Rules for making a fire and safety measures. Bonfire: fire safety and rules for starting a fire in the forest; making a fire near trees
Government agency education
"Secondary school No. 61"
G. Gomel
Rules
making fires
Life Safety Teacher
Kravchenko Anna Vladimirovna
Gomel, 2009
1. Outline of lesson 3
2. Literature 15
3. Appendix 16
Lesson outline
ITEM: Basics of life safety
GRADE: 7
CHAPTER: Fire safety rules
OBJECTIVE OF THE LESSON:
– educational– contribute to the formation of skills and abilities necessary for making a fire in camp conditions; familiarize yourself with the types and types of fires, as well as actions in case of fire of dry grass or branches; promote the acquisition of knowledge of fire safety;
– developing– create conditions for students to develop the ability to analyze, do right choice; formation of thinking, attention and memory (development of the ability to logically express thoughts, compare, generalize the facts being studied); development of students’ cognitive interest, including elements of a varied form of work in the classroom;
– educational– fostering a responsible attitude towards fire safety, personal safety and the safety of others; fostering a sense of camaraderie and mutual assistance; developing teamwork skills and joint search for solutions; ability to adequately assess emergency situations.
LOCATION: classroom
FORM: collective, individual
TYPE OF CLASS: learning new material
TYPE OF CLASS: combined
TEACHING METHODS: explanatory and illustrative; reproductive (students consciously acquire new knowledge, understand and remember);
EQUIPMENT: desks in the classroom are arranged in a semicircle;
presentation for the lesson in Power Point “Rules for making fires”; nature video; video “Rest in the forest”;
computer, multimedia projector, screen;
cards, material for playing techniques (backpack, travel diary, caps, “firewood”); drawings containing: fires (3 drawings)
INTER-SUBJECT RELATIONS: physics, ecology, biology, chemistry
PLANNED RESULT:
Students should know how to properly build a fire; how to determine a place for a fire; what is the danger of a fire; types and types of fires; know places where fires are not allowed;
Demonstrate the ability to analyze and draw conclusions;
Possess the skills of speech culture, convey information to the interlocutor through a message;
Lesson plan
1) Organizational moment.
2) Communicate the topic and purpose of the lesson.
3) Explanation of program material.
A) Going on a hike .
B) Functions of a fire.
C) Rules for making fires.
D) Types and types of fires.
D) Watch around the fire. Putting out the fire.
E) Prohibition of making fires in dry weather. What to do if dry grass or branches catch fire.
4) Consolidation of program material.
5) Reflection.
6) Summing up.
Progress of the lesson
Performance. Slide 1. (Appendix 4)
Organizing time.
Hello guys. I welcome you to the next lesson on the basics of life safety. On a very important subject for every person who values his life and the lives of those around him.
2) Statement of the topic and purpose of the lesson.
TOPIC OF THE LESSON: RULES FOR BUILDING FIRE;
Slide 2. (Appendix 4)
(students write down the topic of the lesson)
OBJECTIVE OF THE LESSON: contribute to the formation of skills and abilities necessary for making a fire in camp conditions; familiarize yourself with the types and types of fires, as well as actions in case of fire of dry grass or branches; promote the acquisition of knowledge of fire safety;
3) Explanation of program material.
A) Going on a hike.
Today I want to teach you the rules of making campfires. And for this, let's go on a hike.
Communication between teacher and students.Slide 3 . (Appendix 4)
For the hike we will need backpacks. I have, ( teacher shows his backpack) and you?-
Are there any? Students answer - yes.
Hiking diary... that is, your workbook.
Available? Of course there is, because we have already written down the topic of the lesson.
Good mood and energy boost.
Are there any? Students answer - yes.
And, of course, your imagination.
Available? Students answer - yes.
During the hike, we will also need the hats that I prepared for you.
The teacher distributes caps to the students, on which “the functional responsibilities of a tourist during a hike” are pre-attached (see Appendix 1)
Examine your cap and find a note stating your responsibilities during the hike.
Communication between teacher and students.
What is your responsibility? And you?
Which one of you is a doctor (supply manager)? What's a must-have in your backpack?
(students' answers)
And my backpack contains not only warm clothes and food, but also helpful information, various tasks and my extensive experience.
Slide 4. (Appendix 4) (guys with backpacks going on a hike)
Now I see that you are ready to go. After all, on a hike, every person learns something new and interesting, gets to know their native land, and admires nature. Forward!
The verse of Yu. Vizbor’s song “The Bending of a Yellow Guitar” sounds.
Video about nature.
We all love the forest. How can you not love him?! The forest is a national treasure that belongs to many generations. But in life, sometimes what nature has created over decades can be destroyed by humans in minutes. Leaving unextinguished fires or cigarette butts in recreation areas, children playing with fire, uncontrolled burning of garbage by owners of personal plots, burning of dry grass in forest clearings, clearings, meadows and stubble in fields - all this can lead to fires, the results of which can be unpredictable.
The greatest danger to the forest is negligence or ignorance of the rules for making fires, as well as the forgetfulness of some citizens to put out the fire when leaving the resting place.
I think that many of you know how to make a fire, but not everyone knows how to do it correctly? Now, during the halt, we will find out everything.
As a squad leader, I announce - HALT.
Slide 5. (Appendix 4) (clearing, tents)
What would a camp be without a fire?! Slide 6.(bonfire) (Appendix 4)
Tell me guys, what functions does a fire perform? What is it used for? (students’ answers on the background of slide 6)
B) Functions of a fire. Slide 7. (Appendix 4)
“A fire is a device for warming tourists, cooking food and drying wet clothes”. However, you can stay warm, cook food and dry clothes at home. But in field conditions(on a hike) you can’t do without a fire. A bonfire is more than a fire. This is the center of the tourist camp. A fire means dry clothes, hot water, tasty food, and protection from mosquitoes; This is a place of communication, warmth, comfort and songs with a guitar. Not a single trip, not a single hike is complete without a fire.
Guys, have you ever made a fire in your life?
Students remember how they made fires themselves, or saw how they were made, or read about how to make fires.
Do you know the specifics of making fires in camping conditions?
And today we will get acquainted with the requirements for choosing a place for a fire, find out where you can’t make them, and get acquainted with the types and types of fires. And my backpack will help me with this, where with the things I need on a hike, I always take a useful and practical book with me.
The teacher takes it out of his backpack and shows him a life safety textbook for grades 7-8.
Make yourself comfortable! Have your “trip diaries” ready to record.
C) Rules for making fires.Slide 8 -9. (Appendix 4)
The safest place for a fire is the sandy bank of a river or lake, or an open clearing. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the direction of the wind and its speed. In strong winds, sparks from the fire can fly away, so pay attention to the distance to the nearest trees. Especially a lot of sparks fly when spruce and pine are burning, which can cause a tent to catch fire, as well as clothes and shoes that are drying.
From the intended place for the fire, it is necessary to remove at least 0.5 meters from everything that can burn: dry branches, grass and leaves. Then you need to remove the sod and set it aside. By removing the turf to the size of the future fire, we are thus taking care of nature. Remember how many burnt spots remain on the ground after vacationers! But it takes many years to restore grass cover in a burnt area.
Choose a place near a pond on a sandy shore or in an open clearing, taking into account the direction of the wind and its speed;
Clear the fireplace of dry grass, leaves and anything that can burn at a distance of 0.5 m.
Remove some of the turf and place it aside;
If there are stones nearby, then it is necessary to surround the fire with stones (be careful, some stones, when heated, burst with a bang);
Place several branches on the damp soil and kindling on them.
(students write down points on slide 8-9 in their notebooks)
But I, as an experienced tourist, will tell you that there is always a fire:
a reliable friend of man only with skillful and careful handling of fire;
can get out of control if treated neglectfully;
potentially dangerous, and we must not forget about it.
But how do you make a fire correctly?
How to make a fire correctly. Slide 10. (Appendix 4)
To light a fire you need matches and wood.
The teacher takes out the material from the backpack for playing techniques (matches and “firewood” - counting sticks). The students already have “firewood” on their desks.
Each of you has material for the fire (kindling and firewood) on your desk; let’s put it together correctly. And a representative of the campfire squad will help me with this.
(a representative of the campfire squad approaches the teacher’s table). Repeat our actions.
1. first place the kindling
2. Cover the top with a hut.
3. If it rains, try to cover the kindling with paper.
The most suitable firewood is pine and birch. It is best to find dry wood for a fire. Firewood must be prepared in sufficient quantities. In parallel with the firewood, we also prepare kindling to make it easier and faster to start a fire. For kindling, small and dry, match-thick, pine and spruce branches, folded into bunches, are suitable. We first place kindling on the prepared place and cover it with a hut on top. The hut is formed by thin and dry branches with small gaps between them.
Then we light the kindling with two matches put together on the side from which the wind is blowing. As the fire burns, we first add branches, and then prepared firewood, maintaining the shape of the hut. When the flame is strong and hot coals appear, then you can add thicker firewood, including damp ones. But at the same time, there is no need to increase the size of the fire larger than the place prepared for it.
It is more difficult to light a fire in bad weather, when it is raining or snowing. Then try to cover the kindling with something. Various artificial flammable materials - plexiglass, paper, rubber - are also useful in these cases.
A big request to you: do not use live trees for fires unnecessarily. Plus they don't burn well.
When lighting a fire in the presence of wind, consider its strength and direction, as flying sparks can cause grass or tree leaves to ignite. Try not to use branches with dry leaves as fuel (it burns like gunpowder), because the fire will scatter not just sparks, but whole smoldering leaves.
Who didn't complete the task? Who needs a friend's help? (if necessary, the student helps his deskmate)
And now I will introduce you to the types and types of fires. Look at the screen.
D) Types and types of fires
Types of fires : Slide 11. (Appendix 4)
fiery;
heat;
smoke
Flame fires are used for cooking and lighting, fire fires are used for cooking, heating, and drying things. Both of them can become smoke if you throw green grass or branches into them. They are used to repel mosquitoes, midges and to send signals.
Fire pits are much safer than flame fires because they have a low flame. We looked at the types of fires, and there are also types.
Types of fires : Slide 12-16. (Appendix 4)
- "hut"- for cooking food.
- "well" or "lattice"- for cooking food.
- "star"- for heating at night and cooking.
- "fireplace"- for heating and drying things.
- "nodya"- for heating at night
- "Polynesian"- settles in a hole in the ground during rain and strong winds, producing a lot of coals and ash. Used for cooking.
Now let’s consolidate the material we’ve covered. The teacher takes a stopwatch out of his backpack.
In 10 seconds you need to build a fire of any type. Time has passed.
Students build a fire. The campfire squad checks the correctness of the actions.
What type of fire did you build? And you? Fine!
As an experienced tourist, I would like to draw your attention to the fact that it is not possible to make fires everywhere.
We write in our travel diary: Fires are prohibited :
Slide 17. (Appendix 4)
Let's think about where you can't make fires? And I address this question to the rescue squad. Squad responses.
You need to know that fire safety rules prohibit making fires on old fire pits (places where there has already been a fire), young coniferous plantings, or on oil pipelines. Bonfires are especially prohibited in dry weather with strong winds, or near stacks of hay or straw. You should also not make fires on peat bogs, under overhanging branches, or near branches, twigs, trees or old stumps lying on the ground. The fact is that in old stumps, decay persists for a long time. When the wind blows, it swells and then turns into a strong fire, which can subsequently cause a forest fire.
And now I will test the resourcefulness and intelligence of novice tourists and propose the following task.
Find the key to the task and solve it.Slide 18. (Appendix 4)
Answers will be accepted in writing in your hiking diary.
You are given 2 minutes. Time has passed.
na protenefdahvo;
on prozovogadah;
under minakro redeevv;
near the hoysu vytra, govsto nase or lomyso, loose stumps;
on fyatorkahni;
Test yourself: Slide 19. (Appendix 4)
on oil pipelines;
on gas pipelines;
under the canopy of trees;
near dry grass, hay or straw stacks, old stumps;
on peat bogs;
And in my backpack there is a serious book called “Code of the Republic of Belarus on Administrative Offenses”, an excerpt from which I will read:
Article 15.58. Lighting fires in prohibited places
Lighting fires in prohibited places - entails a warning or a fine of up to twelve basic units.
(One basic value is 35,000 rubles.)
We have an overnight stay ahead. Sit closer to the fire. And quietly sing along to the song that tourists love. The verse of the song sounds
Slides with beautiful photos during hikes. (50 sec)
Slide 20 – 26. (Appendix 4)
D) Watch around the fire. Putting out the fire.
To avoid accidents and a fire in the forest, it is necessary to organize a vigil around the fire. The duty officer must constantly monitor the fire.
When leaving a resting place, be sure to put out the fire. To do this, fill it with water or sprinkle it with earth. Do not leave until you are sure that there are no smoldering coals or firebrands left. If the turf was previously removed, then lay it in its original place.
If dry grass, leaves or branches catch fire near a fire, the fire must be extinguished as soon as possible.
And now I propose to conduct a physical training session .(2 options)
1. While sitting in your seats, stretch your legs. Raise your arms up and shake your hands. Put your feet back in place. Take your starting position. Lean to the left and touch the floor. Take your starting position. Lean to the right and touch the seat (bottom) of your chair with your hand. And get the hidden information.
2. We sat and wrote
The muscles of the body are all tired
Stretched and yawned
The backs all bent together,
Turned right, left -
Our body has become flexible.
Legs extended forward
Left, right, turn,
Left, right, turn,
And they were put in their place.
The body is tilted to the left
And then to the right,
Where did we get it by hand?
Hidden information.
(On the seat (bottom))
Students take out cards different color with texts. (Appendix 2.)
Familiarize yourself with the contents of your card, what color it is and what its number is. Students who have blue cards on their desks, please read the rules clearly and loudly in order. So,
While parked:
(students read the rules on blue cards)
Leaving the parking lot:
(students read the rules on orange cards)
1.) the fire must be carefully extinguished, filled with water or sprinkled with earth.
2.) cover the fire with previously removed turf,
3.) When you finally remove yourself, you need to make sure that the fire has gone out and will not ignite some time after you leave.
4.) pick up the trash after yourself, leave things in order, and have a good trip.
Now, let's make an entry in our hiking diaries. We look at the screen. Slide 27. (Appendix 4)
(students write down the points on slide 27 in their hiking diary)
Tricks for the campfire.Slide 28. (Appendix 4)
And the fireman has his own little tricks. Attention to the screen.
If you are spending the night under a canopy, it is advisable to direct as much heat from the fire towards yourself as possible. To do this, you can set up a screen behind a fire built in front of the canopy. Such a fire must be monitored at night, by appointing guards for this purpose.
E) Prohibition of making fires in dry weather. What to do if dry grass or branches catch fire.
Guys, it’s not always possible to make fires! Who has the red cards?
(students read the rules on red cards)
It is known that forest fires in most cases are caused by human fault. In this regard, in the summer, when the weather is very hot, dry, local authorities adopt special regulations to limit access to the forest . During this time, it is generally prohibited to make fires in forests due to the increased fire hazard. Less dangerous areas may be allocated for mass recreation of the population. Therefore, when going to the forest at this time, you need to call the local executive committee or the Ministry of Emergency Situations and get the necessary information.
What to do if dry grass or branches catch fire.
Smoke flies up into the transparent sky:
Tourists lit a fire in the forest,
And the song with smoke rushed into the heights
About sparks that sometimes go out on the fly.
The tourists left - the coals did not go out.
Then the wind blew from a neighboring field,
He fanned the sparks - the grass caught fire -
And the forest burned like dry firewood.
(While reading poetry, the teacher reinforces 3 drawings of a fire in the forest on the board.)
If you notice an incipient fire near the fire in time (dry grass, leaves, branches have caught fire), and the fire is of a small area, you can decide to put it out yourself. If there is a body of water nearby, pour water on the fire; you can knock out the flames with a wet cloth (clothing). Burning grass can be extinguished using a “broom” made from broken hardwood branches. In this case, you need to strike with sliding movements, as if sweeping, towards the source of the fire. The “broom” must be turned in your hands after every few blows so that it does not catch fire and its heated side has time to cool down a little.
(During the explanation, the teacher covers the picture of the fire with another picture, which shows a fire extinguishing agent: a bucket of water, a wet cloth, a broom)
To prevent a fire in the forest, it is necessary to follow fire safety rules.
Consolidation of program material.
In order to check how well you have mastered today’s material, I suggest watching the following video, the heroes of which are students from our school and point out the mistakes.
Video "Rest in the forest." Consists of two parts. In the first part (find errors) ( student answers). In the second part (check yourself).
5.Reflection.
Task: initiating feedback with students aimed at clarifying their attitude to the lesson.
There are a few minutes left until the end of the lesson and now we will summarize. Today in class we learned: about the function of a fire; about choosing and preparing a place for a fire on a camping trip; about the rules for making fires; about the types and types of fires; about being on duty at the fire; how and with what you can put out a fire; about the prohibition of making fires in dry weather and what to do if dry grass or branches catch fire.
Students are asked to record their state during the lesson and express their attitude towards the lesson.
I propose to play a blitz tournament. For each question you must give 3 answers. I will collect all your answers in a backpack so that, together with yours, good mood pass it on to students in other classes. So…
1. Name 3 places where you can make a fire?
2. Name 3 places where you can’t make a fire?
3. Name 3 ways to extinguish a fire?
4. Name 3 actions if you saw that the fire had spread to dry grass?
5. Name 3 useful skills that you learned during the class?
6. What are the 3 things you liked most about the lesson?
6. Summing up.
Objective: to provide a qualitative assessment of the work of the class and individual students.
Guys, thanks a lot behind Good work in class.
(The teacher analyzes the work of both the class as a whole and individual students.)
Our trek has safely come to an end. You and I have achieved our goal. And before I close my backpack as a sign of gratitude, I want to give each of you a reminder with fire safety rules in the forest. ( Appendix 3)
On the background slide 29. (Appendix 4) and the song “It’s great that we are all here today” …» Reminders are given.
Well done everyone! Goodbye!
Literature
Methodological guide for teaching schoolchildren fire safety rules of the Ministry of Public Education of the Republic of Belarus, Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus. – Minsk, 1992.
Fundamentals of life safety: grades 5-8: educational method. teacher's manual educational institutions from Belarusian and Russian language training / N.N. Yakovleva (etc.); under scientific ed. N.N. Yakovleva. – Minsk: Adukatsiya i vyhavanne, 2007.
Programs for institutions providing general secondary education with Russian (Belarusian) language of instruction with an 11-year period of study. - Minsk, 2008.
Fundamentals of life safety. Grades 7-8: a manual for students of general education institutions with Belarusian and Russian languages of instruction / M.K. Mishkevich. - Minsk: National Institute of Education, 2009.
Take care of the forest! Gomel Regional Department of the Ministry of Emergency Situations / Propaganda and Training Center.
Life safety /Auth.-compiled by I.N.Kuznetsov. – 2nd ed. – M.: Publishing house of business and educational literature – Mn.: Amalfeya, 2004.
Annex 1
Functional responsibilities of a tourist during a hike:
1) campfire squad – 4 students
2) rescue squad – 4 students
3) fire brigade – 5 students
4) cook – 3 students
5) caretaker - 1 student
6) doctor – 1 student
7) medical assistant – 1 student
8) environmental squad – 3 students
9) photographer – 1 student
10) journalist – 1 student
11) squad leader – 1 student
Appendix 2
While parked:
(students read the rules on blue cards - one rule on a separate sheet)
1) never leave a fire unattended!
2) at night you need to organize a vigil around the fire.
3) fuel prepared in reserve must be kept three to five meters from the burning fire.
4) you cannot build a very high fire unless some special need requires it (a signal fire, for example).
5) it is necessary to ensure that the fire produces as few sparks as possible, especially in windy weather.
6) you need to stock up on water if there is a body of water nearby.
Students who had cards on their desks orange color, I ask you to read the rules clearly and loudly in order. So,
Leaving the parking lot:
(students read the rules on orange cards - one rule on a separate sheet)
1) the fire must be carefully extinguished, filled with water or sprinkled with earth.
2) cover the fire with previously removed turf,
3) when filming completely, you need to make sure that the fire has gone out and will not ignite some time after you leave.
4) pick up the trash after yourself, leave things in order, and have a good trip.
Prohibition of making fires in dry weather.
(students read the rules on red cards - one rule on a separate sheet)
1. In summer, during very hot, dry weather, it is prohibited to light fires in forests due to the increased fire hazard.
2. Less dangerous areas may be allocated for mass recreation of the population. To do this, you need to call the local executive committee or the Ministry of Emergency Situations and get the necessary information.
Appendix 3
How to prevent a fire in the forest? (memo)
2. For a solo trip (not only because of the risk of fire), it is recommended to purchase a folding mining shovel with a cover and sharpen its edges. Thus, it will serve you as both a shovel and an ax.
3. When making a fire in the forest, all safety precautions must be strictly observed. These measures include everything related to fire in general.
Under no circumstances should a fire be lit under trees, especially under those whose lower branches are at a low height.
You should not make a fire where there is a lot of dry grass or dry stumps nearby.
The fire should be protected from strong winds by branches and a wall of stones.
Remember, a fire lit in a shelter emits carbon monoxide.
You need to know how to choose a place for a fire or try to use an old fire pit you come across.
Presented in the presentation.
Contents Purpose of a firePurpose of a fire Site for a fire Site for a fire Means for starting a fire Means for starting a fire Procuring fuelProcuring fuel How to light a fireHow to light a fire Cooking while campingCooking while hiking
The purpose of a fire Its significance is extremely great: it is warmth, an opportunity to warm up, dry clothes and shoes; it is necessary for cooking; this is one of the options for sending a signal to rescuers; a fire scares away predators; it helps you calm down and feel more protected.
Preparing the fire pit If there is turf, remove it, turn it grass side down and lay it around the fire. Remove foliage, pine needles, and grass around the fire by 1-1.5 m (they may catch fire); if possible, cover it with stones. Make a bedding for the fire from damp logs, sand, and clay. (Otherwise the fire will penetrate the peat bog and an underground fire will start).
It is forbidden! A fire should not be lit directly near trees, in young coniferous forests, in areas with dry reeds, reeds, moss or grass, in clearings where there are remains of forest combustible materials (dry branches, leaves, etc.), on peat bogs, as well as in forest on rocky outcrops.
Before going on a trip, each box of matches must be packed in plastic film, and the matchbox must also be placed in a bottle with a hermetically sealed stopper (or a rubber bag, a metal case for matchboxes that protect them from getting wet and mechanical damage). You can dry wet matches in your hair under a hat. When going on a camping trip, you need to have matches, a candle stub and a lighter with you.
Fuel for a fire Suitable for cooking is dead wood of birch and alder, which burns evenly and with almost no smoke. If you need to start a large fire, then the best firewood is made from pine, cedar and spruce dead wood. If logs are chopped, you need to split at least some of them lengthwise into two parts, and if the log is thick, then into four. Split logs burn faster. Small brushwood burns out in the first two to three minutes; Aspen and fir firewood are bad because they shoot sparks too much.
General tips: Use mostly dead wood from coniferous trees for the fire. If it rains in the forest, then the small lower branches of coniferous trees that have dried on the trunk remain dry. Damp and rotten firewood produces a lot of smoke but little heat. Fallen trees are often damp. Stock up on plenty of firewood in advance so as not to run around at night in search of fuel; Dry bushes, grass, reeds, and dung can serve as fuel in treeless areas.
General advice: thicker firewood should not be placed very tightly on top to ensure air access. If the fire does not light up for a long time, you need to fan it (increase air access). A hat, a bowl, a rain jacket, a broom made of branches are suitable for this; in rainy weather, a fire is lit under the cover of a cape or raincoat, which is held by two tourists. The stronger the wind or rain, the denser the kindling and firewood are placed on the fire. In damp, cold weather, you can (if the supply of firewood allows) build two fires. The first is for cooking, the second is for drying clothes and equipment; you must have a person on duty near it who will maintain the fire and make sure that things do not burn
Questions 1. Why can’t you leave the fire until it completely burns out and the coals are filled with water? 2. What other measures for keeping matches dry do you know, besides those outlined in the paragraph? 3. What methods of making fire do you know? 4. In the picture on the next page you see the guys choosing a place for the fire. Where do you think it should be placed?
Improvised means for starting a fire If there are no matches, you can start a fire using improvised means. using a lens: you need to direct the sun's ray onto the tinder (can be made from cotton wool, bandage, fluff, finely ground dry birch bark or pine bark). The smoldering tinder must be carefully fanned until it ignites.
Armor You can also make fire using flint and a steel object (armrest). (In the absence of flint, any hard stone can replace it, and the butt of an ax and a file can be a wood cutter). Using sliding blows of steel on flint, you need to strike sparks on the tinder, and then carefully fan it.
Friction Fire can be produced by friction. 1) "Bow". To do this, make a bow from young birch and hazel with a loose string. A stone with a recess can serve as a thrust bearing. Make a drill from poplar, pine, cedar, elm, linden or willow wood (make it from a dry stick with a diameter of 1-2 cm, sharpen the upper end smoothly, and leave the lower end rough). From the same or harder dry wood, make a board (block) up to 10 cm wide, up to 0.5 m long. Two centimeters from the edge of the board, make a recess (hole) for the drill, and from it an expanding slot through which the result obtained by friction black powder will fall on the tinder. Wrap the bow string around the drill once and, holding its upper end with a thrust bearing, move the bow back and forth, thus rotating the drill with light pressure until intense smoke appears. Continue working until you are sure that the sparks hit the tinder. 2) If you have steel wire, then you can also make fire with it. Pass the wire under the wooden block and quickly, quickly pull it left and right. It will heat up and ignite the tinder
Tips In damp, cold weather, you can (if the supply of firewood allows) build two fires. The first is for cooking, the second is for drying clothes and equipment (sticks are placed next to it on which you can hang wet things). It is imperative to have a person on duty near him who will maintain the fire and make sure that things do not burn. Shoes are placed near the fire with the inside (not the sole). After drying, shoes should remain slightly damp and soft; they should not be allowed to become hard.
Experienced tourists, fishermen, and hunters understand perfectly how important fire is in extreme conditions and are excellent at getting it and maintaining it. There are many types of fires with different purposes and methods of making. Some are ideal for heating, some for cooking, and each has its own tricks for breeding.
Bonfires can be divided into three types:
— Fiery. Creates a large flame and burns out quickly.
— Zharovye. They burn for a long time and create good heat. Suitable for heating and drying.
— Signal. Designed for signaling. Can also be used to repel midges.
Main types of fires
People who are far from traveling and active rest, may not realize that there are a considerable number of types of fires with different characteristics and purposes. In different weather conditions and situations, one or another type of fire may be needed, so you need to know and be able to make them.
Bonfire "hut"
This type of fire is known to many. The most affordable fire that can be lit for cooking or heating.
To prepare such a fire, firewood is laid out in a hut. In the middle of such a fire, where the kindling will be placed, thin branches are placed, and then thick ones. A “hut” fire is ideal for warming up, cooking, and drying out.
The fire flares up quickly, gives good heat, but it is not very economical, you will need enough a large number of firewood This is one of the reasons why it is not suitable for an overnight stay.
The “hut” fire can be used to give a signal. To do this, put raw grass and branches on top to get a lot of smoke. It can also be used to create a smoke screen or to repel mosquitoes and midges.
Another type of “hut” fire is the “pyramid”. It is an enlarged copy. To build it, take two large logs and place them parallel to each other. Why do they start laying smaller logs across until a pyramid is formed? Such a fire gives a lot of light.
Taiga fire
This type of fire burns for quite a long time, up to 6-8 hours. “Taiga fire” is a common name for such fires as “gun” and “hunter’s hearth”. These fires are mainly used for heating.
The “cannon” fire is laid out as follows:
- place several smaller logs on a large log (the so-called subyurlok)
- lay the top logs in a fan and slightly push them above the main log, while on the log they should be together and on the ground apart
— as it burns, it pushes the top logs forward so that the fire does not go out
The “Hunter's Hearth” is arranged in a slightly different way. Thinner wood is laid between two large logs. It turns out something similar to a barbecue. Large logs limit the burning of small ones.
Bonfire "Nodya"
This type of fire is ideal for heating. It is laid out from several large logs. Thick logs can burn for up to 36 hours.
The fire is placed next to the sleeping place. To do this, place 2 dry logs with a diameter of 30 cm and a length of several meters next to each other. Be sure to leave a small space of 10 cm between the logs. Kindling is placed in this space - dry leaves, branches, brushwood. Sometimes logs can be secured with pegs to keep them from falling apart.
When the main logs flare up, another one is placed on top. If necessary, a reflective screen can be built on one side. Snow, an awning, or a foil blanket are suitable for this.
“Nodya” can be made up of 1, 2, 3, 4 or more logs.
Special types of fires
In addition to the main fires listed above, there are also special ones. They can be a combination of fires or very specific designs.
Made from large logs. It makes cuts 3/4 deep from the length of the log. The core is cleaned and a fire is started in it.
There is another option for making a “Finnish candle”. The log is cut into 4 parts and the core is scraped out. In the lower part, at the junction of the logs, you can make a gutter; it is needed to feed the fire with oxygen. The logs are tied together with wire. Kindling is placed in the core and set on fire.
"Kamelek"
This type of fire is used in conditions where there is little good firewood, but there are stones or bricks. Firewood is covered with stones or bricks on 3 sides. This type of fire is suitable for boiling water.
"Trench"
This type of fire is used to produce coals for subsequent cooking. To prepare coals, dig a ditch 1 m * 0.5 m and about 30 cm deep. Line the bottom of the hole with stones. Wood is placed in the pit and set on fire. The resulting coals are used for cooking. You can also fill in the trench and place your overnight shelter over it.
Exotic types of fires
Not the most common types of fires. They may not be used in all situations and are often not particularly effective.
Bonfire "well"
Short logs are folded into a rectangle, forming something like a well. Kindling and small branches and logs are placed inside. This type of fire is suitable for cooking and drying. Over time it collapses, so the pot must be suspended.
Bonfire "star"
To prepare such a fire, the logs are folded into a star. You may need 3-5 logs. The design takes up a lot of space. Burns slowly, gives off heat but without heat. As the logs burn out, they move them inside.
Polynesian fire
On the territory of Russia there is a rather exotic version of the fire. For cooking you will need a hole 30 cm deep. The walls are lined with stones. Firewood is stacked in the middle to form a hut. Such a fire burns for a long time.
Lessonlife safety fundamentalsV 6- mclass
TeatA " Making a fire. Types of fires"
Goals and objectives of the lesson:
Introduce children to different types bonfires;
- teach students how to make fires correctly;
- develop the ability to work in groups,
- cultivate a caring attitude towards nature.
- upon completion of studying the topic, students should have the skills to make a fire.
Progress of the lesson:
1. Statement of the topic and purpose of the lesson
Sl.1 Today we have no ordinary activity. The topic of our lesson on the screen is “Making a fire. Types of fires"
Sl.2 .Now we will go to the magical forest, which will teach us how to make fires correctly and introduce us to the types and types of fires. And of course, when we come to the forest, we must not forget about caring for nature.
2.Learning new material.
1. Functions of a fire.
Sometimes it is very important to light a fire on time.
What do you think a fire is for?
Let's see if you guessed correctly.
Sl.3
Level 4
The functions of a fire are multifaceted:
repelling insects and animals;
giving a signal.
cooking food;
drying clothes;
lighting;
Level 5
2. Fireplace.
So you're about to start a fire. Where should we start?
find a clearing protected from the wind;
clear the fireplace of dry grass, leaves and cover it with stones;
make flooring in deep snow and swamps.
Sl.6
3. Making a fire.
Prepare kindling (small dry twigs, dry grass, birch bark)
Place kindling on the ground;
Light the fire with 2-3 matches;
Place thicker branches on the kindling;
Follow fire safety rules.
Sl.7
4.What should you not do when making a fire?
Do not make a fire near trees;
Do not use live trees for fires;
Do not light a fire in peat bogs;
Do not leave a burning fire unattended.
Sl.8.
6. Types of fires.
You need to choose the type and type of fire according to the circumstances.
General rule: You need to stock up on more firewood in advance.
There are three main types of fires:
Fiery- for illuminating resting places and cooking food.
Zharovye - for cooking, drying things, you can warm up with it if you spend the night by the fire.
Smoke-to drive away mosquitoes and midges, as well as to signal your location.
Sl.9 photos
Level 10
7.Types of fires (practical part)
Getting acquainted with the types of fires, we will build them practically from sticks lying on your tables.
Let's imagine that our sticks are logs, or even ancient ones.
So:
1. Well - place 2 logs in parallel at some distance; across them - more two. This design provides good air access to the fire, and the logs will burn evenly along their entire length. This fire is good in wet weather.
Sl.11.
2. Star - Place the logs in radii from the center. Burning occurs mainly in the center, and as the wood burns, move it towards the middle. This type of fire requires constant supervision or it will go out.
Sl.12.
3. Hut - short dry firewood is stacked obliquely towards the center, they partially rest on each other. With this design, the wood burns out mainly from above, and the flame turns out hot. This type of fire is convenient if you need to boil water or cook something in one bucket or pan. If you need to use several vessels, then it is better to use a “well”.
Sl.13.
4 .Taiga - consists of several logs laid lengthwise or at an acute angle to each other. It does not require frequent addition of firewood.
Sl.14.
5. Nodya - this fire is made up of 3 large logs, 2-2.5 m long. Place two logs (the thicker the better) close together, ensuring a minimum gap between them. Kindling is placed on this gap. Once the kindling is well lit, place the third log on top. It is advisable that this log be thicker than the lower ones, as it will burn out faster. A node made of thick logs can burn for several hours.
Each of these types of fires can be both hot and fiery.It depends not only on how the fire is built, but also on the quality of the firewood:
- whether they are resinous or not;
- completely dry or with damp bark.
What types of fires do you remember?
Now build some type of fire in your place, tell the name and what it is needed for.
Sl.17.
10. Tricks for campfire.
If there are no small dry branches for kindling, it is good to use “noodles” made of rubber cut from the heels of shoes;
It is best to dry damp matches on your head: there is the least humidity;
There is no need to try to light a fire with one match; it is safer to light the kindling with two matches put together, and sometimes even three.
11. Reflection
-Which one do you think? life situation Can we use the skills we learned in our lesson?
No matter how romantic it may seem to be in the forest by the fire, you must come to terms with the fact that the desire for romance can cause a serious tragedy -. In 2016, the damage from such fires in the Russian Federation is estimated at approximately 15 billion rubles. In the same year, 300 thousand forest fires occurred throughout the planet. If we consider a five-year period, the largest territorial incident was observed in Canada (504.4 thousand hectares). Not only in Russia, but also in North America, Finland, Portugal, Spain, and Australia, significant forest areas burned.
It is much easier to set up special areas with public grills and fire pits in countries where forests do not grow over such vast areas as in Russia. Therefore, in the Russian Federation there are clear measures in place that prevent fires from starting in forests and park areas throughout the entire fire danger period, which can be defined differently in different regions, depending on weather and climatic conditions.
Picnic lovers should remember about the fire danger of a fire and what the size of administrative fines for a fire lit in nature is. Safety is the main condition for staying in the forest, because each burned hectare of forest is equivalent to a loss of 1 million rubles, not to mention how irresponsible it is in relation to the dead inhabitants of the forest and the owners of buildings that were in the path of the fire.
If the actions of the vacationers who lit the fire did not cause significant damage, citizens can get off with a warning. But most often their punishment is a fine of 2-4 thousand rubles. Officials may be punished with a fine of 15–30 thousand rubles, legal entities– 250-500 thousand rubles.
Since regions and individual territories have their own legislative acts, the amount of fines in the Russian Federation varies. For example, the Moscow Administrative Code specifies a penalty of 5,000 rubles for placing a barbecue in the courtyard of a house or in a park area. Anyone who lights a fire in the wrong place is given a fine of 4.5 thousand rubles. The spreading of garbage (500 rubles) and damage to plants (4.5 thousand rubles) are strictly punished. In Moscow there are special areas reserved for barbecue lovers.
Requirements
If someone is going to start a fire in the forest not in fire danger period, he must know and comply with certain safety requirements (measures):
- The choice of location for the camp hearth depends on the availability of natural shelter from rain and wind. It may be a rock, but in no case the crowns of trees. It is advisable that there is a pond near the fireplace, and the fireplace itself is 15-20 m away from the edge of the forest. The ideal place is a sandy spit of a river.
- The following fire safety measures when lighting a fire in the forest recommend that there are no risk factors nearby, such as dead wood and newly emerged young growth, accumulations of debris between stones, as well as huts, awnings, and tents.
- Tourist accommodation points should be located no closer than 3 m from the fire, on the windward side.
- To avoid (and simply spread the fire), it is better to remove the top layer of turf from an area slightly larger than the intended fire (from 30 to 40 cm in each direction). If it turns out that the chosen location has peaty, swampy soils, even dried ones, it is better to look for another place. Peat fires do not appear immediately and can continue for decades deep in the ground.
- When a fire is lit in the snow, a thin layer of snow is cleared, a deep layer is trampled down, and it is not forbidden to make a flooring from wet logs.
- A proper fire depends on properly collected fuel. The main thing you need for a fireplace in your camp is the ability to warm and cook without forcing you to hide from heavy smoke. This is exactly the heat that dry firewood from deciduous trees such as oak and birch gives.
- Experienced fishermen and hunters, knowing that healthy trees are not allowed to be cut down in young forests, bring fuel with them.
- Dry brushwood will burn quickly and will not provide enough calories for cooking. In places with sparse vegetation in the form of trees, you can use dry grass twisted into bundles, dried droppings, peat, and animal fat for hunting as fuel.
- If there is a river nearby, you can collect driftwood. If you are in the desert, any shrubs will do.
- The larger the fire, the more fuel will be required. And if there is not enough firewood, you should think in advance about the size of the fireplace; a fire with a height of 30-40 cm is sufficient for preparing tea and food.
- Fuel is collected in advance, and not when the fire has already been lit. Keep the collected firewood dry, cover it with bark, pine needles, and polyethylene.
- Wet, rotten pieces of trees are placed in the fire only when it is necessary to signal for help with thick, abundant smoke.
Rules
To ensure that the fire flares up quickly, there are special fire safety rules when lighting fires:
- pre-prepared kindling consisting of flammable substances, preferably of origin (birch bark, rotten wood found in a hollow, the bark of coniferous trees with resin), gasoline, diesel fuel and other petroleum products are prohibited during the fire hazardous period and are not recommended at other times, as they can cause singed faces, eyebrows;
- a pyramid made from pieces of kindling is guaranteed to light up if a lit match is inserted into one of the holes in its base; another way to ignite a fire is to lay dry logs parallel to each other and perpendicular to the direction of the wind, with kindling placed between them, which may also include a newspaper , and the structure is covered with brushwood on top;
- Wet wood can be laid out around the fire to dry; a fireman should be on duty at the hearth all the time until the fire is extinguished;
- so that someone who has lost or wet matches does not have to maintain the fire around the clock, you should take care of this in advance;
- the upper part of the match with the head is dipped in molten wax and then dried;
- It is better to store the fragment of the ignition box and processed matches in a hermetically sealed tin case;
- to light a fire using lenses, you need bright sun and collected bird fluff, dry leaf dust, moss;
- Before leaving the parking lot, you should make sure that the fire is extinguished well; it is best to touch the fire pit with your hands, and do not leave garbage in or around it.
Knowing the fire safety requirements when lighting a fire outdoors, it is impossible to ignore the generally accepted conditions of behavior in the forest during a fire-hazardous period:
Forbidden:
- throw burning matches, cigarette butts, pieces of glass;
- clear fields and summer cottages"burning" method;
- make fires;
- drive on forest roads in vehicles not equipped with a spark arrester;
- use wads made from flammable raw materials;
- leave used cleaning material outside special areas;
- refuel aircraft engines in operating mode;
- light matches, smoke near cars being refueled.
If a fire starts
In addition to the above prohibitions, there are also calls for active actions Recommendations for those who find themselves in the fire area:
- call fire and rescue services (numbers “01”, “112”, regional mobile numbers, if you know the numbers of forestry workers, you can call the police - “02”), be sure to inform whether you have decided to hide or put out the fire;
- use the existing body of water to get wet (yourself + clothes for wrapping);
- breathing through a wet cloth and moving as close to the ground as possible is required to prevent oxygen deficiency;
- the optimal method of movement in relation to the direction of the wind is transverse, but it is worth looking around how the fire spreads;
- It’s worth waiting in places where the grass has already burned out;
- before the arrival of fire brigades, it is advisable when the fire has not spread to a large area and does not threaten your life;
- as fire-fighting objects you can use: water from a reservoir, bunches of branches, 1.5-2 m long, with a wet cloth;
- the fire can be trampled, covered with sand, knocked down with a shovel, and abruptly sprinkled with earth.
The most fire-dangerous regions of Russia are considered Far East, Siberia, Ural, Volga region. Residents of these territories have to be especially conscious.