Parametric standardization. Drawing Types and construction of parametric series of numbers
Parametric series, types and standards of construction machines
Parametric (standard size) series - series of machines of the same type, differing in the value of the main parameter, are established to reduce the production of standard sizes of machines, the possibility of unification, the creation of modifications on basic machines, and the simplification of their operation. Rows of machines are built on the basis of preferred numbers, rows of main parameters.
The parametric series of the main construction machines are adopted as follows: - single-bucket excavators: bucket capacity, m3-0.15; 0.25; 0.4; 0.63; 1; 1.6; 2.5; - bulldozers: traction class, t - 6; 10; 15; 25; 35; 50; 75; - tower cranes: load moment, t-m - 100; 160; 250; 400; 630; 1000; – self-propelled jib cranes: carrying capacity, t - 4; 6.3; 10; 16; 25; 40; 63; 100; 160; 250; 400; 630; 1000.
But jib cranes have been developed and are being mastered, the lifting capacity of which differs from the lifting capacity of the standard series, for example, the KS-3577 truck crane with a lifting capacity of 12.5 tons; automobile crane KS-4562 with a lifting capacity of 20 tons; cranes on a special pneumatic tractor MAZ-547A-KS-7571 and KS-8571 with a lifting capacity of 80 and 125 tons.
Rows are also regulated: nominal speeds for hoisting machines with a flexible rope lifting body; nominal rotational speeds of the rotary part; nominal lifting heights; maximum hook reach.
Types. The development of new machines is carried out taking into account promising types.
An example of the type of jib cranes with a lifting capacity of up to 25 tons, developed by the Avtokran software, is given in Table. 1.1.
Table 1.1
Type of jib cranes
Construction Machinery Standards. All construction machines are designed and manufactured in full compliance with standards.
By scope, they distinguish: state standards (GOST); industry standards (OST); standards of enterprises and associations (STP); international standards.
The main type of GOST are "Specifications". For individual machines, the standards "Basic parameters" and "Technical requirements" have been preserved.
In addition to these types, there are standards "General technical requirements" (OTT), which are promising scientific and technical documents.
The typical composition of GOST "Technical Conditions" is as follows: its scope, main parameters, technical safety requirements, completeness of delivery, acceptance rules, test methods, marking, packaging, transportation and storage, operating instructions, manufacturer's warranties.
GOST "General technical requirements" contains a limited number of basic parameters and indicators.
For each group of construction machines, indicators of their technical level and quality are provided, differentiated in two steps, which differ in the beginning of the standard validity period from the moment the machines were produced.
Each system covers a different number of standards. In turn, each standard unites a group of construction machines. As a rule, the standard is valid for 5 years, while the dates of the beginning and end of its application are indicated.
In addition to standards for construction equipment, there are standards that separately regulate indicators and provisions related to the operation of machines.
For construction machines supplied for export, special export additions are being developed to GOST "Technical Conditions".
Among the standards for construction equipment there are standards for the training of machinists and maintenance workers.
In case of joint production of construction machines by us and foreign companies, in the operational documentation (passport, operating instructions) references are made to the main technical standards, technical supervision rules, our standards and the country whose companies are involved in the manufacture of this machine.
In mining engineering
They are developed with the aim of eliminating undesirable and unreasonable multi-types, increasing the serialization and, on this basis, improving the quality and reducing the cost of technological machines, installations and equipment.
Type - a set of technological machines representing economic feasibility and the minimum range that provides the industry's need for them.
Parametric series - the numerical value of one or more parameters that characterize the main performance indicators and uniquely determine the dimensions of the machines.
The basis for establishing a parametric series of typical machines is preferred number system. Many years of practice has shown that the best series of parameters - geometric progression (GOST 8032-56).
At present, the types have been approved and are widely used for all types of mining transport (electric locomotives, trolleys, belt and drag conveyors), loading and loading-dump machines, excavators, mining dump trucks, etc.
Based on the types developed and approved standards, which regulate the most important parameters of machines (performance, dimensions, weight, type of drive). The standards have the following categories: international (ST SEV), state (GOST), republican (STB), industry (OST) and enterprise standards (JV) and specifications (THAT).
The introduction of standards contributes to the reduction of the range of products, the unification of individual components of typical machines, the increase in their technical level, serial production and maintainability.
Performance of mining machines
Mining machines should most fully meet the needs of the national economy and have high performance. The most significant of them can be divided into three groups :
· Technological , i.e. suitability of the machine to perform certain types of work;
· Feasibility studies defining productivity and cost-effectiveness of the work performed;
· General technical – providing driver comfort and safety.
Technological qualities are a number of properties associated with cross-country ability, the ability to provide certain parameters of work and maneuverability.
Estimated indicators patency: pressure in the contact patch of the mover with the ground, soil deformation, engine power reserve for movement, ground clearance (clearance), type and design features of the mover;
The ability to provide certain parameters of the work performed can be characterized, for example, by milling depth, load capacity, unloading height and other parameters depending on the purpose of the machine.
Main parameters maneuverability are: the radius and angular speed of the turn, the width of the lane on the turn in the working and transport positions of the actuators.
Technical and economic - is performance and economy.
Productivity is characterized by the volume of work performed per unit of time, subject to the specified technical conditions for a given technological operation. There are theoretical (constructive), technical and operational performance.
theoreticalperformance– This the amount of useful work that the machine could perform, under certain design conditions accepted by the developer and indicated in the data sheet, is measured by the quantitative indicator of the work performed per second(m 3 / s, kg / s, pcs / s). It depends on the engine power, the range of traction forces and speeds, the type of working bodies.
Technicalis the actual performance of the machine at one o'clock, which it can show under certain conditions without taking into account downtime for short periods of time (m 3 / hour, kg / hour, pcs / hour).
Operational- actual performance, taking into account idle passages as well as machine downtime for technical and organizational reasons; as a rule, it is characterized by the conditional volume of work performed or products produced per shift or per day, per month or per year.
Given the above definitions for the same machine doing the same job highest value always has a theoretical productivity, somewhat less - technical and further in descending order - operational.
Profitability is determined by the cost of work performed or the cost of products manufactured and depends on reliability, energy intensity, material consumption, maintenance cost and repair work, as well as the cost of remuneration of the driver or maintenance team.
General technical qualities are associated with ensuring ease of operation, ease of maintenance, sanitary and hygienic conditions, safety of the driver and are evaluated by noise level, vibrations, dust, gas contamination, microclimate in the cab, readiness for work.
Modern machines must also meet the requirements of technical aesthetics. (design).
RELIABILITY OF MINING MACHINES
Basic concepts of reliability (GOST 13377-75)
Reliability – the property of an object to keep in time within the established limits all the parameters that ensure the performance of the required functions under the specified operating conditions.
Reliability theory includes seven sections: mathematical theory of reliability; reliability according to individual failure criteria (“failure physics”); calculation and forecasting of reliability; measures to improve reliability; reliability control (tests, statistical control, organization of observations) and technical diagnostics; recovery theory; economics of reliability.
Generalized objects in the theory of reliability are:
Product- a unit of production manufactured by this manufacturer (excavator, conveyor, drilling machine, cutter, cutter, etc.).
Element- any product, the reliability of which is studied as a whole, regardless of its structure and design.
System- a set of jointly acting elements that perform specified functions, while the reliability of this product is determined depending on the reliability of its components (elements).
The concepts of element and system are transformed depending on the task at hand. The working body, for example, when establishing its own reliability, is considered as a system consisting of separate elements - a drive, a cutter and parts, and when studying the reliability of a mining machine, it is an element similar to the engine, frame, mover, cab with controls included in it.
Products are divided into non-recoverable , which cannot be restored at the consumer enterprise and are subject to complete replacement; And recoverable, which are subject to restoration by the consumer by repair and replacement of individual elements. In mining machines, as a rule, non-repairable products include executive elements of working bodies (cutters, teeth, pins, etc.) as well as standard mass-produced products (fasteners, cuffs, bearings, etc.).
Reliability is characterized by the following states And events:
performance- the state of the product, in which it is able to normally perform the specified functions, maintaining the operational parameters within the limits specified in the technical documentation.
serviceability- the state of the product, in which it satisfies not only the main, but also auxiliary requirements. A good product is sure to work.
Malfunction- the state of the product, in which it does not meet at least one of the requirements from the technical documentation. There are faults that do not lead to failures, and faults and their combinations that lead to failures.
Products of a certain purpose, principle of operation and design - that is, products of a certain type, are characterized by a number of parameters. Product Parameter is a quantitative characteristic of its properties. The set of set parameter values is called parametric series. A variation of the parametric series is size range.
Typically, part sizes, tolerance ranges, fits, and other parameters are standardized simultaneously for many industries, so such standards cover a wide range of parameter values. To increase the level of interchangeability, reduce the range of products and sizes, reduce the cost of products, the principle of preference is used. According to this principle, several rows (for example, three) of values of the standardized parameters are set so that when choosing them, the first row is preferred to the second, the second to the third.
The process of standardization of parametric series consists in the selection and justification of an appropriate nomenclature and numerical value of the parameters. This problem is solved with the help of mathematical methods.
When creating, for example, size ranges of shoes or clothing, anthropometric measurements are made of a large number of men and women of various age groups living in different regions of the country, followed by processing the results using mathematical statistics methods.
Parametric series of machines, devices, containers are recommended to be built according to the system of preferred numbers - a set of consecutive numbers that change exponentially, i.e. choose only those parameter values that obey a strictly defined mathematical relationship, and not any values obtained, for example, in calculation result.
The main standard in this area is GOST 8032-84 "Preferred numbers and series of preferred numbers". This standard establishes numbers and series of preferred numbers that should be used when establishing gradations and individual values of the parameters of technical objects (products, technological processes, etc.), as well as series of numbers used in cases where the use of series of preferred numbers is impossible or inappropriate . The standard does not apply to the parameters of technical objects, the natural pattern of changing the values of which differs from the patterns of formation of GOST 8032-84.
The basis for obtaining preferred numbers is a geometric progression, the i-th member of which is . The denominator of such a progression is , where R= 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, and i takes integer values in the range from 0 to R. The value of R determines the number of members of the progression in one decimal interval. The preferred numbers are the rounded values of the members of this progression.
GOST 8032-84 provides for four main series of preferred numbers:
1st row - R5 - 1.00; 1.60; 2.50; 4.00; 6.30; 10.00… has a progression denominator ;
2nd row - R10 - 1.00; 1.25; 1.60; 2.00; 2.50;… has a progression denominator ;
3rd row - R20 - 1.00; 1.12; 1.25; 1.40; 1.60;… has a progression denominator ;
4th row - R40 - 1.00; 1.06; 1.12; 1.18; 1.25;… has a progression denominator .
Rows of preferred numbers R80 and R160 are optional.
When choosing one or another series, one should strive to take into account the interests of not only consumers of products, but also its manufacturers. The frequency of the parametric series should be optimal, technically and economically justified: a too “dense” series allows you to meet the needs of consumers as much as possible, but the range of products increases, which leads to high production costs, a series with a large Q value leads to an increase in the dimensions of structures, metal consumption, etc. d.
Of the preferred numbers, you can make selective series, selecting, for example, every second, third or n-th members of the main or additional series, starting with any of its members.
The use of a system of preferred numbers allows not only to unify the parameters of products of a certain type, but also to link products by parameters. various kinds- parts, technological equipment, vehicles. For example, practice has shown that parametric series of parts and assemblies should be based on parametric series of machines and equipment: a series of machine parameters according to R5 should correspond to a series of part sizes according to R10, a series of machine parameters according to R10 - a series of part sizes according to R20, etc.
Standardization methods.
Standardization is not only a type of activity, but also a set of methods necessary to establish the optimal solution to repetitive tasks and legitimize it as norms and rules.
Standardization Method- this is a technique or a set of techniques by which the goals of standardization are achieved.
With the help of certain methods, the main work in the field of standardization is carried out. The latter include:
Ordering of objects of standardization;
Unification of products;
Aggregation;
Comprehensive standardization;
Advanced standardization.
ordering primarily due to the reduction in diversity. The result of streamlining work is, for example, restrictive lists of components, albums of typical product designs, standard forms of documents.
Ordering is based on the following methods:
Systematization;
Coding and classification;
Selection;
Simplification;
Typing;
Optimization.
Systematization of objects, phenomena or concepts aims to arrange them in a certain order and sequence, forming a clear system, convenient for use. The simplest form of systematization is the alphabetical arrangement of objects, used, for example, in directories.
Coding is the formation according to certain rules and the assignment of codes to an object or group of objects, which allows replacing the name of these objects with several characters.
The code designation is characterized by:
1 alphabet code;
2 code structure;
3 by the number of characters - the length of the code;
4 coding method.
The code alphabet is a system of signs (symbols) arranged in a certain order. Codes can be numeric, alphabetic, and alphanumeric.
The code structure is graphic image the sequences of the code signs and the names of the levels corresponding to these signs. The code structure of the All-Russian Product Classifier is shown in Figure 19.1.
Fig. 19.1 The structure of the code of the All-Russian classifier of products
The number of characters in the code is determined by its structure and depends on the number of objects included in the subsets formed at each level. But at the same time, it is necessary to keep in mind the possibility of the appearance of new objects and provide for backup codes.
Codes must meet the following basic requirements:
Uniquely identify objects and/or groups of objects;
Have a minimum but sufficient number of characters;
Have sufficient reserve for coding newly emerging objects;
Be convenient for human use, as well as for computer processing of encoded information;
Provide automatic error control.
Classification- this is the division of a set of objects into classification groups according to similarity or difference based on certain features in accordance with accepted rules.
Selection of standardization objects - activity consisting in the selection of such specific objects that are recognized as appropriate for further use and production.
Simplification is a form of standardization, the purpose of which is to reduce the number of types of products to a number sufficient to satisfy existing in given time needs. Simplification usually excludes varieties of products, their components and parts that are not necessary. Simplification objects do not make any technical improvements.
Selection and simplification processes are carried out in parallel. They are preceded by the classification and ranking of objects and a special analysis of the prospects and comparison of objects with future needs.
Typification of standardization objects- development and establishment of standard designs, rules, forms of documentation. Selected specific objects may be subject to any technical transformations aimed at improving their quality and versatility.
Optimization- is to find the optimal parameters and values of quality and efficiency indicators.
Unification- this is the reduction of objects of the same functional purpose to uniformity according to the established feature and a rational reduction in the number of these objects based on data on their effective applicability. During unification, the minimum necessary but sufficient number of types, types, standard sizes, products, assembly units and parts with a high quality indicator and complete interchangeability is established.
The effectiveness of unification work is determined by the level of unification.
Under level of unification products understand their saturation with unified parts. At the same time, a unified integral part This group of products can be a part, assembly unit (assembly, module) or another component of two or more products of this group or complex. Indicators of the level of unification are determined applicability coefficients K pr., repeatability K p.
Applicability coefficient shows the level of applicability of components, i.e. the level of use in newly developed designs of parts, assemblies, mechanisms that were previously used in analog designs. In various industries, it is determined using differentiated indicators:
The indicator of the level of unification by the number of standard sizes is determined by the formula
,
where: n - total number sizes;
n 0 - the number of sizes developed for the first time;
The indicator of the level of unification by the components of the product:
,
No. - the number of original components;
The indicator of the level of unification in terms of value:
,
where: C - the cost of the total number of components of the product;
C 0 - the cost of the number of original components of the product.
Full description the level of unification gives a complex indicator
,
where: C y is the average cost of the weight of materials of unified parts;
C t is the average cost of the weight of the material of the product as a whole;
h is the average cost of a standard hour;
And w.v. - weight of all standardized parts;
And u.t. - the total labor intensity of manufacturing standardized parts;
A d.v. - total weight of the product;
And d.t. - full complexity of manufacturing the product.
The repeatability coefficient of components in the total number of components of a given product characterizes the level of unification and interchangeability of components of products of a certain type:
,
where: N is the total number of component parts of the product;
n is the number of original standard sizes.
Directions, types and stages of work on the unification of products are established by GOST 23945.0-80 “Unification of products. Basic Provisions".
Aggregation- the principle of creating machines, equipment, instruments and other products from unified standard units installed in the product in various numbers and combinations. These units must be fully interchangeable in all performance indicators and connecting dimensions. At the same time, they strive to create the maximum number of equipment layouts from the minimum number of standard sizes of autonomous units.
Comprehensive standardization (CS)- a type of work on standardization, in which a purposeful and systematic establishment and application of a system of interrelated requirements is carried out both to the object of complex standardization as a whole and its main elements, and to material and non-material factors affecting the object, in order to optimally solve a specific problem. In relation to products, this is the establishment and application of interrelated requirements for the quality of finished products, the raw materials, materials and components necessary for their manufacture, the conditions for storage and consumption
Advanced Standardization (OS)- this is standardization, which consists in establishing requirements for standardization objects that are increased in relation to the level already achieved in practice, which, according to forecasts, will be optimal in the future. Leading can refer both to the product as a whole, and to the most important parameters and quality indicators, methods and means of production, testing, etc.
Standards cannot only fix the achieved level of development, because due to the high rates of obsolescence of many types of products, they can become a brake on technical progress. Standards should set prospective quality indicators for products that have not yet begun production or are in the initial stage.
Regulatory document- a document that establishes rules, general principles or characteristics relating to various activities or their results.
The term "normative document" is generic, covering such concepts as standards, rules, recommendations, codes of practice, all-Russian classifiers.
Documentation- activities to establish the structure and composition of documentation.
Regulations- a document containing mandatory legal regulations and accepted by the authorities.
classifier- is a document containing a systematic list of codes and names of objects of classification and classified groupings, developed and approved in the prescribed manner, mandatory for use at various levels of management.
Depending on the level of approval and scope, classifiers of the following categories are developed:
- all-Russian, for example, the All-Russian classifier of branches of the national economy OKONH, the All-Russian classifier of enterprises and organizations OKPO, the All-Russian classifier of standards OKS, the All-Russian classifier of units of measurement OKEI;
- industry;
- enterprises (associations, organizations, etc.).
According to the approval status and scope, classifiers are equated, respectively, with state, industry and enterprise standards.
All-Russian classifiers are approved by Rosstandart of Russia (now the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation) and their application is mandatory at the level of public administration and intersectoral cooperation. Industry classifiers operate within the industry that approved them. Samples from all-Russian and industry classifiers can serve as enterprise classifiers.
Rules- a document establishing organizational, technical and / or general technical provisions, procedures, methods of work performance that are mandatory for application.
Norm- a provision that establishes quantitative or qualitative criteria to be satisfied.
Code of Practice A document recommending rules of thumb or procedures for the design, manufacture, installation, maintenance or operation of equipment, structures or products. This document may be a standard, part of a standard, or a standalone document.
According to the Consumer Rights Protection Act, the concept "standard" includes - state standards, sanitary norms and rules, building norms and rules, state educational standards, which establish mandatory requirements for the quality of goods (works, services) in accordance with the law.
The standards can be divided into the following categories:
State standard of the Russian Federation (GOST R),
Interstate standard (GOST),
Industry Standards (OST),
Public association standard (STO),
enterprise standard,
international standard
State standard of the Russian Federation (GOST R)- national standard adopted by the federal executive body for standardization
The objects of state standards include:
1 organizational, methodological and general technical objects of intersectoral application, for example, provisions that ensure technical unity in the development, production, operation of products, general rules for ensuring product quality, rules for drawing up documentation, organization of work on standardization and certification, metrological rules and norms, etc.
2 products, works and services of cross-industry importance.
When standardizing products (services), state standards include requirements for the quality of products (services) that ensure safety for life, health, property, environmental protection, compatibility and interchangeability; methods for monitoring compliance with mandatory requirements; marking methods as a means of informing about the fulfillment of mandatory requirements and rules safe use products.
GOST R is installed on products of mass and large-scale production, products that have passed state certification; export goods, norms, rules, requirements, concepts, designations and other objects that are necessary to ensure optimal product quality, unity and interconnection of various branches of science, technology, production.
State standards (GOST R) are mandatory for all enterprises, organizations and institutions of the country, citizens, ministries, departments, state and local governments.
The development of GOST R is carried out by technical committees for standardization, guided by the current legislation of the Russian Federation.
GOST R was approved by Rosstandart of Russia or Gosstroy of Russia (for standards in the field of construction); these functions are currently performed by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology. An expiration date is usually not set. After the standard is approved, it is assigned the GOST R index, the standard number and the last two digits of the year of approval - GOST R 248-99.
GOST R has the status of a law and is mandatory for use throughout the Russian Federation.
Interstate standards (GOST). Representatives former USSR On March 13, 1992, an Agreement was signed on the implementation of a coordinated policy in the field of standardization. According to this document, the current GOSTs were recognized as interstate standards, they are still used on the territory of the Russian Federation and the states that have acceded to it without re-registration with their introduction into force by a resolution of Rosstandart.
At the intergovernmental level, the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification of the IGU was created, as a result of which the funds of regulatory documents that existed in the USSR and the reference base - about 25 thousand units - were preserved. state standards, 35 classifiers, 140 metrological instructions.
Interstate standards and amendments to them are applied by decision of the IGU, whose meetings are held 2 times a year.
Industry Standards (OST)- are developed in relation to products, works and services of industry importance in cases where there are no state standards of the Russian Federation for standardization objects or if it is necessary to establish requirements that exceed the requirements of GOST RF (OST requirements should not contradict the mandatory requirements of state standards). Industry standards include, for example, standard size ranges and typical designs of products for industry applications. OST is used by all enterprises and organizations in this industry (for example, machine tool building, automotive and tractor, etc.), as well as enterprises and organizations that develop and use products in this industry. Other entities economic activity apply OSTs on a voluntary basis.
OST is approved by the ministry (department), which is the leader in the production of this type of product. After approval, they are assigned an OST index, a digital industry code, a dot, a standard number and the last two digits of the year of approval (revision) - OST 3.348-98.
Standards of public associations, scientific, technical and engineering societies (STO) develop and approve, as a rule, fundamentally new types of products, services or processes, advanced methods of control, measurement, testing, analysis, as well as non-traditional technologies and production management principles.
Business entities determine the need to use SRT independently and bear responsibility for this.
STOs are subject to approval by the relevant supervisory authorities if the provisions established in them affect the safety of people, property and the environment.
STO requirements should not be lower than the level of mandatory requirements of state standards.
The designation consists of the STO index, company abbreviation, registration number, dash, the last two digits of the year of approval - STO RosGeo 15-017-2000 (Russian Geological Society)
Enterprise Standards (STP) develop and approve enterprises and associations for products, processes and services created and used only at this enterprise. They are assigned the STP index, the digital code of the enterprise, workshop, department, standardization object and the last two digits of the year of approval - STP 0005-48-553-44-92. STP do not apply to the supplied products and are not subject to state registration.
Specifications (TU)- have the status of both technical and normative document. Despite the fact that in the Federal Law "On Technical Regulation" TS are not presented as standardization documents, this type of documents is in demand by domestic practice, and today the TS fund has about 120 thousand units.
Technical specifications can act as a normative document only when references are made to them in agreements or contracts.
In accordance with GOST 2.114, specifications are developed: for one specific substance, product, material, etc., or for a group of products, materials, etc.
Specifications are developed by the manufacturer in cases where there is no corresponding GOST for technical specifications, or when the manufacturer intends to produce products with higher quality indicators than those laid down in the corresponding standard. Unlike standards, they are developed in a shorter time, which allows you to quickly organize the release of new products.
The main requirement for technical specifications is the prevention of lowering the requirements (compared to the standard) for product safety, as well as the absence of contradictions with state standards that apply to these products.
Technical specifications are applied on the territory of the Russian Federation in accordance with contractual obligations and licenses for the right to manufacture and sell products and services.
TU approves the manufacturing company and assigns it a designation according to the following structure: TU index, a four-digit code according to the All-Russian Classifier of Products separated by a dash of a three-digit registration number, an eight-digit enterprise code according to the All-Russian Classifier of Enterprises and Organizations and the last two digits of the year the document was approved - TU 4521-164-34267369 -99. After approval, technical specifications are subject to state accounting registration.
International Standard (ISO) develops and releases international organization for standardization. On the basis of ISO, national standards are created, they are used for international economic relations.
After approval, an international standard is assigned an index, a standard number and a year of approval - ISO / R 1989.
The standards have the legal status of law at the appropriate levels of government.
As a basis for the development of technical regulations and national standards, the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade provides for the full or partial use of international standards.
There are three options for the application in the Russian Federation of international and national standards of other countries, depending on the degree of use international instrument and forms of presentation.
1 Direct Method or Cover Method- represents the adoption of a state standard representing an authentic (i.e., the text of a document officially recognized as equivalent to another text, but drawn up in a different language) text in Russian of the corresponding international document. In this case, the designation consists of the GOST R index, the designation of the corresponding international standard, without indicating the year of its adoption, a dash, the last two digits of the year of approval of GOST R. Example: GOST R ISO 9001-2000.
2 Straight with extensions- adoption of a state standard representing an authentic text in Russian of the corresponding document with additional requirements reflecting the specifics of Russia's needs. The designation consists of - GOST R serial number, year of approval, international standard in brackets. Example: GOST R 50231-92 (ISO 7173-89).
3 Adoption of OST, STP, STO on the basis of the international standard before their adoption as a state- i.e. local use of the standard by the industry, enterprise, in case of unpreparedness of bodies or subjects of the Russian Federation to apply the international standard.
All other options can be qualified as the use of international standards as sources of initial information.
Types of standards. In Russia, there are several types of standards that differ in the specifics of the object of standardization:
Standards are fundamental;
Standards for products, services;
Work standards (processes);
Standards for methods of control, measurement, testing, analysis, etc.
Fundamental standards develop with the aim of promoting mutual understanding, technical unity and interconnection of activities in various fields of science, technology and production. This type of standards establishes such organizational principles and regulations, requirements, rules and norms that are considered as common to these areas and should contribute to the fulfillment of goals common to both science and production. They ensure their interaction in the development, creation and operation of a product or service in such a way that the requirements for environmental protection, product or process safety for human life, health and property, resource conservation, etc. are met.
Examples of fundamental standards can be integrated standards ESKD, ESDP, ESTD.
Standards for products, services establish requirements for groups of homogeneous products (services) or specific products (services).
An example would be:
General technical requirements standards;
Standards of parameters and (or) sizes;
Standards for construction types, size, brand, assortment;
Acceptance rules standards, etc.
General Specification Standards regulate the norms and requirements common for a group of homogeneous products that ensure the optimal level of quality, which must be laid down in the design and set in the manufacture of specific types of products.
Depending on the type and purpose of the product, requirements for its physical and mechanical properties may be established; reliability and durability; technical aesthetics (colouring, finishing…), raw materials, etc.
Standards of parameters and (or) dimensions establish parametric or dimensional ranges of products according to the main consumer or operational characteristics, on the basis of which products of specific types, models, brands should be designed.
Standards for types of construction, size, brand, assortment determine the design and main dimensions of the product group, the range of brands and chemical composition material or raw materials, regulate the geometric shapes and sizes of products.
The standards of acceptance rules regulate the procedure for acceptance of a certain group or type of product to ensure the unity of requirements for the acceptance of products in terms of quality and quantity.
The standards for the rules for labeling, packaging, transportation and storage normalize the requirements for consumer labeling of products in order to inform the consumer about the main characteristics of the product, packaging, etc.
The standards for the operation and repair rules establish general rules that ensure the operability of the product under specified conditions and guarantee their operation.
Process standards establish requirements for specific processes that are carried out at different stages life cycle products.
The standards of this group include the following standards:
Requirements for methods of computer-aided design of products;
Schemes of the technological process of manufacturing products;
Requirements for technological modes and factors influencing them;
Consumption (operation) rules;
General requirements to storage, transportation, repair and disposal;
Safety requirements for human life and health, etc.
A special place is occupied by environmental requirements.
Standardization is subject to the maximum allowable norms for various kinds of impacts of technologies on the environment. These impacts can be chemical (emission of harmful chemicals), physical (radiation radiation), biological (infection by microorganisms), mechanical (destruction) and environmentally hazardous.
Environmental requirements include:
Conditions for the use of certain materials and raw materials that are potentially harmful to the environment;
Parameters of the efficiency of the treatment equipment;
Emergency Emission Regulations;
Maximum Permissible Norms of Discharges of Pollutants.
Standards for methods of control (tests, measurements, analysis) must first of all provide a comprehensive check of all mandatory requirements for the quality of products (services). The standards of this group establish the procedure for sampling (samples) for testing, test methods (control, analysis, measurement) of consumer or operational characteristics of a certain group of products in order to ensure the uniformity of the assessment of quality indicators; clear recommendations are given on the conditions for choosing a particular method, or data on their distinctive characteristics.
Product Parameter is a quantitative characteristic of its properties. The most important parameters are the characteristics that determine the purpose of the product and the conditions for its use:
dimensional parameters (size of clothes and shoes, capacity of dishes);
weight parameters (mass of certain types of sports equipment);
parameters characterizing the performance of machines and devices (the performance of fans and polishers, the speed of vehicles);
energy parameters (engine power, etc.).
Products of a certain purpose, principle of operation and design, i.e. products of a certain type, characterized by a number of parameters. The set of set parameter values is called the parametric series. A variation of the parametric series is the size range. For example, for fabrics, the size range consists of individual values for the width of fabrics, for dishes - for individual values of capacity. Each size of a product (or material) of the same type is called a standard size. For example, now there are 105 sizes of menswear and 120 sizes of women's clothing.
Parametric series standardization process (parametric standardization) consists in the choice and justification of the appropriate nomenclature and the numerical value of the parameters. This problem is solved using the system of preferred numbers, discussed in detail in the previous topic.
The use of a system of preferred numbers allows not only to unify the parameters of products of a certain type, but also to link products of various types in terms of parameters. For example, the practice of standardization in mechanical engineering has shown that parametric series of parts and assemblies should be based on parametric series of machines and equipment. In this case, it is advisable to be guided by the following rule: a number of machine parameters according to R5 must correspond to a number of part sizes according to R10, a number of machine parameters according to R10- a range of part sizes according to R20, etc.
In order to more efficiently use containers for cans and vehicles for their transportation, it is proposed to build a number of carrying capacity of railway cars and motor vehicles, a number of sizes of containers, boxes and individual cans to build according to a number of R5.
Product unification. Activities to rationally reduce the number of types of parts, units of the same functional purpose is called the unification of products. It is based on classification and ranking, selection and simplification, typing and optimization of elements. finished products. The main directions of unification are:
development of parametric and standard series of products, machines, equipment, instruments, assemblies and parts;
development of standard products in order to create unified groups of homogeneous products;
development of unified technological processes, including technological processes for specialized production of products of intersectoral application;
limitation by a reasonable minimum of the range of products and materials allowed for use.
The results of work on unification are drawn up in different ways: these can be albums of standard (unified) designs of parts, assemblies, assembly units; standards of types, parameters and sizes, designs, brands, etc.
Depending on the area of implementation, the unification of products can be intersectoral (unification of products and their elements of the same or similar purpose, manufactured by two or more industries); industry and factory (unification of products manufactured by one branch of industry or one enterprise).
Depending on the methodological principles of implementation, unification can be intraspecific (families of the same type of products) and interspecific or interproject (assemblies, assemblies, parts of different types of products).
The degree of unification is characterized by the level of unification of products - the saturation of products with unified, including standardized, parts, assemblies and assembly units. One of the indicators of the level of unification is the coefficient of applicability (unification) TO,%, which is calculated by the formula
Where P - the total number of parts in the product, pcs.; n 0 - the number of original parts (developed for the first time), pcs.
The applicability coefficient can be calculated in relation to the unification of parts for general machine building (OMP), intersectoral (MP), industry (OP) applications.
According to the plan for increasing the level of unification of machine-building products, a decrease in the share of original products and, accordingly, an increase in the share of products (parts, assemblies) of WMD, MP, OP are envisaged.
Applicability coefficients can be calculated: for one product; for a group of products that make up a type-size (parametric) series; for a structurally unified series.
An example of the use of unification in the standard size range of products can be GOST 26678 for the parametric range of refrigerators. There are 17 models of refrigerators and three models of freezers in the standard parametric series, the coefficient of applicability of the series is 85%. The GOST specifies a list of components to be unified within a parametric range (for example, refrigeration units of two-chamber refrigerators with a chamber volume of 270 and 300 cm 3 and a low-temperature compartment volume of 80 cm 3), and a list of components to be unified within one standard size (for example , refrigeration unit by connecting dimensions, condenser).
Aggregation is a method of creating machines, instruments and equipment from separate standard unified units that are reused in the creation of various products based on geometric and functional interchangeability. For example, the use in furniture production of boards of 15 sizes and standard boxes of three sizes makes it possible to obtain 52 types of furniture with various combinations of these elements.
Aggregation is very widely used in mechanical engineering, radio electronics. The development of mechanical engineering is characterized by the complication and frequent changes in the design of machines. For design and manufacture a large number various machines, it was necessary, first of all, to divide the design of the machine into independent assembly units (assemblies) so that each of them performed a certain function in the machine, which made it possible to specialize the manufacture of units as independent products, the operation of which can be checked independently of the entire machine.
The division of products into structurally complete units was the first prerequisite for the development of the aggregation method. Subsequently, the analysis of machine designs showed that many units, components and parts, different in design, perform the same functions in various machines. The generalization of private design solutions by developing unified units, assemblies and parts has significantly expanded the possibilities this method.
At present, the transition to the production of equipment based on large units (modules) is on the agenda. The modular principle is widespread in radio electronics and instrumentation; this is the main method for creating flexible production systems and robotic complexes.
Comprehensive standardization. With complex standardization (CS), a purposeful and systematic establishment and application of a system of interrelated requirements is carried out both to the object of complex standardization as a whole and to its main elements in order to optimally solve specific problem. With regard to products, this is the establishment and application of interrelated requirements for the quality of finished products necessary for their manufacture of raw materials, materials and component parts, as well as the conditions for storage and consumption (operation). Comprehensive standardization ensures the interconnection and interdependence of related industries for the joint production of a finished product that meets the requirements of state standards. For example, the norms, requirements specified in the standard for a car affect metallurgy, bearing, chemical, electrical and other industries. Quality modern car is determined by the quality of more than 2,000 products and materials - metals, plastics, rubber and electrical products, varnishes, paints, oils, fuels, lubricants, light products, pulp and paper industry, etc. In such cases, separate standards, even when they contain promising indicators , can not always provide desired results.
Comprehensive standardization makes it possible to establish the most technically rational parametric series and assortment of industrial products,
eliminate its excessive diversity, unjustified heterogeneity, create a technical basis for organizing mass and mass production at specialized enterprises using more advanced technology, accelerate the introduction latest technology and provide an effective solution to many issues related to improving the quality of products, their reliability, durability, maintainability, and reliability under operating (consumption) conditions.
The main criteria for selecting CS objects are the technical and economic feasibility of standardization and the level of technical excellence of products. The principles of complex standardization are based on identifying the relationship between the quality indicators of the components of the product and objects of labor. It is characterized by three main methodological principles:
consistency(establishment of interrelated requirements in order to ensure an appropriate level of quality);
optimality(determination of the optimal nomenclature of CS objects, composition and quantitative values of their quality indicators);
program planning(development special programs CS of objects, their elements included in the plans of state, industry and republican standardization).
One of the main indicators that determine the degree of comprehensive standardization is the integral coefficient of coverage of products by standardization K ntt obtained by multiplying partial coefficients characterizing the level of standardization of raw materials, semi-finished products, parts and parts of structures, components, equipment, test methods, finished products, etc.: Kint= K1 K2 K3... K p, Where, K p- partial coefficients of standardization of each structural element, component included in the product.
Partial coefficient TO,%, is the ratio of the number of developed normative and technical documents to standardized structural elements (K ST) to the total number of regulatory and technical documents required for the release of this product (Ktotal), i.e.
K \u003d (Kst / Ktot) * 100.
Partial standardization coefficients are divided into groups according to their relation to labor tools (equipment, equipment, tools, etc.); to the objects of labor (raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, etc.).
In modern conditions, the tool for the practical organization of work on the CS of products is the development and implementation of integrated standardization programs (PCS). They are aimed at solving the most important economic problems, provide for "end-to-end" requirements for raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, parts, assemblies, components, equipment, tools, technical means of control and testing, metrological support, methods for organizing and technological preparation for production, storage, transportation , regulating the working conditions to achieve the technical level and quality of products established by the NTD. Many PMSs are large intersectoral complexes.
In view of the complexity of creating and mastering new highly efficient types of raw materials, materials, products, it is advisable to develop plans and programs for comprehensive standardization for five or more years. The development of specific standards should be planned year by year.
One of the most serious issues in the methodology of program-targeted planning of complex standardization is the evaluation of the effectiveness of the PMS of products. It can be carried out at four stages of planning: approval of the list of PMS, development of the draft PMS, scientific and technical expertise of the project, implementation. The reliability of the assessment of the effectiveness of the PCS is of great importance, since it is used to decide on the feasibility of its implementation.
When making the final decision, the need to develop and implement the PCS for the regulatory and technical support of the previously planned target complex programs is taken into account.
In the automotive and agricultural engineering industry, a comprehensive standardization program is being implemented aimed at the maximum unification of the designs of parts and assemblies. general purpose. For the purposeful implementation of this work, albums of working drawings of unified assemblies and parts were compiled, normative and technical documentation was developed for the organization of specialized industries and the development of unified products directly at the factories - manufacturers of agricultural machines. The obligatory use of unified components and parts in the design of new agricultural machines, their use as spare parts for the existing fleet of machines has been established.
Advanced standardization. The advanced standardization method consists in establishing norms and requirements for standardization objects that are increased in relation to the level already achieved in practice, which, according to forecasts, will be optimal in the future.
Standards should not only fix the achieved level of development of science and technology, because due to the high rate of obsolescence of many types of products, they can become a brake on technical progress. In order for standards not to impede technical progress, they must establish promising quality indicators with an indication of the timing of their provision by industrial production. Leading standards should standardize promising types of products, the mass production of which has not yet begun or is at an early stage.
Advanced standardization includes the use of progressive international standards and standards of individual foreign countries before their adoption in our country as state.
In some cases, advanced standards affect the organization of specialized production of completely new types of products. For example, in the late 1980s was the approval of the international standard for the audio compact disc before the start of production of the product itself. This made it possible to ensure the full compatibility of the CD with other technical means and thereby avoid overhead costs.