Communication lines are connected to the house from a centralized system, after the approval of the relevant authorities. There are no problems with electricity. The connection is made from an overhead line to a junction box, from which high-voltage wires are brought inside the house. And how to properly lay the main sewerage and water supply lines?

Pipes are laid underground and the first thing to do is to take care not to freeze them in sub-zero temperatures. There are two ways out of this situation.

Option one - installation of pipes below the soil freezing line

When arranging water supply from a well, a caisson is built located in an earthen box, below the level of soil freezing. A supply pipe is laid from it, to the very underground of the building, and from there it is lifted up and internal wiring is made around the house. Under the building, the soil does not freeze, and on the rise of the outlet above, the pipe is additionally wrapped with a heater that prevents it from freezing.

Option two - heating

If it is not possible to lay a water supply system below the freezing level, then special heating is used for protection. This is a heat cable laid along the entire length of the system. Temperature drop sensors are triggered when a critical point is reached and heating is turned on. Very convenient, but it entails additional energy costs.

Sewerage through

Unlike a water pipe, there is no constant presence of liquid, so sewer pipes only need to be laid correctly from the inside to the outside. Laying above the freezing level of the soil is allowed. The inlet pipe is located at a depth of up to 60 cm, the distance from the septic tank to the foundation of the house is from 5 to 15 meters. The recommended slope is approximately 2-4 cm per meter of pipe. Thus, in order to ensure a normal slope, when laying the sewer from the house to the septic tank at a distance of up to 10 meters, the pipe must be buried at a depth of 40 to 60 cm at the entrance to cleaning channel, with a gradual rise in the slope towards the house.

Conducting communications through a columnar foundation

This is the easiest way to lay. A trench can be dug at any stage of building a house. The main thing is that it does not pass too close to the post, this will weaken the soil around it and reduce the bearing capacity. It is recommended to indent from 2 to 2.5 meters. But if at the same time the distance from one pillar to another does not allow meeting these restrictions, they dig a trench at the same distance from each support.

The main disadvantage of the pile foundation (columnar), in terms of wiring communications, is the cold underground. The floor can be well insulated, but the space between the ground and the ceiling will be cold. Warming will allow you to escape from the through wind, but it will not protect you from freezing. Therefore, as the only option for salvation in this case is the laying of a heating cable.

Tape base - how in this case not to freeze water?

Work on conducting communications in this type of foundation is worked out in advance. If the base is shallow, then before digging a trench, a ditch is dug under a water pipe, below the freezing level. The communications section located under the foundation is protected by a metal sleeve.

With deep laying, the highway is carried out through the thickness of concrete. To make a hole, at the laying stage, a metal sleeve is mounted in the reinforcement cage. After pouring the strip foundation, it is cleaned and water pipes are laid according to the instructions.

It is possible to remove pipes after laying the foundation. Only in this case, the work is complicated by chiselling the base. A hole will need to be made not only in a monolithic slab, but also additionally cut off the reinforcement that gets in the way.

Laying through a slab foundation

This option does not forgive shortcomings, so it is possible to lay a sewer or water supply only at the construction stage. First, a trench is being prepared for engineering systems. Pipes are laid in sleeves. Their installation is mandatory in order to protect against the pressure created by the weight of the foundation. Also, it will allow in the event of a breakthrough to replace the damaged area. After that, the trench is filled up and the base is prepared for the foundation of the slabs, in accordance with technological standards.

With the study of the entrance of engineering systems, one should not hesitate. It is better to do all the work in advance and not worry about the reliability of their operation.

To in country house could live all year round, it is necessary to provide it with a whole set of engineering systems, including water supply, water treatment, sewerage, heating, and electricity. What is included in these systems and how are they installed?

At what stage of construction are communications laid?

Usually, engineering networks are laid during the construction of the building frame, and therefore, even at the stage of architectural design of the cottage, it is also desirable to develop a project for all its engineering systems, which will include equipment installation schemes and highway laying. In principle, it is possible to carry out communications in an already built house (before the finishing stage). However, this will require significant labor and financial costs, since it will be necessary to make holes and channels in finished structures - foundations, ceilings, walls.

How are water and sewer pipes brought to the building?

For the installation of water supply, sewerage and heating systems, pipes made of polymeric materials - polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), low-pressure polyethylene (HDPE), metal-plastic, etc. are most often used. Copper pipes are used less often, for example, to create a water supply system. Sewer and water mains are brought to the building underground, laying them in trenches dug at the required depth. For external highways, pipes made of HDPE or PVC are recommended, since they have the highest mechanical strength, resistance to low temperatures and to aggressive substances contained in the soil. The depth of laying of the water pipe depends on the characteristic indicator for this climatic zone - the depth of penetration of the temperature of 0 ° C into the soil. The pipe is laid about 30 cm below this depth to prevent water from freezing in winter. So, for the European part of Russia, the depth of penetration of a temperature of 0 ° C is 210-220 cm. Accordingly, the pipe is placed at a distance of 240-250 cm from the earth's surface. If for some reason the water supply is laid at a shallower depth, then it is necessary to supply it with an electric heating cable. Please note: the insulation of the pipeline (without the use of a cable), according to many experts, does not guarantee that the water in it will not freeze. The water main is laid without a slope. As for the sewer line, the probability of freezing of drains in it is minimal, so the sewer pipe for a private house is laid, as a rule, 30 cm above the freezing depth of the soil. That is, in central Russia - at a distance of 130-140 cm from the surface of the earth. The sewer pipe must be given a slope from the building of 2 cm per 1 linear meter. m. If you make the slope smaller, the drain will be difficult. If more, then the liquid part of the effluent will pass faster than the solid fractions, which can lead to blockage.

How are communications laid inside the house?

The passage of pipes through building structures is carried out using sleeves (cases) made of rigid non-combustible material (usually from segments of steel pipes). As a rule, sleeves are laid during the construction of these structures (in particular, when concreting a shallow slab foundation, sleeves are installed for sewer and water pipes). The task of the sleeve is to prevent damage to the pipe during the settlement of the building, and also to provide conditions for free movement in case of its temperature deformations. Note that the water line laid under the wall of the strip foundation must also be inside the sleeve so as not to be damaged by the compressive effect of the soil. The inner diameter of the sleeve must be at least twice the outer diameter of the pipe. At both ends of the sleeve, it is necessary to seal the gap between it and the pipe with a soft waterproof material that allows some movement of the pipe along the longitudinal axis. The traditional version of such a material is an oiled or bitumen-impregnated rope. But they also use silicone sealants, mounting foam, etc. More serious measures are required to seal this gap when the pipe passes through the foundation at a level below the groundwater level. In the case of interfloor ceilings, sealing the gap will eliminate leaks, the penetration of odors and insects from one room to another. In addition, in order to protect against leaks, the sleeve should protrude 30-50 mm above the ceiling. Communications of water supply, heating, power supply systems have a small diameter, which allows them to be laid also in the thickness of walls, ceilings (placed in streaks and sealed with a screed or plaster), substructures for flooring (usually inside the heat-insulating layer). For outdoor installation, the pipes are fixed to the walls with clamps with vibration-isolating gaskets.

Features of communications in wooden houses

In log, timber and frame-panel buildings, it is possible to lay electrical wiring both in an open and hidden way. In the first case - over the walls after them finishing. This option is more convenient and safer. In the second - inside the walls and ceilings. Exposed wiring is usually placed in metal or plastic corrugated pipes or in plastic boxes. In this case, overhead switches and sockets are used. For hidden wiring, channels are drilled in a timber or log structure.

note: according to the "Electrical Installation Rules" (ed. 7), it is permissible to lay electrical wiring inside wooden walls only in metal pipes and boxes. corrugated or plastic in order fire safety cannot be applied in this case. As for pipelines, in wooden buildings it is desirable to fix them to walls or ceilings using fasteners that will ensure the immobility and integrity of the pipes during the settlement of the building. In addition, when passing through the roof, walls or partitions, it is necessary to provide expansion gaps to prevent deformation of the pipes during the settlement of a wooden building.

Where do you get cold water from?

There are several ways to provide a house with cold water for plumbing needs. If it is possible to connect to a centralized pressure main, then you need to contact the local water utility service for specifications for connection to the water supply. Based on the technical conditions, it is necessary to make a project of the cottage water supply system (connection point, pipe laying scheme, etc.), which should then be coordinated with the same water utility service, after which an incision with shutoff valves into the pipeline and lay pipes to the house. Cottage villages are usually connected to centralized network or have their own well and a highway connected to it, which simplifies the supply of water to the building. When it is impossible to connect to a centralized or village system, it is necessary to arrange an autonomous water supply from an individual well.

How to provide a house with water from a well?

To reach the aquifer, in most cases, a relatively shallow well (“on the sand”) is required. Yes, on land plots in the Moscow region, the depth of wells often does not exceed 30 m. self-propelled unit. A steel or plastic casing pipe is inserted into the hole made by the drill, into which a submersible pump is placed: with its help, water is supplied to the water supply system. The diameter of the pipe is selected based on the calculation of the need for water. For an ordinary country house with 4-6 water points, 1.5-2 m3 of water per hour is enough. Such a need is provided by pipes with a diameter of 115 to 133 mm. The lower part of the pipe is equipped with a filter - mesh, gravel or their combination. An autonomous water supply system is usually equipped with a hydraulic accumulator (expansion tank) and a pressure switch (they are located in a heated technical room), which maintain optimal pressure in the system and reduce the number of pump on and off, thereby extending its service life and reducing energy costs. For a cottage with a large daily water consumption (3-4 m 3 / h). as a rule, they make a choice in favor of an artesian well with a depth of 40 m, equipped with an underground pumping complex. However, such a well is an expensive solution.

If a country house is connected to a centralized highway, then a cold water meter is installed at the inlet of the water supply to the building. When water is supplied from a well, the system is equipped with a hydraulic accumulator (expansion tank). As a rule, then they put a stopcock, filter installations, a tee with division into cold water and the one that will then be warmed up. Further, the pipes are laid to the points of water intake according to one of two schemes: with a serial or collector connection of consumers. In the first case, one line is laid along the building (usually along its perimeter) with outlets to each consumer (the line ends at the last plumbing fixture). In the second case, a common collector is provided at the beginning of the water supply system, and pipes lead from it to individual consumers. Many experts consider the daisy-chaining scheme to be unsuccessful, arguing that with the simultaneous use of several water points, the most remote of them will have low water pressure. Whereas with a collector connection, the pressure will be almost the same at any point in the building. Other experts, on the contrary, believe that a series-connected scheme for a cottage, where two or three water points are used at the same time, is quite justified: there will be enough pressure in the water supply, but much fewer pipes will need to be laid than with a collector scheme, and this will reduce the cost of the system water supply.

The required diameter of the water pipe is determined by hydraulic calculation, based on the need for water. For a two-story private house of medium size, a main line with a diameter of 20-25 mm is usually sufficient. If the building has, for example, a swimming pool, then its diameter can reach 50 mm. Branches to consumers are made of pipes of smaller diameter. In accordance with this value, fittings, valves and taps are selected.

Is it necessary to install shut-off valves on the water supply?

At the inlet of the water supply to the building, shut-off valves must be installed to block the flow of water in emergency situations - in case of leaks or, if necessary, repair of plumbing fixtures. Such fittings are installed in front of the water meter in the case of a water supply coming from a centralized main, or in front of a hydraulic accumulator if the house is supplied with water from a well. It is also advisable to provide stopcocks on the risers rising to the upper floors, so as not to leave the house without water if the faucet is leaking upstairs and needs to be replaced.

Does the water need to be purified?

Water coming from an individual well or a village water supply may contain undissolved mechanical particles (sand, iron, etc.), as well as solutions of organic and inorganic compounds that are unsafe for human health. So there is no way to do without water purification. It is carried out with special equipment, which is connected to the water supply at the point of its entry into the building (after the shutoff valves), usually located in the technical room. The cleaning method and type of equipment are selected based on the chemical and bacteriological analysis of water. In addition, you should decide what kind of water is needed in the house - technical or also drinking. To prepare the "technical" it is necessary to mechanically purify the water from suspended particles. This will, among other things, extend the life of water pipes, plumbing fixtures and household appliances. Such cleaning is carried out, as a rule, using cartridge-type filters. For the preparation of drinking water additional filtration steps are required. First of all, water is purified from iron (as well as from manganese, hydrogen sulfide, etc.) with reagent or non-reagent filters. Then it is softened (calcium and magnesium salts are removed) using ion exchange devices. After that, it is disinfected (eliminate microorganisms) by treating it with ultraviolet radiation. For the preparation of drinking water, it is most effective at the final stage of filtration to use installations equipped with a reverse osmosis membrane through which only water molecules can pass. Thus, practically all impurities contained in it (metal salts, etc.) and bacteria are removed from the water. Such installations are often equipped with a hydraulic tank for collecting drinking water.

How to get hot water?

In cottages of permanent residence, hot water for plumbing needs is prepared, as a rule, using the same heat generator (boiler) that provides heating for the building. So, in the case of a double-circuit gas boiler, cold water is heated when it moves through a flow heat exchanger (bithermic plate, etc.) located inside the heat generator. Double-circuit boilers are compact, but cannot prepare a large number of hot water (the most powerful units give out a maximum of 15 l / min.). Therefore, they are suitable for cottages with a small number of inhabitants. When a significant need for hot water is expected, they opt for a more expensive solution - a single-circuit gas boiler in combination with a storage tank (boiler) - freestanding, wall-mounted or fixed under the boiler. The volume of a boiler for private houses is usually 100-260 liters (for mounted models - up to 100 liters). The filtered water entering the tank is heated by the heat carrier from the boiler. This happens in different ways: for example, using the coil inside the boiler. Hot water is supplied to the tapping points according to the same wiring diagram that is selected for cold water, that is, with a series or collector connection of consumers. (The hot pipeline is most often made of polypropylene pipes, since they are economical and able to withstand the maximum allowable temperature of hot water. They are connected by welding.

How is sewerage done?

If the sewerage of a private house is connected to a centralized network, it is necessary to install a manhole (usually made of polymeric material) at a distance of at least 3 m from the building. Most often, a pipe with a diameter of 150 cm is laid from the well to the main, and from the building to the well or (in the case of an autonomous sewer) to a septic tank or biological treatment device - with a diameter of 100-110 cm. Pipes with a diameter of 100-110 mm are also connected to toilets and bidets, and to sinks, shower cabins, bathtubs - with a diameter of 50 mm. Provide for a slope of pipes from the points of discharge of wastewater towards the drain of at least 2 cm per 1 linear meter. m for products with a diameter of 100-110 mm and not less than 3 cm per 1 lin. m for products with a diameter of 50 mm. If the bathrooms are close to the risers, then the drains from them move by gravity. Inside the building, horizontal sewer lines are laid in the underground space (basement, basement) or in the floor structure. For the same purpose, they strive to avoid sharp bends in the pipeline. Be sure to provide for the possibility of cleaning and revision. For the drain to work properly (without air locks and the ejection effect), it is necessary to ensure that air enters the sewer, for which risers are brought to the roof in separate channels (which cannot be combined with conventional ventilation shafts) or special valves are installed on them. When designing a building, they try to place the bathroom on the top floor above the bathroom on the first floor or above the kitchen so that the noise from the sewer does not penetrate into the living quarters, and also to avoid measures to decorate the riser.

What to do if there is no centralized sewerage in the village?

How to dispose of domestic wastewater? If there is a centralized sewerage system in the cottage village, then the effluents are directed to it (an appropriate permit is required to supply pipes to it from the building). If there is none, then you have to take them to the local treatment system. This is a septic tank or a deep biological treatment plant located underground (maximum depth - 2.5 m) at a distance of at least 3 m from the house, and also no closer than 20 m from a well supplying cold water. Typically, septic tanks are ready-made storage tanks made of one or another polymer, which is necessarily frost-resistant and resistant to aggressive chemical substances contained in the soil. In a septic tank, wastewater is settled and mechanically cleaned (clarified) beforehand, and then they are either removed by a sewage machine or subjected to further treatment using a filter well, trenches or underground filtration fields. Devices of the second type are more efficient, they purify wastewater by 95-98%. These are containers (polymer, metal, concrete) divided into several chambers, or separate modules assembled in single system. They carry out a stage-by-stage biological purification of water due to aerobic bacteria, and often its chemical purification with special chemicals (with the complete elimination of phosphorus compounds that emit an unpleasant odor). As a result, water is filtered to such a state that it can be discharged into a drainage well, a roadside ditch, etc., without harm to the environment.

How can a building be heated?

Exist different ways heating of residential premises - with the help of radiators and warm floors with a liquid heat carrier, electric warm floors, warm walls, air heat pump and others. The traditional option is a heating system with a coolant in the form of purified water heated by a boiler (heat generator). The coolant can be supplied to consumers by gravity or forcibly (due to the pump). Boilers differ in the type of fuel used: gas (natural, liquefied), liquid (diesel fuel) and solid fuel (coal, wood, pellets). There are also combined (capable of operating on different fuels) and electric heat generators. Most in demand gas boilers due to their economy and high efficiency, and the rest of the devices, in fact, are an alternative to them in the case when it is impossible to bring a gas main to the house. The required power of the heat generator is determined on the basis of a heat engineering calculation, but it can be approximately calculated based on the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe building: about 0.1 kW is needed to heat 1 m2. Boilers are wall and floor. The former take up less space and do not require a boiler room, and therefore become a suitable option for small cottages. With a power of up to 35 kW, they can be installed in kitchens and corridors. If the building has a significant area, they usually opt for powerful floor-standing heat generators. At the same time, it is necessary to arrange a boiler room in the house, equipped with a ventilation system. For gas, liquid and solid fuel boilers, a chimney is required, which is most often taken out through the roof. The safety of the boiler equipment is ensured by a number of devices, including a pressure gauge, safety valve, air vent.

What opportunities does boiler automation provide?

There are different modifications of automation that controls the operation of boilers: thermostatic, electronic with a constant temperature of the boiler, electronic with a weather-dependent boiler temperature and electronic with the function of weather-compensated control of radiator heating with the support of mixers. The latter is the most efficient. Included with it is a temperature sensor, which is fixed on the facade of the building, as well as thermostatic heads mounted on radiators. This allows you to very accurately adjust the temperature in each room, and in addition, save fuel. Many boiler manufacturers provide the ability to remotely control the heating system - via a computer or phone.

The main through which the coolant circulates from the boiler is usually made of polypropylene. The elements of the pipeline are connected by a welded method. There are three main heating schemes: one- or two-pipe and collector. In the first case, the radiators in each riser and supply line are connected by one pipe, and the coolant moves in series from one device to another. In the second, two pipes are laid to each radiator: supply and return, so that they are all independent. The third option is a kind of two-pipe circuit, only the devices are connected here through a manifold. Single-pipe wiring is the most economical to install, since it requires fewer pipes, fittings, etc. However, it also provides fewer options for setting the temperature in the building, and therefore is considered obsolete. Two-pipe and collector circuits are more expensive (due to a larger number of pipes and connecting elements), but they allow you to accurately control the temperature of each heater. In addition, in this case, the pipes can be laid hidden, embedding them in the structure of the floor and walls. Radiators are cast iron, steel, aluminum and bimetallic (aluminum and steel). All have advantages and disadvantages. Aluminum and bimetallic are considered optimal. The former are affordable and have high thermal conductivity, but are demanding on the quality of the coolant: the water circulating through them must have a pH between 7 and 8, otherwise the device will begin to corrode. Bimetallic ones are characterized by relatively low heat transfer, but this disadvantage is compensated by their durability (service life - 40 years) and reliability.

You will receive a complete specification of equipment and materials, recommendations for a heating boiler, water heater and other engineering equipment. This section of project documentation will help you save your time and money, and you will always be aware of what is happening if you carefully study the project documentation.

What is included in the project of engineering systems

The project of engineering systems is divided into 3 sections:

1. Domestic water supply and sewerage project
2. Domestic power supply project

Water supply and sewerage project

In the water supply and sewerage project, you will find all the necessary diagrams for installing a water heater, a distribution manifold for a water supply system, sewerage, as well as a specification of equipment and materials.

The equipment will be selected with an individual calculation for your home, a role in this will be played by the design of the house, the material from which the house is built and climatic conditions. There are many rules and regulations in these sections that we comply with. Having built a house according to such a project, you will get comfort, durability of using water supply and sewerage.

The composition of the project Internal water supply and sewerage:

1. Explanatory note
2. Axonometric diagram of a water supply system
3. Water supply system (plans for all possible floors)
4. Schematic diagram of connecting the water heater to the DHW system
5. Schematic diagram of the distribution manifold of the water supply system
6. Axonometric diagram of the sewerage system
7. Sewerage system (plans for all possible floors)

Internal heating and natural ventilation project

The project of internal heating and natural ventilation contains all the necessary schemes, plans and specifications for the installation of a heating manifold, radiators, underfloor heating, a boiler room, ventilation ducts. You will receive a calculation of the heat loss of enclosing structures.

The main task of designers is to make your home warm, to calculate the design of heating systems for reasons of efficiency, reliability and durability. And also provide ventilation for rooms with high humidity, such as a toilet, bathroom, kitchen.

The composition of the project Internal heating and natural ventilation:

1. List of the main set of working drawings
2. Explanatory note
3. Axonometric diagram of the supply and return pipeline system of the heating system
4. Floor plans with networks for the supply and return pipelines of the heating system
5. Schematic diagram of a manifold distribution system
6. "Warm floor." Typical design of a warm floor
7. Thermal diagram of the boiler room
8. Schematic diagram of the distribution manifold system
9. Floor plans with VC system (ventilation ducts)
10. Specification of equipment and materials

The project of internal power supply of the house

The final section of engineering systems - home electrical project. IN this project you will receive all schemes and specifications for the lighting network, socket network, floor heating power supply plan, if required.

Further, the design of the power supply includes the calculation of the working lighting shield, the calculation of the emergency lighting shield, information and a diagram for grounding the house and lightning protection. In this project, the designers will calculate the total electrical load on your line, taking into account all your needs and wishes for electrical equipment and household appliances in your future home. You will know exactly how many kilowatts will be required for your site. The risk of loading the internal power supply system will be prevented, since all loads are calculated in the project, and the cable section is selected according to them.

The composition of the internal power supply project:

1. Total information
2. Explanatory note
3. House power supply scheme
4. Lighting network plans for all floors
5. Electricity plan for underfloor heating (if required)
6. Calculation of the working lighting board of all floors
7. Calculation of the emergency lighting shield
8. grounding
9. Potential Control Scheme
10. Lightning protection

You can visually see what our work looks like by downloading an example of each of the projects.

We consider the priority tasks that are associated with the design of engineering systems in a country house.

The comfort of living in a private house directly depends on how all engineering systems and communications work - electricity and water supply, heating system and sewerage. Moreover, the efficiency, durability and trouble-free operation of the "engineer" directly depends on its competent design and high-quality installation.

In this article, we will answer the following questions:

• Engineering in a private house: where does planning begin.
• What are the nuances of sewerage, plumbing and electrical input that you need to pay attention to first of all.
• How the design of the house affects the features of the laying of engineering.

Engineering communications planning

Construction practice shows that engineering systems are one of the most expensive components in a country house. Depending on the cost of the selected equipment, the method of its installation, as well as the options for laying communications, the price of an "engineer" can be 25-40% of the total estimate for building a house. Therefore, any mistake made at the stage of selecting or laying engineering systems will lead in the future to the need for alterations and costly repairs performed by experienced specialists.

We remember the main rule: the selection and installation of engineering systems of a country house is preceded by the design stage, which begins with competent planning.

Following this principle will help you avoid mistakes. If a monolithic slab is chosen as the foundation, or in the future it is planned to make floors on the ground on the basis of the strip foundation, then the place for entering communications into the house (water, sewage) must be designed in advance. Otherwise, after the construction of the box at home, you will have to puzzle over where and how to introduce engineering networks, up to altering / drilling the foundation or gouging technical holes in the screed with a perforator.

In the absence of sufficient Money, you can mount engineering systems gradually, stretching this process for long time. But mortgages for water and sewer pipes, electrics (if underground input is planned) channels, holes in the foundation, ceilings and walls provided in advance. This will avoid significant financial and labor costs during further work on the installation of the "engineer".

We decided that our design document is the basis for the construction of engineering communications. Now let's figure out how to properly plan everything. To do this, you should break your actions into a series of successive steps, moving from general to specific. In order not to forget anything, we take a sheet of paper and write down what we need to do, namely:

• Determine where on the site the house will be built, outbuildings, a garage, as well as a well / well and a septic tank, in order to determine the length of the supply lines in relation to existing or planned engineering in the building;
• Measure the distance from the pole from which electricity is supplied to the cottage. If the distance exceeds 25 m, then another intermediate pole will be required, or, alternatively, an underground entry of the electrical cable into the house can be carried out;

• Depending on the area of ​​the house, heat losses, heating method, water points, the number of residents and their preferences, we estimate the volume of water and energy consumption;
• We calculate the expected load from all electrical consumers, because the choice of electrical wires and protective devices depends on these data.
• We determine the place in the house where the installation of equipment should be carried out;
• We calculate how to lay the highways (open or closed in strobes), how they will be brought into the premises. How to carry out penetration through walls and ceilings;
• If the installation is carried out on our own, we select materials and equipment for the installation of engineering systems. Or, having decided on our preferences, we order a project in a specialized organization.

These are only general, basic data, on the basis of which it is possible to make a pre-design sketch of engineering networks. Every little thing matters. If you lose sight of something, then later, having decided to build further, make landscape design or build an outbuilding, it turns out that an electric cable, a water supply system or a septic tank with a filtration field are buried in this place.

KKI FORUMHOUSE user

We need an integrated approach. Those. , including its architectural and constructive component, must be inextricably linked with engineering networks. I would not want the beautiful retaining wall designed by the landscape designer to be “spoiled” by the heating pipes or the bath’s underground power supply cable.

Based on this, starting planning and further designing engineering networks, we immediately think about what and where it is planned to do. Those. "engineering" is a compromise between functionality, reliability of work, aesthetics of laid communications and reasonable sufficiency without excessive complication of the system.

The nuances of engineering communications

The starting point for engineering network design is prioritization. Only having dealt with one task, we move on to the next, without trying to cover everything at once.

The first thing on which the normal functioning of a country house is based is electricity and water. Those. a reliable source of water and electricity is needed, and for their input and distribution to consumers - engineering communications. Moreover, electricity and water will be required even at the stage of construction of the cottage.

Although it is possible to build a country house using a gas generator and imported water, this greatly complicates all construction work.

If electricity is supplied centrally, from the power company, then a reliable source of water in most cases is the concern of the homeowner.

Water can be obtained from a well or from a well. Moreover, the well, depending on the depth of the aquifers and the structure of the soil, can be drilled “on the sand”, or a full-fledged, but also the most expensive artesian one is equipped, or a shallow budget “Abyssinian” is hammered right in the house / box.

Therefore, immediately, at the initial, planning stage of construction, we figure out where to get water from, how it will be brought into the house where the pumping equipment will be located. Inside the house, in a technical room or boiler room. Or a caisson with water intake equipment is arranged right above the well, and from it the water supply is brought into the house.

Based on this information, as well as determining where to place the house on the site, we can calculate the distance of the route from the water intake point to the point of entry of the pipeline into the house. Depending on the region of residence and the depth of soil freezing (in Moscow and the region, about 1.5 m), we estimate at what depth to mount the pipe so that it does not freeze in winter.

If the water supply is laid above the freezing depth of the soil, then it is necessary to provide for the installation of a heating cable or insulation. A heat insulator for pipes with a “fur coat” made of foamed polyethylene or polystyrene foam “shell”.

It is important to define the entry point in advance. If the pipeline passes under slab foundation and will come out through its horizontal plane, it is necessary to provide (even at the foundation design stage) a mortgage pipe. We act similarly with a basement or a buried strip foundation, with the only difference being that the pipeline runs horizontally through the foundation wall.

Girfalko FORUMHOUSE user

At the stage of foundation construction, all basic communications are laid. Remember about the mortgages that we may need in the future when building other buildings.

Those. it is necessary to reserve in advance all the places for the input of communications and determine the depth of their occurrence.

Mihalch FORUMHOUSE user

It is better to lay the water pipeline below the freezing depth, by 1.7 m. the pump will pump water.

Traditionally, the bottleneck for entering home plumbing is penetration through the foundation. This place must be sealed, and it must be done in such a way that the pipeline does not crush with a possible movement / settlement of the foundation.

As a sleeve, a metal pipe can be used, the inner diameter of which is 2 times larger than the outer diameter of the water or sewer pipe. The sleeve with the pipe installed on both sides is sealed with a moisture-resistant, non-rotten material that compensates for the possible movement of the structure. Kabolka - resin rope made of flax, jute or hemp.

The node of such penetration clearly demonstrates the following figure.

When laying a sewer pipe, several factors are taken into account. This is the depth of soil freezing, the type of septic tank or local treatment plant, the magnitude of the slope on the site, the distance from the septic tank to the house.

The following opinion about the freezing of a sewer pipe is interesting:

Andrew 203 FORUMHOUSE user

If there is always water in the water pipe that can freeze, then in the sewer pipe, water is present only during flushing, and it will not freeze, because. goes into the septic tank, in which the process of processing effluents with the release of heat is underway.

Users of our portal are not advised to combine the input of an electrical cable into a house (if electricity is planned to be introduced underground) with water and sewer pipes. To enter the electrical cable, we mount a separate embedded pipe, which goes into the room where the electrical panel is mounted.

When designing electrical communications, you can use the algorithm from the portal member with the nickname IvanVA. We take a plan of the premises and mark on it where and how many sockets, switches, lamps, etc. are supposed to be. Mark points with virtual furniture arrangement. Otherwise, it may later turn out that the mounted socket will close the sofa or closet.

We also count the number of other electrical consumers. These are boilers, pumps, street lighting for a bath or sauna, all light bulbs, etc. After that, we draw a block diagram of the electrics and calculate the total power consumption of all equipment. Based on this calculation, it will be possible to select the types and sections of cables and calculate the complete set of electrical panels. After that, we choose places for placing electrical panels, junction boxes and cable routes. We mark them on the plan. Next, select the equipment and calculate the length of the cables. After that, we get everything you need and do the installation.

A similar approach - careful planning, must be applied when calculating the remaining engineering networks.

Summarizing

Ideally, when designing engineering systems, you need to be able to look at them both through the eyes of a designer and an installer, taking into account the material from which the house is being built - wood, aerated concrete, brick, frame construction, etc. Since the properties of the material and the design of the house directly affect the methods and laboriousness of laying engineering communications.

The design of the house and foundation also affects the methods of installation of engineering communications. If there is an underground, then sewer pipes and water supply can be carried out in it.

During the construction of a shallow foundation (MZLF), water and sewer pipes are laid under the sole of the tape, provided that the soil is not subsiding. Further, the pipeline is brought inside the perimeter of the foundation, rises vertically and passes through the ceiling. When driving the floor on the ground, in order to maintain the continuity of the vapor and waterproofing layer, we start it on the pipe, to the thickness of the screed.

All of the above is just an introductory part related to the laying and installation of engineering systems for a country house or country house. You can find out more by using the following information.

A modern country house is unthinkable without the effective functioning of engineering systems. Comfortable conditions mean reliable water, gas and electricity supply, as well as quality work heating and sewerage. In addition, in order to create conditions in the house that meet hygienic requirements, it is necessary to take care of the organization of the ventilation system. An organization that develops an engineering communications project must necessarily have a license for this type of activity.

Sewer network project - choosing the type of system

When developing a project for engineering communications of a country house, one of the most important parts is given to the design of external sewer networks. At the same time, the volume of wastewater that the system will divert daily is calculated. In addition, average indicators in the operation of the drainage system are also calculated. By analyzing the data obtained, engineers determine what is the optimal capacity of the sewer storage tank, as well as what type of sewer system should be used (a septic tank or a station that provides autonomous biological treatment).

When developing an external sewerage project for a house, the average indicators of the volume of storm drains in the region are necessarily taken into account. When determining the volume of the sewer reservoir, experts proceed from the fact that it is more rational to exceed this indicator, since if the indicator is underestimated, further measures will have to be taken to redo the system for discharging polluted effluents.

A separate part of the project of sewer networks is given to the development of a project for laying sewer communications inside the house, which also includes the placement of sanitary equipment.

Water supply project - autonomous water supply systems

If it is possible to connect the house to a centralized water supply, the development of a project for a house with utilities is simplified, since the task is to develop the location of the pipeline system and coordinate this part of the project with the authority (Vodokanal) responsible for supplying water to the population.

With the standard design of an autonomous water supply system at home, it is currently planned to install the following special equipment:

• a pump that will take water from a well,
• water purification unit
• accumulator,
• piping system of the external water supply network,
• piping system of the internal water supply network.

Engineering and technical documentation of the water supply system is presented in the form of diagrams, which provide detailed information on how hot and cold water will be supplied to consumers.

Types of work in the design of gas supply at home

Work on the design of engineering communications for gas supply at home is carried out in several stages:

• At the beginning of work on the project to provide access to the main gas pipeline, the specialists of the design organization must inspect the facility, determine its features, calculate the planned gas consumption for the year and the consumption limit.
• At the next stage, pipes are laid, through which gas will flow to the house and the gas pressure is determined at the entrance to the customer's house.
• The features of laying an external gas supply network are determined, which will ensure the connection of the house with the gas main.
• Development of a project for gas control units that provide the possibility of lowering the gas pressure at the inlet.
• Development of a gas purification system (filter installations).
• Drawing up drawings.
• Obtaining approval from the gas company to which the connection is planned.

Development of a project for a heating system for a country house

When designing the heating system of a country house, the task of creating a heating system for a house is necessarily set, which should be distinguished by optimal efficiency. When drawing up a competent project heating system a specialized company, as a rule, offers different options that are considered the most effective in specific conditions.

If it is possible to connect to the main gas pipeline, then the connection scheme will be designed for connection to it. If there is no gas line, then it is necessary to determine what type of fuel is supposed to be used to ensure the functioning of the heating system.

The project specifies all special equipment and places where it will be located. If you plan to install a universal boiler, then you can use different types fuel. However, experts recommend installing specialized heating boilers, which are designed to operate on a certain type of fuel (for example, solid fuel, liquid fuel boilers).

At present, boilers are popular that provide heating of air and its transfer through pipes. Such devices work on solid fuel (wood, briquettes). Experts note that this is a highly efficient equipment.

An underfloor heating system can also be used to create a heating system in a house. But in order to create an effective heating system in a country house using underfloor heating, it will be necessary to ensure the sealing of the adjoining windows to window openings, as well as to carry out measures for thermal insulation of all rooms.

Ventilation design - ensuring a normal air environment

- this is one of the most important systems, the normal functioning of which ensures the state of the air environment in accordance with hygiene requirements. When drawing up a ventilation project, the type is determined that will allow this system to function with the greatest efficiency. Therefore, a particularly important part of the design of this system is the selection of special equipment. An accurate calculation of the air distribution network is necessarily carried out, an exact scheme of the ventilation system and a specification for the equipment are drawn up.

Thus, the project of communications of a private house is an obligatory part of the project documentation of the house, which must be developed by specialists and pass all the necessary approvals before construction begins.

Video - Engineering communications for a country house