduction in caries growth when using varnish is 50%.

Fluoride-containing solutions and gels.

Use drugs with a high concentration of sodium fluoride (2% sodium fluoride solution).

An effective remineralizing drug is Remodent, used in the form of an application solution and toothpaste.

Sealants for sealing dental fissures

The purpose of sealants is to create a physical barrier that prevents oral microorganisms and the end products of their vital activity from entering the retention areas of the enamel.

Stages of fissure sealing:

Etching tooth enamel with 35-37% phosphoric acid for 15-

20 seconds;

Washing acid from the tooth surface with a water-air jet;

Repeated isolation of the tooth from saliva using cotton swabs and a saliva ejector;

Drying the etched surface with air. Etched enamel should be a dull, matte, chalky white color.

The sealant should be applied immediately in a thin layer over the entire fissure-pit network of the chewing surface, while excluding the formation of air bubbles and overestimation of the occlusal height of the tooth.

Monitoring of the installation of sealant is carried out in the following periods: after a week, a month, six months and a year.

III Summary

Thus, from the above it follows that in the absence of prevention programs at the population level, the relatively low incidence of dental caries and mild periodontal disease in children and adolescents turns into a rather severe form in adults, which, in turn, leads to an increase in the need for therapeutic, surgical and orthopedic treatment.

IV Conclusions

Considering that the intensity of major dental diseases among the Russian population is quite high, knowledge and implementation of preventive measures is of great importance.

In addition to dentists, psychologists, teachers and other training specialists should participate in dental education.

It is advisable to start motivation with teachers and medical workers of children's institutions. After this, you should organize meetings with the children’s parents, explain to them the possibility and importance of preventing diseases of the teeth and gums, and talk about the rules and features of brushing children’s teeth.

An important step is motivating children. Classes with children should be strictly differentiated depending on their age: if it is better to conduct classes with young children in the form of a game, then you need to talk to older ones in the same way as with adults.

Thus, from the above it follows that to improve dental health at the population level, efforts are required not only by specialists, but also by society as a whole. A public opinion must be formed that taking care of oral health is as necessary as taking care of the beauty of your appearance.

Prevention of dental diseases in children aged 6 to 12 years The work was carried out by: 4th year student of the Faculty of Dentistry D.A. Safaryan. State budget educational institution higher vocational education First Moscow State Medical University them. THEM. Sechenov

Prevention of dental diseases is the prevention of the occurrence and development of oral diseases. The introduction of prevention programs leads to sharp decline the intensity of dental caries and periodontal diseases, a significant reduction in the incidence of tooth loss at a young age and an increase in the number of children and adolescents with intact teeth. The cost of preventive methods is, on average, 20 times lower than the cost of treating existing dental diseases. Dental morbidity in our country is quite high, and its further increase should be expected unless the conditions influencing the development of the disease are changed in a favorable direction.

Methods for the prevention of major dental diseases: Dental education of the population Training in the rules of rational nutrition; Training in the rules of hygienic oral care; Endogenous use of fluoride preparations; Use of local prophylactic agents;

Methods of dental education Conversations Lectures Seminars Health lessons Games, etc. Methods that involve the interested participation of the population are called active. Their advantage is the direct relationship and interaction between the specialist and the audience, which provides the best impact. Methods that do not require the active participation of the population are called passive. They do not require the presence of a medical professional, act for a long time and on a large audience. The disadvantage is the lack of feedback between patients and specialists. Dental education, depending on the number of people involved in educational work, is divided into 3 organizational forms: mass, group, individual. The steps that any person must overcome to develop a useful habit: knowledge => understanding => belief => skill => habit. understanding => belief => skill => habit.">

general characteristics period from 6 to 12 years The eruption of permanent teeth and the replacement of milk teeth continues. This condition is called "changeable" dentition. In teeth that have already erupted, the formation of roots ends (completely by the age of 14) (i.e., at first they are not formed, and the tooth is already “outside”, and its root in the jaw only continues its formation and after some time its apex closes ). The maxillary sinus is finally formed and acquires a constant size, because at an earlier age, its development is “hampered” by the rudiments of permanent teeth located in the jaw. The structure of the bone tissue of the jaws becomes denser.

Typical problems and symptoms of the period Typical problems of this age are an increase in carious teeth due to even poorer hygiene (children go to school, they have no time to do it well in the morning, and control on the part of parents decreases - school-age children are already considered independent).

Typical problems and symptoms of the period Injuries also become very typical at this age: fractures of the crowns of permanent incisors (possibly when visiting sports sections or during independent walks on winter slides). The complexity of these injuries is that when the crown of a tooth is broken, the dental pulp (the neurovascular bundle inside the enamel and dentin) is often exposed, and in some cases it is not possible to remove the “nerve” and fill the canal, since the root of the tooth has not yet formed ( its apex in the jaw is not closed, and it is a bell, like an open funnel, and not a closed cone like in adults). Therefore, the treatment of such teeth is carried out under long-term and constant supervision; it requires careful monitoring; doctors, as it were, grow the root of the tooth, and only then, if necessary, fill the canal.

Typical problems and symptoms of the period Bite pathologies form (sucking a pencil or pen in the mouth while studying), open bite (children go to school, the load on the immune system increases, colds become more frequent, as a possible result of untreated runny nose - adenoids and, accordingly, predominantly oral breathing, and as a result of bite pathology). If the permanent chewing teeth have not been sealed, then the inflammatory process in the pulp (pulpitis) that follows caries is also difficult to treat due to the unformed roots (only chewing teeth are already multi-rooted teeth, i.e. even more difficult to treat if the roots are not yet formed). roots at a given age). The roots of 6 teeth are finally formed, as a rule, by the age of 18 years, the roots of the incisors by 8-10 years.

Teaching the rules of rational nutrition Nutrition can influence dental tissue in two ways: firstly, during the formation of the tooth before eruption and, secondly, after eruption. For the formation of teeth resistant to caries, one of the main conditions is the qualitatively and quantitatively complete nutrition of a pregnant woman, including dairy products, minerals, vitamins, vegetables, and fruits. Nutrition is of great importance in the first year of a child’s life, when the formation and development of permanent teeth occurs. The occurrence and progression of dental caries in the population is facilitated by the following dietary features: - high content of easily fermentable carbohydrates in food, especially sugar; - increasing the frequency of meals; - reducing the consumption of foods that require intensive chewing, which leads to an increase in saliva flow and “natural cleansing of the oral cavity”; - reducing the consumption of food that helps inhibit dental caries.

Pastes and gels for cleaning teeth tooth powders mouth rinses chewing gum, sugar-free toothbrushes devices for cleaning the tongue interdental brushes (brushes) dental floss toothpicks interdental stimulators oral irrigators care products for removable orthopedic and orthodontic structures dyes for self-identification of dental deposits Interdental brushes, dental floss, toothpicks, interdental stimulators and single-tuft special toothbrushes can be combined into a group of interdental oral hygiene products Products for individual oral care include:

Toothpaste is a combination of abrasive material and fragrance, bound together into a cohesive mass; With the help of a toothbrush, it is used to clean the accessible surfaces of the teeth. The main components of toothpaste are: abrasive (scraping) gel-forming and foaming substances, dyes, fragrances and substances that improve taste, active reagents that provide therapeutic and prophylactic properties of the paste Toothpastes

Fluoride-containing toothpastes Elmex-gel toothpastes containing mg/kg olafur are recommended for use once a week by children aged 6 years and older with an increased risk of dental caries under adult supervision. The use of the gel is also indicated when using orthodontic appliances. The gel, like the paste, is used to clean teeth for 2 minutes. Children should not swallow the gel. After brushing, rinse your mouth with tap water.

Fluoride-containing toothpastes The effectiveness of fluoride-containing toothpastes depends on the fluoride content in them. The anticarious effect of toothpaste increases with increasing fluoride concentration to 2500 mg/kg. For every 500 mg/kg increase in fluoride content, the anti-caries effect increases by 6%. The anticarious effect of the paste begins when it contains 250 mg/kg F -. The European Commission has set a limit for the concentration of fluoride, which should not exceed 1500 mg/kg. For professional local use of fluoride in dentistry, gels containing mg/kg F - are produced. Toothpastes

Toothpastes for children The requirements for children's toothpastes are as follows: Low abrasiveness. For temporary teeth and newly erupted permanent teeth, as well as with reduced acid resistance of the enamel, the use of gel pastes is optimal. The RDA value for baby toothpastes should not exceed SO. The absence of flavoring additives that can make a child want to eat pasta or accustom him to a sweet taste. It is preferable to use neutral, mint or fruit flavors that do not cause rejection in the child. Attractive appearance and child-friendly packaging.

Toothpastes for children Toothpastes for children 7-12 years old: Blend-a-med (Junior Gel) (NaF, phosphates); Colgate junior (0.15% NaF 680 ppm F -); Colgate junior super star (0.76% Na 2 PO 3 F 1000 ppm F -); My first Colgate (NaF); Dental dream for children (0.5% Na 2 PO 3 F 660 ppm F -, calcium lactate); Four Fruit (Na 2 PO 3 F, NaF); Mildfresh junior (0.76% Na 2 PO 3 F ppm F -); Sanino Junior (Na 2 PO 3 F); New Pearl Junior 7-12 years (0.76% Na 2 PO 3 F 1000 ppm F -, tea tree oil); Children's pearl complex (Na 2 PO 3 F 500 ppm F -, calcium glycerophosphate); Karimed for children (NaF, calcium gluconate); Prodent for teenagers (NaF + Na 2 PO 3 F).

Toothpastes for children When children use toothpastes, especially during the period of learning to brush their teeth, parental supervision is necessary. It is known that the antibacterial and remineralizing effect of toothpastes occurs when the paste is in the mouth for at least 23 minutes, which requires thorough brushing of the teeth.

Tongue Cleaning Pad!!! Small oval brush head with a soft edging Toothpaste application area Multi-level bristles Non-slip, soft, voluminous handle with a curve for thumb A toothbrush for caring for the oral cavity of children over 5 years old, who still have baby teeth and have already developed permanent teeth. For effective brushing of mixed teeth and cleaning the tongue For teaching children proper oral hygiene To protect gums For applying the recommended amount of toothpaste For more convenient and effective brushing of teeth For convenience and comfort when brushing teeth Colgate Smiles 5+ Colgate Smiles 5+

Mouth rinse solutions For daily rinses, use 0.05%, and for weekly rinses, 0.20% sodium fluoride solution. Rinse solutions are recommended for both individual use and in groups of children in school classes. Mouth rinse solutions are usually divided into two groups: solutions containing first and second generation antimicrobial agents. Most of the solutions currently produced belong to the first generation, since their active components are able to block the growth of microorganisms for only 30 minutes, and some of them act even less than 30 minutes.

Toothbrushes Currently, there are many models of toothbrushes on sale, differing in the size and shape of the working head, the length and type of elastic bristles, the ratio of the angle of the brush head in relation to its handle, etc. Differences in toothbrush design, as well as chemical composition and the location of the villi and their tufts have been the subject of numerous studies and publications on the topic of choosing the optimal toothbrush sample. The literature is dominated by the position that the brushes, rounded at the end of the bristles, should be soft, made of nylon, and collected in a bunch on a short head. Each toothbrush consists of a handle and a working part - a head with bushes of bristles planted in it. Recently, synthetic fibers (nylon, setron, perlon, derlon, polyurethane, etc.) have been used to make brushes.

Toothbrushes There are 4 levels of toothbrush hardness: hard, medium hard, soft and very soft. The exception is children's toothbrushes, which are made from soft and very soft bristles. The most effective are brushes of medium hardness and softness, since their bristles, being more flexible, clean the gingival sulcus and penetrate better into the interdental spaces. Very soft brushes are recommended for use during the period of treatment of periodontal diseases, when the condition of the gums does not allow vigorous brushing of the teeth. If the teeth and periodontal condition are normal, it is recommended to use brushes of medium hardness and soft ones.

Toothbrushes For children under 12 years old, soft brushes with a working head of up to 25 mm are recommended. It is important for parents to monitor the condition of the brush. Depending on its quality, the brush can be used for cleaning teeth, i.e. for 2 months (Marthaler T.M., 1988; 1990). A – 3 rows of tufts B – 4 rows of tufts Dimensions and number of tufts of toothbrush bristles for children aged 2 to 12 years (A) and over the age of 12 years (B)

Toothbrushes When choosing a toothbrush, you should be guided by the following basic rules (Marthaler T.M., 1990): the brush should have a comfortable handle and not rotate during brushing; the design of the brush should not determine its movement; the brush should not contribute to horizontal movements; (d) the brush must be appropriate for the person’s age

Oral care using a company toothbrush (2 times a day after meals, brush your teeth for at least 2 minutes, tongue for 10 seconds) The outer surface of the teeth is cleaned with sweeping movements in the direction from the gum to the edge of the tooth. The brush head is positioned at an angle of 45 0 to the surface to be cleaned. The inner surface of the back (chewing) teeth should be cleaned with circular movements, the front teeth with short vertical movements. The chewing surface of the teeth should be cleaned by moving the brush back and forth. The taller bristles on the tip of the brush provide better access to the back of the teeth. A unique pad on the tongue is used to clean the tongue. back side brush heads to remove bacteria that cause bad breath

Methods of brushing teeth Teeth brushing methods recommended by many authors differ in the nature of the movement of the toothbrush over the surface of the teeth, namely vertical, horizontal, circular, vibrating and sweeping. A detailed analysis of the available literature data indicates significant disagreements among authors in assessing their effectiveness, with the exception of the circular method, the Bass method. The circular and Bass method of teeth cleaning methods, which are recognized by most researchers as the most effective for the complete removal of dental plaque. A toothbrush at an angle of 45° relative to the long axis of the tooth, using circular sweeping movements, frees the tooth surface from plaque.

Dental flosses The main purposes of using flosses are to thoroughly remove plaque from hard-to-reach side surfaces, as well as remove food debris stuck between teeth. Waxed and unwaxed threads, round and flat, are used; regardless of this, if the thread is used correctly, the cleaning efficiency is the same. Flat and waxed floss is more convenient, as it passes through contact points more easily, does not break, and covers a larger surface of the tooth. For this purpose, you can use silk or gray thread.

Sealants (sealants) for enamel fissures The next stage of preventive treatment after filling active carious lesions is covering (sealing) fissures and pits with sealants, which are a plastic material that functions as a physical barrier for cariogenic bacteria. Sealants can stop the carious process in the early stages of its development. The method of using sealants is quite simple, but requires careful adherence to the manufacturer's instructions, especially to prevent moisture from entering the surgical field.

Fluoride varnish Currently, the market is dominated by fluoride varnishes Duraphat, Duraflor, Fluor Protector, Cavity Shield (Colgate Oral Pharmaceuticals; Pharmascience, Montreal, Canada; Ivoclar/Vivadent and OMNII Oral Pharmaceuticals, respectively). Duraphat, Duraflor and OMNII contain 5% sodium fluoride, and Fluor Protector contains 0.1% sodium fluoride.

Phosphate-acidified sodium fluoride gels Applications of acidified gels must be carried out with extreme caution to prevent the possibility of ingestion, and in this regard, the WHO Expert Committee on Dentistry recommended that the following rules be followed: the amount of gel placed in the dental tray should not exceed 2 ml or 40% of its volume for the application of individual teeth in individually made trays, no more than 5-10 drops of gel should be used, the patient should be in a chair in a sitting position, and his head slightly tilted forward, a saliva ejector should be constantly used when applying the gel to the teeth, ceramic crowns and prosthetic elements are necessary cover with petroleum jelly; remove residual saliva using a saliva ejector; upon completion of the application, the duration of the application should be no more than 4 minutes; after the application, the patient is not recommended to eat for 30 minutes. If caries is active, it is recommended to repeat gel applications every six months; do not leave the patient unattended during application; keep the gel out of reach of others.

Pathogenetic prevention Remineralizing therapy "Remodent" "Osteovit" "Vita" Remineralizing calcium-phosphate-containing gels Remineralizing solutions obtained by dialysis of salt solutions through semi-permeable membranes Fluoride prevention Caries reduction Rinsing with 0.02-0.20% fluoride solutions 40% Applications with 1-2% solutions and fluoride gels53% Teeth brushing with fluoride-containing pastes16-30% Electrophoretic introduction of fluorides29% Fluoride varnishes40-45% Dental fissure isolationUp to 90% Deep fluoridation according to Knappvost95%

The use of fluorides in mass prevention programs for dental caries Method of application of fluoride gels It is necessary to take all measures to minimize the ingestion of the gel by the patient. Limit the amount of gel to 2 ml, which is approximately 40% of the volume of an individual spoon. Limit the amount of gel placed on the sponge to 5-10 drops. Place the patient in a sitting position with the head tilted forward. Use a saliva ejector throughout the procedure. After the procedure, the patient must spit saliva or hold the saliva ejector for 30 seconds. Keep the gel container away from the patient. Do not leave the patient alone. The duration of the procedure should not exceed four minutes.

The use of fluoride in mass prevention programs for dental caries Self-used gels All measures must be taken to minimize the ingestion of the gel by the patient. FLUORIDE GELS Concentration F - Use self-use (ppm) professional use (12300 ppm) 2 times a year professional procedures 1 time per week home use

The use of fluorides in mass prevention programs for dental caries Fluoride varnishes Varnishes are applied to the teeth with a brush or using a special syringe. The effectiveness of varnishes has been confirmed in community programs for the prevention of dental caries. Recently, the use of fluoride varnishes as an alternative method of preventing dental caries has been increasing due to the low labor intensity for staff and the low time investment for the patient. The use of fluoride varnishes is recommended 2-3 times a year in patients at risk of caries. There are no contraindications.

The use of fluorides in programs for mass prevention of dental caries RINSING WITH FLUORIDE SOLUTIONS Daily Weekly 0.05% sodium fluoride solution (230 ppm) should not be stored in places inaccessible to children 0.2% sodium fluoride solution (900 ppm) (or 2 times a week) not recommended for children under 6 years of age WHO, 1994

FLUORIDE-CONTAINING TOOTHPASTE FOR CHILDREN Fluorides sodium fluoride sodium monofluorophosphate aminofluoride Efficiency Doses of fluoride Use Quality 2500 ppm - dangerous 25% when brushing teeth throughout life children adults When used with very early age mild forms of dental fluorosis are possible. Not recommended.

Chewing gum does not directly affect cariogenic factors plaque microorganisms substrate (food carbohydrates) fluoride deficiency with the exception of F-containing Chewing gum stimulates the secretion of saliva minerals microelements buffering properties bactericidal properties removal of food debris Dental tactics regarding the widespread habit of chewing gum among the population

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Prevention of dental diseases, visual impairments and musculoskeletal system STATE AUTONOMOUS PROFESSIONAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN “SIBAI MEDICAL COLLEGE” Prepared by: Student Sh-33M group Mukharlyamova Liana Teacher: Yuldashbaeva G.F.

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Prevention of dental diseases An important point prevention is the elimination of the pathological situation in the oral cavity and, above all, complete sanitation of the oral cavity, which includes not only dental treatment, but also the removal of dental plaque

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Prevention of caries Main directions. Rational nutrition Increasing the body's resistance to caries (formation of caries resistance) Fluoride prophylaxis Thorough oral hygiene (Preventive hygiene)

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Balanced diet. 1. Provides, first of all, for reducing the content of sugars in the diet: - according to WHO recommendations, the amount of sugar consumed per day should not exceed 20 g - sugar should be taken with food no more than 2-3 times a day -sugar should be removed from the mouth as quickly as possible (mouth rinsing) 2. Complete protein nutrition 3. Consumption of micro- and macroelements necessary for the body with food and water

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Increasing the body's resistance to caries (formation of caries resistance) Proper lifestyle, including physical exercise, elimination of general somatic pathology Taking adaptogenic drugs (Vitamin therapy, herbal adaptogens, etc.) Training of the dentofacial apparatus

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Features of prevention: caries using fluoride are associated with 2 points 1. Congenital resistance to caries - caries resistance. 2. Residence in a certain geochemical region, differing in its content drinking water microelements and primarily fluorine.

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Prevention of periodontal diseases It is based on eliminating or reducing the impact of the main etiological factors: - Elimination of nutritional disorders - Elimination of stressful situations. The most important practical importance belongs to preventive and professional oral hygiene. This method is based on the elimination of the main causative factor – microorganisms – periodontogens.

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Prevention of visual impairment Alarming symptoms of visual impairment: redness, eye fatigue, burning sensation, double vision, blurring

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Prevention of visual impairment Organize good lighting Organize correctly workplace Pay attention to the distance to the eyes When working on a computer, it is important to give your eyes a rest. Gymnastics for the eyes

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Physical education and sports as a means of preventing visual impairment Playing sports will help strengthen vision and restore its sharpness in the initial stages of the development of the disease. Ideally, you should give preference to this type of training where constant focusing of the eyes is necessary, for example, badminton, tennis, basketball, football. Water treatments for eyes Contrast water procedures help improve blood circulation in the retina. In the morning, rinse your eyes alternately with warm and cold clean water about 20 times. An alternative is hot and cold compresses, which must be applied alternately to the eyelids.

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Ultraviolet rays To prevent poor vision, use the eye solarization technique by exposing yourself to ultraviolet rays. If there is a lack of ultraviolet rays, the metabolism of phosphorus and calcium in the body is disrupted. For this reason, the adaptive ability of the eyes is reduced. Under the influence of the sun's rays, vitamin D, located in the cells of the skin, becomes active and normalizes the proper absorption of phosphorus and calcium compounds in the body. Expose your closed eyes to sunlight. The retina will gradually get used to bright light, and eventually the eyes will be able to work effectively in daylight - in all ranges of its brightness. In addition, it is warm and healing properties exposure to sunlight has a beneficial effect on eye health and the ability to relax them. Get rid of bad habits If you smoke, quit bad habit will also significantly reduce the risk of vision problems. Smokers are three times more likely to develop cataracts than non-smokers due to substances in cigarette smoke.

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An integral part of preventing visual impairment is regular visits to an ophthalmologist. Check your eyesight healthy people it is necessary at least once a year, and for people with visual impairments - once every six months. A preventive examination will help prevent the development of eye diseases, stop the development of myopia and other visual impairments.

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Prevention of diseases of the musculoskeletal system Diseases of the musculoskeletal system are traditionally assigned the glory of “age-related” diseases: it is believed that problems with the musculoskeletal system in a person can begin only at retirement age. On the other hand, osteochondrosis is a fairly “young” disease - affecting mostly young people aged 20 to 40 years.

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THE MOST COMMON DISEASES OF THE MUSTOCULAR SYSTEM Osteoarthritis. The risk of osteoarthritis increases in proportion to age: after 65 years, the percentage of people with this disease is 87%, but after 45 years, the risk increases to 30% (compared to 2% of people under 45 years of age). Osteoporosis. This is a systemic disease that affects all bones of the skeleton, accompanied by a decrease in bone density and strength, which leads to an increased risk of fractures even with minimal trauma. Most often, osteoporosis occurs in women over 60 years of age (in men - 4 times less often). Osteochondrosis. This is a disease of the spine, consisting of degenerative-dystrophic damage to the vertebral bodies, their processes, intervertebral discs, small joints of the spine, muscles and ligaments.

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PREVENTION Proper nutrition. Make sure that your diet contains all the necessary elements, vitamins, and minerals. If your diet is not rich in calcium and vitamin D, take vitamin complexes. Physical activity. A sufficient amount of physical exercise (at least 150 minutes per week) strengthens bones and develops muscles, which can significantly reduce the risk of developing diseases of the musculoskeletal system and provide adequate muscular support to the spine and bones. To give up smoking. Since smoking leads to bone loss (osteoporosis), this factor is extremely strong in the overall list of causes of disease. Limit alcohol consumption. Excessive alcohol consumption leads to decreased absorption of calcium in the intestines and, consequently, to the development of osteoporosis.

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Weight control. Rid your skeletal system of the excess burden of extra pounds. The key is to do it slowly and make sure you don't skimp on calories from foods rich in calcium. Adequate physical activity. If possible, dose your physical activity, get enough rest, and set aside time for rehabilitation. Consider changing jobs. Timely provision of medical care for injuries and diseases of the musculoskeletal system. Be sure to complete the treatment of injuries and fully follow the doctor’s recommendations. Try to eliminate factors from your life that led to the injury. Take the treatment of bone and joint diseases seriously, follow all your doctor's instructions, monitor your recovery, and take preventive measures that you can ask your doctor about.

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Thank you for your attention!

Sections: Biology

Goals and objectives of the lesson:

1. Review the material from the previous lesson “Structure and functions of the oral cavity organs.”
2. Study the structure of the tooth, consider the main tissues, their structure and functions.
3. Consider the main causes of dental diseases and their prevention.
4. Pin new material during the laboratory work “The amount of plaque before and after brushing your teeth.” Draw a conclusion about the need for oral care.

Lesson equipment:

1. Tables “Structure of the oral cavity”, “Structure of the tongue”, “Structure of the tooth”, “Main tissues of the tooth”.
2. Samples of tap water from different city streets, a table with the results of water research.
3. X-ray images of teeth with different stages of caries.
4. Exhibition of hygiene products for oral care.
5. Exhibition of literature on the topic of the lesson.
6. Overhead projector, screen, microscopes, slides with plaque.

During the classes.

1. Introductory speech by the teacher about the importance of the oral organs for the digestive process.

2. Repetition of the material covered:

Teacher question: Explain the structure and functions of the oral organs:

• language,
• salivary glands,
• tooth

A student’s story based on the table “Structure of Language.”

The tongue consists of a root, body, tip, and has filiform, mushroom-shaped, leaf-shaped, and grooved taste buds. The tongue performs the following functions: determines the temperature and taste of food, mixes food with saliva, ensures the act of swallowing, participates in the articulation of speech. The lingual tonsil is involved in immune processes.

Student’s story on the table “Oral organs.”

In humans, there are 3 pairs of salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, sublingual and small salivary glands (labial, palatine, lingual). Salivary glands secrete saliva to moisten food and glue the food bolus (contains the enzyme mucin), breaks down starch into disaccharides (amylase enzyme), disinfects food (lysozyme enzyme).

Student’s story on the table “Structure of the tooth.”

A tooth consists of a crown, neck, and root. Inside the tooth there is a pulp with nerves and blood vessels. An adult has 32 teeth, they are divided into incisors, canines, large and small molars. The teeth are used for biting and mechanically grinding food.

Teacher: The formation of teeth begins at 6-7 weeks of intrauterine development. The rudiments of baby teeth appear, 10 on each jaw. At 17-18 weeks, the rudiments of permanent teeth appear, the process of mineralization of dental tissues occurs, which continues after their eruption for several years. The first teeth erupt at 6-7 months and up to 3 years, the first teeth are milk teeth, there are 20 of them. By the age of 12-13 years, the teeth are replaced with permanent ones, at the age of 18-30, “wisdom teeth” erupt. Thus, damaged teeth cannot be restored again, since they were formed during embryonic development.

3. Studying new material.

• Structure of tooth tissues– a student’s story based on the table “Basic dental tissues.”

Hard fabrics:

1. enamel – contains 95% minerals, can withstand loads of up to 400 kg. by 1 mm 2. Enamel thickness 0.01 -1.7 mm,
2. dentin – 70% minerals,
3. cement – ​​70.4% mineral substances, covers the tooth in the root area.

Soft fabrics:

pulp - contains blood vessels, nerve fibers, odontoblast cells (the cells of the outer layer of the pulp have long processes that penetrate the dentin and reach the enamel). The pulp regulates metabolic processes in hard tissues, forms dentin, and nerves transmit pain sensations from the upper layers of dentin to the pulp.

Teacher: Enamel consists of enamel prisms - faceted “cylindrical fibers” 4-7 microns thick, which run radially from dentin to the tooth surface. Prisms are formed from the cells of the tooth germ; the function of these cells is completed long before teeth erupt, so the destroyed enamel is not restored. Enamel is permeable to many organic and inorganic substances, which can penetrate into it from the pulp and from the oral cavity. The enamel of emerging teeth is more permeable than the enamel of adult teeth, and over the course of a number of years it “matures.”

It is during this period that the action of unfavorable (cariogenic) factors is especially dangerous, leading to disruption of physiological processes, and therefore to dental disease.

• Cariogenic factors:

1 . Lack of fluoride ions(norm 0.8 - 1 mg/l.).

Effect of the factor: the enamel becomes less durable; for prevention purposes, fluoridation of tap water is used, sodium fluoride is taken for 180-250 days, and fluoride-containing toothpastes are used.

When considering this factor, students report the results of the research work “Determination of fluoride ions in tap water.” Samples of tap water from different streets of the city were used (if the samples do not contain fluoride ions, it is recommended to use fluoride-containing toothpastes).

2. Leftover food– dental plaque is formed, which creates a favorable environment for microorganisms, the formation of lactic acid, which causes the dissolution of the enamel. To remove plaque, you need to rinse your mouth or brush your teeth after eating, limit your intake of carbohydrate foods, and you can use chewing gum.

When considering this factor, it is appropriate to play out a small scene:

Tooth with food plaque: “That plaque again!”

Carious monsters run in and begin to dance around the tooth, joyfully singing::

“Ah, plaque! How lovely! There is something to profit from!”

At this time, a glass of water comes in one by one, toothpaste and a brush, chewing gum and take away the carious monsters.

Glass of water:

“I'll help you, tooth. Rinse your mouth after eating!” (leads one monster away)

Toothpaste and brush: “Brush your teeth after eating - this will help!” (two monsters are taken away)

Chewing gum: “And I am the most delicious protection against caries!” (leads one monster away)

3. Smoking causes the formation of plaque on the enamel; due to temperature changes in the oral cavity, cracks form on the enamel.

It is advisable to stop smoking or use toothpastes that strengthen the enamel.

• Stages of caries development– a teacher’s story with a demonstration of x-rays.

1. Change appearance tooth enamel (becomes dull and chalky).
2. Formation of a cavity in a tooth.
3. Pulpitis is inflammation of the dental pulp as a result of the penetration of microorganisms into the pulp chamber through a carious cavity.
4. Periodontitis is an inflammation of the root membrane of the tooth, which causes swelling of the soft tissues of the face, enlargement and soreness of the lymph nodes of the maxillofacial area. Periodontitis can manifest itself in the form of:

   osteomyelitis - inflammation of the jaw bones,
   abscess, phlegmon - these are purulent foci in the soft tissues of the tooth,
   purulent inflammation in the neck, abscesses of the brain, liver and other organs,
   Possible death.

5. Chronic periodontitis - defeat internal organs, decreased immunity, allergic diseases due to the activity of microorganisms and the toxins they produce.
6. Gingivitis is inflammation of the gums due to plaque accumulated at the necks of the teeth, on the gums, in the periodontal pocket. It manifests itself as redness of the gums and bleeding of the gums when brushing your teeth.

• Disease Prevention– a teacher’s story about the exhibition of hygiene supplies and literature.

1. must be maintained healthy image life;
2. fluoridate tap water;
3. systematically visit the dentist for a preventive examination of the oral cavity;
4. Carry out hygienic oral care: brushing teeth (3 min.):

   toothbrush (changed at least once every 3 months),
   toothpaste (hygienic, medicinal, therapeutic and prophylactic),
   toothpick,
   dental floss,

5. refreshment and deodorization:

tooth elixir,
oral deodorant,
chewing gum.

Application.

1. Instructor card for performing the student experiment “Determination of the content of fluoride ions in tap water.”

Goals of work:

1. Determine the concentration of fluoride ions in tap water;
2. Carry out characteristic reactions to fluorine ions;
3. Based on the results of the experiment, give recommendations to students about what toothpaste they should use.

Completing of the work:

Add 5-6 drops of 2N to 5-6 drops of the test solution. calcium chloride solution. If fluorine ions are present in the solution, a white precipitate of calcium fluoride is formed. Let's filter the sediment, weigh it, make calculations and compare the results obtained with the norm - 0.8-1 mg/l.

2. Card – laboratory work instructor “Determining the amount of plaque before and after brushing your teeth.”

1. Preparation of the drug: in the morning, before brushing your teeth and eating, remove plaque with a toothpick and apply it to a glass slide, cover the first with a second glass slide.
2. Repeat the procedure after brushing your teeth.
3. Examine the first specimen under a microscope and sketch what you see.
4. Examine the second preparation, sketch what you see.
5. Compare the amount of plaque on the first and second preparations, draw appropriate conclusions about the need for hygienic oral care.

Conclusion: based on the results of laboratory work No. 2, students conclude that oral hygiene reduces the risk of dental diseases.