In the Russian language, a pronoun is an independent part of speech, indicating signs, objects, quantity, but not naming them. The table describes different types of pronouns by meaning, as well as options for their relationships with other parts of speech.

Pronoun in Russian- this is an independent part of speech, which includes groups of words that differ in meaning and grammatical features, indicating objects, signs, quantity, but not naming them. Answers the questions Who? What? Which? How many? Whose? and others. Initial form of pronouns - form singular, nominative case.

Examples of pronouns in phrases: he replied, you know, a few apples, every schoolchild, this house.

At school, the topic “Pronouns” is studied from the 4th grade and is included in the Unified State Examination program.

What are the different pronouns by meaning?

There are nine categories of pronouns depending on what meaning they express in speech. A table with examples that includes categories of pronouns in the Russian language will help you quickly determine what type a particular pronoun belongs to.

Places by value	Description	Examples
Personal	indicate an object, person, phenomenon	I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
Possessives	indicate affiliation	my, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs
Refundable	indicate that the action is directed towards oneself	yourself, yourself
Interrogative	express a question	Who? What? whose? Which? How many? which?
Relative	used to connect parts of a complex sentence	who, what, whose, which, how many, which
Undefined	indicate unknown objects, phenomena, persons, signs, number of something	someone, several, something, anyone, somebody and etc.
Negative	indicate the absence, denial of an object, person, sign	nothing, nobody's, none and etc.
Index fingers	indicate a specific item, feature or quantity from several options	this, that, that, so much and etc.
Definitive	indicate a generalized sign	any, everyone, everyone, other and etc.

In many sources, relative and interrogative pronouns are classified into one interrogative-relative category according to their meaning.

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Correlation of pronouns with other parts of speech

Based on the relationship of pronouns with other parts of speech, four groups of pronouns are distinguished.

Grammatical features of pronouns

In the Russian language, pronouns have permanent and non-constant morphological features.

Constant grammatical features:

• Rank by value;
• Face (personal only).

Inconsistent grammatical features:

• Case;
• Number.

Syntactic features of pronouns

In sentences, pronouns can act as any part of the sentence. But, as a rule, they are used as a subject, object or determiner.

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The purpose of this type of linguistic analysis of a word is to identify the sound composition of the latter. In this case it is necessary:

– determine the number of syllables;

– establish a qualitative-quantitative relationship between letters and sounds in a word;

- describe each sound.

Syllable - the minimum pronunciation unit of speech, characterized by the maximum unity of its components. The number of syllables in a word is determined by the number of vowel sounds, because it is the vowel that is the top of the syllable: o -go -r O d-no-thing.

The emphasis is highlighting one of the syllables of a word using phonetic means. The stressed syllable is pronounced longer, stronger and more distinct than the others. Word stress- a mandatory sign of a word. However, there are a number of words that are adjacent to other words and do not carry independent stress (particles, prepositions, and some others).

Since stress determines the phonetic word, in some cases its boundaries may not coincide with the morphological word, for example, before an ex. A by me, I'd like O flax, p A nen was (two morphological words make up one phonetic word).

There is one accent on the word, however, if the word is long, a side stress may appear: el e ktrost A nation.

Russian writing is not audible; therefore, in the Russian language there are certain letter-sound relationships. The most frequent and usually causing difficulty when writing a transcription of a word, or its sound composition, include the following:

• the letter denotes several sounds (e, e, yu, i at the beginning of a word, after a vowel, after the separating b and b): yula - [yula]. In some cases, after b two sounds can be indicated by the vowel and: streams - [streams];
• several letters indicate one sound (сч, zhch, zch = [ш]; ds, ts, ts = [ts]): in O zchik – [waxer], d e tskiy – [d’etskiy].

In Russian, as in many others, there are two types of sounds: vowels and consonants. Depending on the nature of the syllable in which they are found, vowel sounds - and there are six of them: [a, o, e, u, y, and] - are divided into stressed and unstressed. All vowels can be in a stressed or unstressed position, but the unstressed vowel o is found only in individual borrowed words: radio - [р A d'io].Consonant sounds (there are 36 of them) are characterized by hardness/softness and sonority/dullness.

30 consonants form pairs according to hardness/softness: [b - b', c - c', d - g', d - d', z - z', k - k', l - l', m - m', n – n', p – p', p – p', s – s', t – t', f – f', x – x'].

Always hard, or hard unpaired, are [f, w, c], and always soft, or soft unpaired, are [th, h, sch].

Always voiced, or voiced unpaired, are [th, l, m, n, r], and always voiceless, or voiceless unpaired, are [x, c, h, sch].

One should also take into account the fact that in the flow of speech, sounds influence each other. Compare, for example, the pronunciation of the preposition k in the position before the voiceless and voiced (to you - [kt’eb’ uh], to the house – [where O mu]), initial and in isolated use and in the presence of a preposition (ideal – [id’e A l], ideally – [vyd’e A l'e]).

In some cases, several variants of pronunciation of a particular word are allowed: meat - [m’isn O th] and [m'esn O th], (about) patience – [t’erp’ uh n’ii], [t’erp’ uh n’ie], [t’irp’ uh n’ii] and [t’irp’ uh niye], chain – [tsep O chick] and [chick O chka].

Scheme of phonetic analysis of a word(according to school tradition).

1. Break the word into syllables, indicate the number of syllables.

2. Put emphasis on the word,

indicate the stressed syllable.

3. Write down the phonetic

transcription of the word.

4. Describe the sounds of the word. Vowels: stressed - unstressed, indicated by which letter; consonants: hard, soft (paired, unpaired),

voiced, voiceless (paired, not

paired), which letter is indicated.

5 Indicate the number of sounds and letters.

Sample parsing

bleach

o-tbe-lite 3 syllables

The 3rd syllable is stressed [adb’il’it’]

[a] - vowel, unstressed; designated by the letter “o”;

[d] - consonant, hard, paired (pair [d’]); voiced, paired (para [t]); designated by the letter “t”;

[b’] - consonant, soft, paired (pair [b]); voiced, paired (pair [p’]); designated by the letter “b”;

[i] - vowel, unstressed; designated by the letter "e";

[l’] - consonant, soft, paired (pair [l]); voiced, unpaired (pair [-]); designated by the letter “l”;

[i] - vowel, stressed; designated by the letter “and”;

[t ‘ ] - consonant, soft, paired (pair [t]); deaf, paired (para [d’]); designated by the letters “t”, “b”.

7 sounds, 8 letters

Analysis of words by composition (morphemic analysis, from the word morpheme - significant part words) is one of the types of linguistic analysis, the purpose of which is to determine the composition, or structure, of a word. It plays a significant role in the formation of spelling skills.

For example, when writing adjectives formed from nouns using the suffix -at, type plank - cobbled, it is important to determine which morpheme the letter kv of the generating noun refers to: if to the root (dosk-a), then in the corresponding adjective it is written ь, if to the suffix (brus-ok), then - ch (after the consonantal root).

It must be remembered that the analysis of a word by composition should be carried out in accordance with the norms of the modern Russian language. So, in modern Russian the word rich does not have a suffix that once stood out and had the same meaning as in the adjective striped, namely: the presence of a corresponding attribute or object. Currently adjective striped has to do with the word band, i.e. motivated by it, and therefore contains the suffix -at, adjective rich has lost the relationship of production with the noun god, so its base consists only of the root. When analyzing a word according to its composition, one should adhere to a certain order of isolating its parts, or morphemes.

You should never start analyzing a word by searching for the root, no matter how “transparent” it may seem!

The main technique when parsing a word is the selection of its forms (to highlight the ending), single-structure words (to determine suffixes and prefixes) and cognate words (to find the root). When isolating a particular morpheme, it is advisable to determine its grammatical meaning. At first, when mastering this type of linguistic analysis, it is useful to even write down the characteristics of each part of the word.

Ending- this is a changeable, significant part of a word that forms the form of a word and serves to connect words in a phrase and sentence. The meaning of the ending is purely grammatical: it indicates the number and case of nouns, numerals and personal pronouns; case, number and - only in the singular - gender of adjectives, participles and some pronouns; person and number for verbs in the present and future tense; number and gender of verbs in the past tense and conditional mood.

In the Russian language there are a significant number of words that do not have an ending due to the fact that they do not change. This:

1. adverbs,
2. participles,
3. comparative degree of adjective,
4. some nouns ( coat, highway),
5. some adjectives ( beige, mini),
6. some possessive pronouns ( his, her, their).

Words that have no endings should not be confused with words that have a zero ending. The zero ending is contrasted with the materially expressed ending: house - to house. Consequently, the zero ending is such a significant, materially unexpressed part of the word that stands out in the word when comparing it with other forms that have materially expressed morphemes.

The main forms and classes of words in which zero endings are distinguished:

1. im.p. units nouns m.r. – garden, snow;
2. im.p. units nouns zh.r. – joy, mouse; im.p. units m.r. short adjectives and participles: sad, offended, withdrawn;
3. im.p. some numerals: twelve, six, one;
4. kind.p. plural some nouns: stockings (stockings), families, (se[m ‘y]);
5. im.p. units m.r. possessive adjectives: Zeus (cf. Zeus), sisters (sisters), fish (ry[b’y]).
6. units m.r. past verbs vr. and conditional mood: walked, talked, was, would come, would get lost.

It should be noted that the soft sign at the end of words is not included in the ending, since it is a letter that, without having the grammatical meaning inherent in the ending, acts only as an indicator of the softness of the preceding consonant (shadow) or a formal identifier of the gender category of nouns (cf. knife and rye).

The basis- part of a word without ending. Therefore, modifiable words consist of a stem and an ending (pain,pain[s]), and immutable ones - only from the base ( yesterday, highway). In personal and participial verb forms with a reflexive suffix -sya (s), the stem is interrupted by the ending: I wanted it.

Suffix– a significant part of a word that is located after the root and usually serves to form words (the exception is the suffix -sya (s), which is after the end). Suffixes, like endings, can be materially expressed and zero.

The concept of a zero suffix is ​​not used in the school curriculum, however, in practice, when parsing words, students are faced with phenomena that are difficult to explain without this concept. This is also important when interpreting such phenomena as suffixless way of forming words .

The null suffix is ​​allocated in the following cases:

1. past form vr. and conditional mood of verbs: shore^ (cf. shore-l-a), brought^by (cf. brought-l-a);
2. w.r. im.p. units nouns formed from the corresponding adjectives: blue^ (cf. blue => blue, blue => sin-ev-a);
3. im.p. units m.r. verbal nouns: run^ (cf. run => run^, run => run-relative).

Suffixes different parts speeches have their own characteristics. In nouns they are numerous, quite specific and varied in the meaning they bring to the word: for example, -tel- person suffix ( reader), -To- subject suffix ( grater), -awn- abstract attribute suffix ( vitality), -nyi- action suffix ( combustion), -ushk- suffix of subjective assessment (category of subjective assessment - a category expressing the speaker’s attitude to the subject of speech) ( little head).

Suffixes of nouns are characterized by the phenomenon of homonymy, for example, the suffix -To- may have a subjective assessment value ( river) and actions ( sawing wood).

Adjective suffixes are more abstract in their semantics than noun suffixes. You can point out the property of suffixes to determine one or another category of adjectives, for example, -liv- suffix qualitative adjectives (patient, annoying),-sk- suffix of relative adjectives ( Pushkinsky(style), nautical), -oe-, -in-, -th- suffixes of possessive adjectives: ( fathers, Petin, bull).

Verb suffixes, as a rule, lack ambiguity; they do not create heterogeneous semantic classes within the category of the verb. In a word, verbal suffixes are easily recognized and highlighted due to their grammatical meaning, for example:

1. suffixes of tense forms: -l-(past tense) - walked, drank; -th-(present tense) – read[y]t, fly;
2. suffixes of the stem of the infinitive, or indefinite form of the verb: -a-, -e-, -i-: drive, darken, serve;
3. species suffixes -i-, -a-, -well-, -iva-, -iva-, -va-: decorate, embellish, shout, merge, read;
4. participle suffixes -ushch-, -ashch-, -v-, -vsh-, -n-, -en-, -t, -om-, -eat-, -im-: drowning, bought, forgotten;
5. gerund suffixes -a-, -teach-, -v-, -lice-: hurrying, flying, reading, crouching.

Console– a significant part of the word, located before the root and used to form words. The prefix adds additional meaning to the word compared to the original one ( move out, move in, drive out, drive around– indication of the direction of movement). A word can have several prefixes ( re-decomposition).

Root– the main significant part of the word, which contains the lexical meaning of the word, general meaning all related (same root) words. Words with the same root are called cognates, and their relatedness is established on the basis of the meaning expressed by the root (cf. homonymous root in two groups of words: water – submariner – waterman and driver – supply – drive). At the root, one can observe a phenomenon called alternation. Vowels can also alternate ( collect - collect, burn - burn), and consonants ( run - run, grow - grow), both at the same time ( grow - sprout, lay - lay).

As already mentioned, the root is the last morpheme that stands out in a word. This rule must be followed strictly, especially if you take into account the fact that the same root can appear in words in different various types, For example: I lead, lead, lead; walked, walked, came. A word may contain one ( water, forest) and more roots ( water carrier, lumberjack).

Based on materials from the book: Konkov V.I., Starovoitova O.A. Oral exam in Russian language: Tutorial in the Russian language for those entering universities. - St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University. - 2001.

Parsing order

1. Determine what part of speech the analyzed word is and in what form it is used.
2. If the word changes, highlight the formative morphemes
3. Select the base.
4. Based on the root, derivational morphemes (if any).

Sample parsing

Urban.

Urban is an adjective in the masculine nominative singular form.

Ending - Ouch.

The basis urban-.

Root city-.

Derivative suffix – sk-.

At the end of this declarative sentence there is a period.
2) At the end of January, surrounded by the first thaw, they smell good cherry orchards (Sholokhov).

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, widespread, complete, complicated by a separate agreed definition, expressed by a participial phrase. Grammar basis - the gardens smell. The subject is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, the predicate is a simple verb, expressed by a verb in the indicative mood. The subject includes an agreed definition cherry expressed as an adjective. The predicate refers to the circumstance of time in the end of January, expressed by the phrase (noun + noun) in the prepositional case with a preposition V, and the circumstance of the course of action Fine expressed by an adverb.

At the end of this declarative sentence there is a period; commas in the sentence highlight the participial phrase, which, although it stands before the word being defined, is isolated because it is separated from it in the sentence by other words.

Between simple sentences before a conjunction A A comma is placed at the end of a narrative sentence - a period.

2) But then one day, on a thawed March day, when the airfield suddenly darkened in one morning, and the porous snow settled so that the planes left deep furrows on it, Alexey took off in his fighter(Field).

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, complex, consists of four simple sentences, connected by intonation, conjunctive word When and subordinating conjunction What. The sentence highlights one main thing and three subordinate clauses: first and second subordinate clauses (refer to the word day in the main clause and answer the question which?), are connected by an adversative conjunction A; third subordinate clause of manner of action, measure and degree (refers to the combination of a predicate verb with a demonstrative word So

Lexical analysis of a word involves analyzing the word as a lexical unit of the Russian language, indicating: 1) the unambiguity and ambiguity of the word; 2) like him lexical meaning in this context; 3) synonyms; 4) antonyms; 5) the origin of the word; 6) the word belongs to commonly used vocabulary or vocabulary limited in use; 7) phraseological connections of the word. Lexical analysis is an optional type of analysis for school practice. Usually it is not given as a test task.

Lexical analysis of a word should be carried out using linguistic dictionaries: an explanatory dictionary, a dictionary of synonyms, antonyms, homonyms; Phraseological dictionary of the Russian language.

Scheme of lexical parsing of a word.

1. Determine the lexical meaning of the word in context.

2. If the word is ambiguous, indicate its other meanings (if necessary, you can use an explanatory dictionary of the Russian language).

3. Establish the type of lexical meaning in this context: a) direct; b) portable.

4. If the meaning is figurative, describe the type of figurative meaning.

5. Construct a synonymous series for the word in this meaning.

6. Choose an antonymic pair for this word.

7. Determine whether this word is native Russian or borrowed from another language.

8. Establish whether the analyzed word belongs to commonly used vocabulary or vocabulary that is limited in use.

9. Determine if a word is obsolete.

10. Indicate whether this word is included in phraseological units.

An example of lexical analysis of a word.

Having completed their operations, the fronts, one after another, stopped at the lines achieved by the spring. (K. Simonov)

1. Operation - a series of strategic actions carried out during offensive or defensive battles (military, professional).

2. The word has multiple meanings: a) surgery; b) trading operation; c) financial transaction; d) postal operations.

3. The meaning is direct.

4. Synonymous series: operation, battle, battle, military action.

5. The word is borrowed from Latin.

6. A word of professional vocabulary (military terminology).

7. The word is not obsolete; it is included in the active dictionary of the Russian language.

Spelling analysis involves oral or written analysis of spelling patterns in a word. When performing a spelling analysis, you need to correctly write down a word given with a missing letter, or open the brackets, highlight the place of the spelling in the word, name the spelling and determine the conditions for its selection. If necessary, indicate a test word and give examples of this spelling.

Word spelling scheme

1. Write down the control word.

2. Insert missing letters or open brackets.

3. Underline the place of spelling in the word.

4. Name the spelling and explain (orally or in writing) the conditions for correct spelling.

5. Indicate the test word (if possible) and give examples of words with this spelling.

Sample spelling analysis of a word

The slope..(n,nn)th tr..va lies in even rows.

Oblique - spelling of participle suffixes.

1. two letters “n” are written in the suffixes of passive past participles if the word is formed from a perfective verb (what to do? - mow): painted, read;
2. the suffix -enn-is written in participles formed from verbs ending in -it, -et or verbs with a base ending in a consonant: paint - painted; see - seen, save - saved.

Grass, in rows - unstressed checked vowel at the root of the word; verified by stress: grass - grass, rows - row; water - water, forests - forest.

Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 2

Compiled by Zolotareva Lyudmila Nikolaevna

teacher primary classes

Phonetics - a branch of language science that studiessounds and letters .

A

ABOUT

U

Y

E

L

M

N

R

Y

B

IN

G

D

AND

Z

Kommersant

I

Yo

YU

AND

E

P

F

TO

T

Sh

WITH

X

C

H

SCH

b

A O U Y E – indicate a hard consonant sound

I am Yo Yu and E – indicate a soft consonant sound

[L] [M] [N] [R] [Y’] – unpaired voiced consonants

[X] [C] [ Ch'] [Sh'] – unpaired voiceless consonants

b b – no sound

[B] [C] [D] [D] [AND] [Z] – paired voiced consonants

[P] [F] [K] [T] [SH] [WITH] - paired voiceless consonants

[F] [W] [C] – always hard sounds

[H'] [Sh'] [Y'] – always soft sounds

I'm Yo Yu Ye

/ \ / \ / \ / \

[Y’] [A ] [Y’] [O] [Y’] [y] [Y’] [e]

I, Yo, Yu, E – make two sounds if they stand:

at the beginning of a word (Ima,eand,Yula,el)

after a vowel (lesnaI, mindYu)

after ь, ъ (вьYuha, undereh)

Analysis plan:

1. Write down the word.

2. Highlight the syllables. Indicate the number of syllables.

3. Show the place of stress.

4. Write down the word using transcription.

5. Indicate the number of syllables.

6. Describe the sounds indicated by letters in accordance with their

arrangement in a word, according to the scheme:

- vowel or consonant;

- vowel: stressed or unstressed;

- consonant: voiced or voiceless, paired or unpaired (name the pair);

hard or soft, paired or unpaired (name a pair)

7. Count the number of letters and sounds.

Sample written analysis:

/ /

Letter – [ p'i s'mo]– 2 syllables

P -[P'] – acc., deaf., par.[b/p ], soft steam.[p/p’] ,

and – [and] – vowel, unstressed.

s– [s’] – consonant, deaf. parn. [s/s], soft. par.[s/s’]

b – [- ]

m – [m] – acc., bell. unpaired , hard steam. [mm’ ]

o - [o] – vowel, stressed.

____________________________________

6 b. 5 stars

Morphemics and word formation - branch of language science that studies

parts of words and methods of their formation.

Analysis plan:

To parse any word according to its composition, do this:

Find the ending. To do this, change the word like this:
- if it is a noun, change by questions (who? what? whom? what? by whom? what? about whom? about what?) and by numbers (singular-plural).

If it is an adjective, change it according to gender and number. (which? which? which? which?)
- if the verb is change according to numbers and persons (substitute the wordsI, you, he, she, they, we, you ) , and in the past tense according to childbirth.

Highlight the stem of the word. The stem is a part of a word without an ending (the stem does not include some suffixes, which you will learn about later).


Find the root of the word. To do this, select several words with the same root (try changing prefixes, suffixes and do not confuse them with word forms).


Select the suffix and prefix

Sample written analysis:

Let's break down the word: plantain

1) I’m looking for an ending: plantains, plantains, plantains, plantains - the ending is zero. Plantain base.
plantain 2) I’m looking for a root: path, road, road, roadside - rootdear -
plantain 3) Before the root there is a prefix -By- plantain

4) After the root and before the ending - suffix -Nick plantain

¬ console ∩ root^ suffix ending

consoles

suffixes

immutable

changeable

noun

adj.

verb

in-over-

about-from-

from-under-pre-you-do-za-

na-o-

re-po-pro-

without-/without-/with-/with-/with-/with-

from-/is-

bottom-/nis- times-/ras-, times-/roses, grew

through-/through-through/through-pre-pri-

Ost -eni--ni--ak

Ok - yak

Ach-ets

Tel-chik

Schik-ist

Nick - prostrate

Itz-ar

K- -sk-

Iv- -ov-

Ev- -aln-

East-n-

An--yang-

In--enn-

He N-

AND-

E-

A-

Well

Eva-

Willow-

Ova-

Eve-

Va-

words is equal to the whole word: movie left

Under no circumstances should a null termination sign be used.

Morphology – parts of speech .

Morphological analysis of a noun includingno allocation of four constantscharacteristics (proper noun, animate-inanimate, gender, declension) and two non-constant ones (case and number).

The order of morphological analysis of a noun

2) Initial form ( Nominative case singular).

3) Constant signs:

proper - common noun; animate - inanimate; genus; declination.

4) Variable signs:

case; number.

Sample morphological analysis of a noun

Funny dragonflies fly over the meadow.

Oral analysis

(over) meadow is a noun. Denotes an object, answers the question “what?”

2) The initial form is a meadow.

3) Constant signs: common noun; inanimate; masculine;

2nd declension.

4) Inconstant signs: instrumental case, singular.

5) In a sentence it is a minor member (adverbial of place), explains the predicate: flies (where?) over the meadow.

Written analysis

1) (over) meadow - noun. (over what?), subject

2) n.f. - meadow.

3) nat., inanimate, m.r., 2nd class.

4) in T.p., in units. h.

5) circumstance: flies (where?)over the meadow.

Find the word that the noun refers to and pose a question from it.

Determine the case based on the question and preposition.

Seagulls circled over the lake.

Were spinning (above what? ) above lake (etc. .)

Determine gender.

Highlight the ending of the noun in I.p. singular.

Determine the declension by gender and ending.

Sample reasoning

Notebook – she, mine – noun,w.r. Withb at the end;

in I.p. units null ending;

means nounnotebook 3rd declension.

1) names of male persons (dandy, maestro, receptionist);

2) names of animals and birds (chimpanzees, cockatoos, hummingbirds, kangaroos, ponies, flamingos);

3) words coffee, penalty and etc.

female names (miss, frau, lady).

names of inanimate objects (coat, muffler, neckline, depot, metro, popsicle, cafe, cinema, meringue, citro, jelly, soufflé, cocoa, domino, video,

lotto).

Morphology – branch of language science that studiesparts of speech .

Morphological analysis of the adjective name in primary school includes the identification of three non-constant characteristics (gender, number, case).

The order of morphological analysis of an adjective

1) Part of speech. What does it mean, what question does it answer.

2) Initial form (nominative singular masculine).

3) Gender (in singular); case; number.

4) Syntactic role in the sentence.

Sample morphological analysis of an adjective

A motley butterfly flies over a flower.

Oral analysis

1) motley - an adjective, as it denotes a characteristic of an object, answers the question “which one?”

2) The initial form is variegated.

3) feminine, nominative case, singular.

4) in a sentence it is a minor member (definition), explains the subject: butterfly (which one?) motley.

Written analysis

1) motley - adjective name. (which?), a sign of an object,

2) n.f. - motley.

3) in railway r., in I.p., in units. h.

4) definition: butterfly (which one?)motley.

Find the noun that the adjective refers to.

Determine the case of the noun.

Determine the case of the adjective based on the case of the noun.

The stars shine in the blue sky. (A.S. Pushkin)

Shine (where? in what?)in the sky – P.p.

in the sky (which one?)blue – P.p.

Remember!

Adjectives in plural change only by case.

Plural adjectivesby birthdo not change.

The case of an adjective, both singular and plural, can be recognized by the case of the noun to which it refers:

to the houses (D.p.) (which?)new (D.p.);

behind the houses (T.p.) (which ones?)new (etc.)

Morphology parts of speech .

Morphological analysis of a verb in elementary school includes the identification of two constant features (aspect, conjugation) and four non-constant ones (tense, person, number, gender).

The order of morphological parsing of the verb

1) Part of speech. What does it mean, what question does it answer.

2) Initial form (indefinite form).

3) Constant signs:

view; conjugation.

4) Variable signs:

time;

person and number (if the verb is in the present or future tense);

gender and number (if the verb is in the past tense)

5) Syntactic role in the sentence.

Sample morphological analysis of a verb

Above the flower flies motley butterfly.

Oral analysis

1) Flies - verb. Denotes the action of an object, answers the question “what does it do?”

2) The initial form is to fly.

3) Constant signs: imperfect appearance;I conjugation.

4) Inconstant signs: present tense, 3rd person, singular.

5) The sentence is a predicate: the butterfly (what is it doing?) flies

Written analysis

1) Flies - Ch. (what does it do?), action of an object

2) n.f. - fly.

3) nonsense. V.; I Ref.

4) in present day, in 3rd letter, in unit. h.

5) predicate: butterfly (what does it do?)flies

Determine the tense, person and number of the verb.

Name the indefinite form of this verb and by the letter of the vowel sound before the suffix -t determine conjugation (that yat , light it ).

Remember the ending of the verb of this conjugation in the right person and number.

I conjugation II conjugation

Eat and eat

Et-it

I'm eating

-yeah -ite

Ut (-yut) -at (-yat)

Exception verbs of II conjugation

Verbs to-there are : look, see, offend, hate,

depend, endure, twirl;

verbs in–at : hear, breathe, hold, drive.

Exception verbs of the first conjugation

Shave, lay

Syntax – branch of language science that studiesphrase and

offer .

Analysis of the proposal.

Define the offer:

1) According to the purpose of the statement: narrative (contains a message);

incentive (encourages action);

interrogative (contains a question);

2) By intonation: exclamation; non-exclamatory;

3) By the presence of main members: simple or complex;

Grammar basis:

subject (who what?);predicate (what is he doing?, what did he do?, etc.)

4) By the presence of minor members:

widespread or not widespread;

Secondary members of the sentence:

- addition (case questions)

- circumstance (where? how? when? where? where?)

- definition (which? which? which? which? whose? whose? whose? whose?)

5) The presence of homogeneous members.

Underline the main parts of the sentence: subject and predicate.

Disassemble the subject group.( Put the question from subject to secondary proposals to members )

Sort out the predicate group. ( Put the question from the predicate to the secondary proposals to members )

Put a question from a minor member to another

secondary member of the sentence.

Indicate the parts of speech: noun, adjective, verb, pronoun, preposition, conjunction.

Write down the phrases.

Sample written analysis:

etc . noun Ch. noun With. noun

From the rooster were flying dust And fluff. And.

(Narrative, non-vocal, simple, distributive, with homogeneous members)

flew (from whom? where from?) from the rooster

pr. noun Ch. adj. noun

IN shadows grew fragrant lilies of the valley (Narrative, non-narrative, simple, distribution)

Noun.

(who what?)

Subject

(Im.p. who? what?)

Adjective .

(which? whose?)

Predicate

(what does it do? what will it do? what?)

Numeral.

(how many? what number?)

Addition

(questions of indirect cases - all except Im.p.)

Pronoun

(questions from previous parts of speech)

Definition

(which? whose? which one?)

Verb

(what does it do? what will it do?)

Circumstance

(where? when? where? from where? why? why? how?)

Adverb

(how? where? when?)

Note:

Subject and predicate-

main members of the sentence.

Addition, definition and circumstance – minor members offers.

The grammatical basis of a sentence – this is the subject and the predicate.

Pretext

(in on, at, about, by, for, etc.)

Union

(and, a, but, or, either, etc.)

Particle

(not, nor, would, same, whether, etc.)

Interjection

(ah, oh, oh, well, etc.)

DECLINATION

nouns

( change by case)

CONJUGATION

verbs

(change according to persons and numbers)

1st declension: nounm. and f.r. . ending in I.p.-AND I (apple treeI , young manA )

I conjugation: all verbs

–AT, -OT, -ET -UT, -IT and 2 verbs–IT

(shave, lay)

vowel E!

2nd declension: nounm.r. zero-terminated Ands.r. with ending-Oh, -E (table , floorE )

II conjugation: all verbs

on–IT (except shave, lay), 4 verbs–AT

and 7 verbs for–EAT

(Chase, keep,

breathe and hear

look, see,

hate,

and offend and endure,

and depend and twist!)

In personal unstressed endings these verbs havevowel I!

3rd declension: nounzh.r., endingto –b

(speechb , ryeb )

– branch of language science that studiesmeaning of the word .

Term

Pronunciation and meaning

Example

synonyms

different in sound, butloved ones by value

Hippopotamus

homonyms

similar in sound, butdifferent by value

Onions (for salad) -

bow for shooting)

antonyms

different in sound andopposite by value

Cold-hot

So thatTo create a text plan, you need to:

Divide the text into parts that are complete in meaning.

Determine the main idea of ​​each part.

Give a title to each part of the text.

Subject - this is what the text says.

The topic unites the sentences in the text.

Main idea of ​​the text - This is whatThe main thing what I wanted to say

author.

Topic and main idea are related.

Title the text - this means briefly naming its topic or

main idea.

Read the text. Find out the meaning of unclear words. Determine what the text says.

Find the words in the text that need to be checked. Think about how to explain their spelling.

Learn the text by heart. Pay attention to the exact use of words in phrases.

Read the text carefully again, pronouncing each word clearly.

Let us list the rules that need to be taken into account when analyzing a word phonetically: compiling a transcription and phonetic characteristics. Let's consider the rules for soft and hard signs, for vowels and consonants. There are some nuances from the list of rules that are paid attention to in middle school and are not studied in elementary school; we will give examples for them. The rules discussed on this page are correct and complete only For school curriculum .

Designations

Notations used in phonetic analysis:

1. The transcription of the word is enclosed in square brackets: family → [s"im"y"a]. Sometimes an accent mark is placed in the transcription: [s"im"y"a ́];
2. Each sound in phonetic analysis is enclosed in square brackets: s - [s], i - [i], m - [m"], etc. Opposite the soft and hard signs, put a dash or a dash in square brackets: b - [- ];
3. The softness of sound is marked with an apostrophe: m - [m"];
4. A long sound (long sound) is indicated by a colon: tennis → [t"en":is], loader → [grush':ik];
   instead of a colon, a long sound is also indicated by a horizontal line above the sound;
5. In most school programs, at the end of phonetic analysis, a line is drawn, under which the number of letters and sounds in the word is indicated.

A detailed plan, oral and written examples of phonetic analysis are presented on the page.

Rules for ь, ъ

1. The letters ь, ъ do not represent sounds. They cannot be present in the transcription of the word.
2. The letter ь softens the previous consonant.
3. The letter ъ is used only as a separator.

Vowel phonetics

1. There are no sounds [e], [ё], [yu], [ya]. They cannot be present in the transcription of the word.
2. The letters a, o, u, s, e make the previous consonant hard.
3. The letters i, ё, yu, and, e make the previous consonant soft. But in some foreign words the consonant before the letter e remains hard.
   Cafe → [cafe], compartment → [compartment], hotel → [atel"].
4. The letters i, yu, e, е after consonants indicate the following sounds: i → [a], yu → [y], e → [e], е → [o].
   Ball → [m"ach", chalk → [m"el].
5. Letters i, e, e, o after consonants no accent denote the following sounds: i → [e] or [i], e → [i], e → [e] or [i], o → [a].
   Rowan → [r"eb"ina], spot → [p"itno], fun → [v"es"ila], cow → [karova].
6. The letters е, я, ю, е after vowels, after ъ, ь and at the beginning of a word indicate the following sounds: я → [й "а], ю → [й "у], е → [й "е], ё → [ y"o] (under stress) and i → [y"i], e → [y"i] (without stress). They are called iotized. In some publications j is written instead of th.
7. The letter and after ь denotes the sound [th"i].
   Streams → [ruch "th"i].
8. The letter and after the consonants zh, sh, ts denotes the sound [s].

Let us summarize the rules for “converting” vowels into sounds with a table:

	A	O	And	e	at	Yu	e	I	uh	s
under stress	A	O	And	uh	at	at	O	A	uh	s
no accent	A	A	And	And	at	at	O	uh, and	uh, and	s
at the beginning of a word	A	O	And	y"e	at	th"y	th"o	y"a	uh	s
after vowels	A	O	And	y"e	at	th"y	th"o	y"a	uh	s
after ь, ъ	A	O	th"i	y"e	at	th"y	th"o	y"a	uh	s
after w, w, c	s	O	s	s	at	at	O	A	uh	s

Phonetics of consonants

1. In phonetic analysis, soft consonants are indicated by the apostrophe sign ": [l"], [s"], [h"], etc.
2. In phonetic analysis, a long sound (drawn out) is indicated by a colon [zh:], [ts:] or a dash above the sound [zh], [ts].
3. The letters th, ch, shch always denote soft sounds: [th"], [ch"], [shch"]. They remain soft even if they are followed by the vowels a, o, u, y, e.
4. The letters zh, ts, sh always denote hard sounds: [zh], [ts], [sh]. They remain hard even if they are followed by the vowels i, ё, yu, i, e.
5. The letter th always denotes a voiced and soft sound [th"].
6. The letters l, m, n, r, y always denote voiced sounds and are called sonorant.
7. The letters x, c, ch, shch always represent unvoiced sounds.
8. Paired consonants in terms of voicedness/voicelessness at the end of a word and before a voiceless consonant indicate a voiceless sound: b → [p], d → [t], g → [k], z → [s], v → [f]:
   pillar → [pillar], train → [sing"est].
9. Unpronounceable consonants v, d, l, t do not denote a sound at the root:
   feeling → [ch"sti", sun → [sonts"e].
10. Double consonants after a stressed vowel give a long sound:
    group → [group:a], tennis → [ten:is].
11. Double consonants before a stressed vowel produce a single consonant sound:
    million → [m"il"ion], alley → [al"ey"a].

In some cases:

1. The letter s at the beginning of a word means a voiced sound [z]:
   did → [z"d"elal].
2. The letter g before a voiceless consonant is pronounced as [k] or [x]:
   claws → [kokt"i], soft → [m"ah"k"iy"]
3. Consonants between the root and the suffix before a soft consonant are pronounced softly:
   umbrella → [zon"t"ik].
4. The letter n denotes a soft sound before the consonants ch, sh:
   glass → [glass "ch"ik], changer → [sm"en"sch"ik].
5. The combination -chn-, -cht- is pronounced like [sh]:
   of course → [kan"eshna], boring → [boring], what → [shto].

The combination of certain consonants in words produces a long or unpronounceable sound:

1. The combination of letters -зж- denotes one sound [zh:]:
   get rid of → [izh:yt"], leave → [uizh:at"].
2. The combination of letters -ts-, -ts- means one sound [ts:]:
   swim → [bapts:a].
3. The combination of letters -stn- is pronounced as [sn], -stl- - [sl], -zdn- - [zn]:
   starry → [stellar"], ladder → [l"es"n"itsa].
4. At the endings of adjectives -ogo, -its consonant G denotes the sound [v]:
   gold → [zalatova], blue → [sin "eva].
5. Combinations of letters -сч-, -зч-, -жч- indicate the sound [ш"]:
   happy → [sch"aslivy"], cab driver → [izvoshch"ik], defector → [p"ir"ib"esch"ik].

These are all the basic rules of phonetic analysis. To consolidate the topic within the school curriculum, the publication by E.I. Litnevskaya is suitable. "Russian language. A short theoretical course for schoolchildren.”

There are a number of rules for the institute’s program and in-depth study of the phonetics of the Russian language. The rules take into account the subtleties of modern phonetic pronunciation and phonetic features over the past centuries. Such rules are not discussed in the school curriculum, so as not to complicate a topic that is already difficult for schoolchildren to understand. Thus, outside the school curriculum, options with a soft sound [zh’], including those characteristic of Old Moscow pronunciation, are considered. At the root of the word in the combinations -zh-, -zh- and -zh- in the word rain, instead of the hard sound [zh:] there is a soft [zh’:]. For example, yeast – [yeast’:i]. According to another rule: the letter u before a voiced consonant receives voicing and is marked with a voiced sound [zh’:]. For example, in the word material evidence – [v’izh’:dok].

Our site can do phonetic analysis of words automatically. Use the word search form.