Choosing a route Most often, the route is formed in your head even before the start of the hike - you have a good idea of ​​its beginning and end. In this case, even at the preparation stage, you need to carefully study the map. And even if you go with a group in which orienteering

Sends for the start of movement from a standstill to a trot and a stop We will not talk separately about the sends for the start of a movement from a standstill, transition to a trot and stops, since they are closely related to each other. They consist of the following effects: lumbosacral tension

Choice In the 90s of the last century, advertisements of all kinds of magicians, wizards and miracle healers were everywhere, guaranteeing healing from any disease in a matter of days. At train stations they made diagnoses in one minute, in gateways they talked about damage, in newspapers

Choosing the right place in the goal. Moving the goalkeeper when defending the goal The goalkeeper must take a position at the near goal post if the goal is attacked from the flank or from behind the goal. In this position, the goalkeeper’s legs are closed and pressed against the post, the stick is pressed to the skates, and the hand is

1 Write on the board. "Organization of bivouac work"

Leisure outdoor activities are hiking trips that are becoming increasingly popular among city residents. Modern man realizes the need to communicate with natural natural environment, which helps improve your health and gain energy for everyday life and work.

What types of hikes do you know?

(Walking, skiing, water, cycling, weekend trips, multi-day trips).

The bivouac sites are marked in advance on the map when the route is selected, but the specific parking place is determined directly during the hike.

What do you think it should be like?

It must be dry

safe, protected from the wind,

Of course, we must not forget about the location drinking water

and sources of fuel for the fire.

It is ideal to stop on an elevated bank, in a forest clearing or edge, in a coniferous forest. It is advisable to ensure that the rest area is illuminated by the sun in the morning. You need to stop for the night at least two hours before dark in order to complete all preparatory work before dark - stock up on firewood and water for the entire stay, set up tents, and prepare dinner. It is rational to do these works simultaneously, distributing responsibilities among group members.

The site is cleared of stones and branches. Particular attention should be paid to the areas where the tents will be located. To make it softer and warmer to spend the night, dry pine branches, reeds, straw or grass are laid under the tents. The bedding becomes thicker towards the head of the bed. The branches laid out in this way create something like a mattress. In winter, such bedding is simply necessary. A tent is set up on top of the bedding, usually with the entrance facing the east, towards the fire. In windy weather, the tent is installed with the entrance facing the direction of the wind.

If it is planned to rain, then the tent is dug in with a ditch for water flowing from the roof. In any case, the tent must be placed firmly, despite the excellent evening weather; at night it may rain or the wind may rise, and then a poorly installed tent will cause a lot of trouble for everyone.

During short trips in wooded areas, in the warm season, a tent can easily be replaced by a hut, canopy, dugout, wigwam, igloo - when choosing the type of shelter, use what is at hand.

We will talk about them in the next lessons.

Of course, a bivouac would not be complete without a fire. A bonfire is a fire. And fire can be a friend and an enemy. Therefore, the first rule of making a fire...

1) The site is chosen in an open but protected from the wind place, preferably near water.

Build a fire on trampled ground or on old fire pits.

Remove the sod. Turf is the top fertile layer of the earth...

Do not use near conifers, young trees, areas with reeds, reeds, moss or lichens where there are remains of flammable substances.

Working with the textbook! Let's look at Fig. On page 25. What are the conclusions?

(children's answers)

Types of fires page 168:

Star;

Practical work №1

Make up types of fires from logs...

And for a fire you need wood!!!

Damp and rotten firewood produces a lot of smoke and little heat.

Aspen and fir shoot sparks vigorously;

Dead wood of birch and alder burns evenly and almost without smoke.

Practical work No. 2

Figure 1 (textbook page 26)

Working with an axe.

Reading p.29 (Showing an ax in a case)

We have lit a fire, and now we need to take care of dinner. Arrange the fire for cooking dinner so that it does not blow out, and the flame evenly heats the pot.

Slide “Ways to place a pot over a fire.”

Nutrition is a source of energy that we spend on movement, orientation and decision making. And to do this, you need to try to choose products so that the food is not only high in calories and healthy, but also tasty and quite varied, and also contains proteins, fats, carbohydrates and vitamins.

Because:

Proteins are building materials for the entire body; they serve as the basis for creating tissues, such as muscle fibers.

Fats – protects internal organs, provides them with energy, protects the body from colds and helps it absorb certain vitamins.

Carbohydrates are energy sources fast action. It is quickly and easily absorbed and consumed by the body, quickly covering the costs of physical and mental activity.

“Kitchen equipment and utensils for cooking while camping.”

What utensils are used on a camping trip?

Cauldrons, bowls;

Buckets with lid;

Board for cutting food;

Kitchen knives, spoons, ladle.

It is also advisable to have an oilcloth, 1x1 m in size, on a hike, on which the attendants will lay out bread, sausage, sugar, in a word - “set the table”.

“Safety rules when cooking food over a fire.”

Let's read the safety rules when cooking food over a fire.

1. Move or remove buckets and pots over the fire only after wearing a mitten.

2. You cannot work near a fire without clothing that protects your body from burns.

3. You cannot place dishes with hot food on the ground near people. Dishes with cooked food should be placed on a special stand.

4. It is necessary to constantly monitor the fire.

When preparing for a hike, special attention should be paid to the choice of a place for a large halt - setting up a bivouac (bivouac - camping place for tourists). The bivouac site should be protected from the wind and located on a flat, dry place not far from water and firewood. In addition, you cannot camp near settlements, barnyards, near reservoirs with stagnant flowering water, on the way of moving herds.

If the hike is in the mountains, then you need to determine whether the place you have chosen for bivouac is in a rockfall zone. You cannot set up a bivouac next to a mountain river, much less in the dry part of its bed. If it rains, the river will turn into a torrent and can wash away the camp.

Making a fire

The site for the fire is chosen in an open but protected from the wind place, preferably near water. Take care of nature: make a fire on a trampled area of ​​land, on old fire pits, having first removed the turf on the site chosen for the fire. Dry leaves, grass, pine needles, branches that can catch fire should be removed 1 - 1.5 m from the fire.

It must be remembered that a fire cannot be lit directly near trees, in young coniferous forests, in areas with dry reeds, reeds, moss or grass, in clearings where there are remains of forest combustible materials (dry branches, leaves, etc.), on peat bogs , as well as in the forest on rocky areas. The fire should not be left unattended. When leaving the bivouac site, be sure to light the fire.

Starting a fire in dry weather is not very difficult. It is more difficult to light it after rain, when the wood is damp. In any case, when going on a hike in nature, you need to have matches, a candle stub and a lighter with you. Before going on a trip, each box of matches must be packed in double plastic film, for which you need to run a hot knife blade along the film with the box of matches along its perimeter. You can also place the matchbox in a bottle with a sealed stopper or put it in a rubber bag. It is also convenient to use metal cases for matchboxes, which protect them from getting wet and mechanical damage.

Before lighting a fire, you need to prepare kindling from small dry spruce branches, birch bark, pine resin, dry moss, grass, lichen, shavings, and splinters. In wet weather, kindling is made from the middle part of dead wood split with an ax. The prepared kindling is placed under small dry brushwood folded in a hut or well and set on fire, and thicker firewood is carefully placed on top as it burns.

In rainy weather, a fire is lit under the cover of a cape or cloak held by two tourists. The stronger the wind or rain, the denser the kindling and firewood are placed on the fire.

In damp, cold weather, you can (if the supply of firewood allows) build two fires. The first is for cooking, the second is for drying clothes and equipment (sticks are placed next to it on which you can hang wet things). It is imperative to place a person on duty near this fire, who will maintain the fire and ensure that things do not burn.

Shoes are placed near the fire with the inside (not the sole). After drying, the shoes should remain slightly damp and soft, but they should not be allowed to become hard.

Fuel procurement

When preparing fuel, you should know that damp and rotten firewood produces a lot of smoke, but little heat; small brushwood burns out in the first two to three minutes; Aspen and fir firewood are bad because they shoot too many sparks.

If you need to make a big fire, then the best firewood will be from pine, cedar and spruce dead wood.

Working with an ax

Anyone who goes camping must be good at wielding an axe. The ax blade must be protected: do not cut the roots of bushes and trees, do not sharpen the pegs on stones or on the ground, but only on pieces of wood. You especially need to take care of the toe and heel of the ax (these are the ends of the blade that are needed for small jobs).

If logs are chopped, you need to split at least some of them lengthwise into two parts, and if the log is thick, then into four. Split logs burn faster.

A sharp ax is no less dangerous than a loaded gun.

Most often, ax wounds are inflicted on the leg when the ax slips from a tree trunk or a thin branch is severed with force. In the parking lot, the ax should be stuck into a stump or a lying trunk (but not into a growing tree!). It must be carried in a special case. When working in the forest, you need to look around to see if neighboring branches and trunks will interfere.

Cooking while camping

Arrange the fire for cooking so that it does not blow out, and the flame evenly heats the pot.

Add salt to food to taste. For a mug of cereal you will need about a teaspoon of salt, for milk and sweet cereals - half a teaspoon. Concentrates of soups, porridges and stews already contain salt.

The porridge is first cooked (with stirring) over high heat until thickened, and then over low heat. If you forgot to put salt in the thickened porridge, then you need to dilute the salt in boiling water and pour the solution into the porridge.

To get rid of the bitter taste of millet porridge, pour boiling water over the washed millet, quickly bring the water to a boil and drain it. Then pour clean water and cook the porridge.

To cook rice, you need to put it in cold water, bring it to a boil, and then, after draining the boiling water, add it again. cold water.

Pasta for cooking is thrown into boiling salted water and cooked: 8 - 10 minutes - vermicelli, 15 - 20 minutes - noodles, 20 - 25 minutes - horns, pasta. The liquid is then drained.

Buckets and cauldrons hanging over the fire must be moved or removed using a mitten or a rag to avoid getting burned.

Kissels, milk mixtures, cocoa powder are first diluted in a bowl until the lumps disappear, and then boiled.

Dishes from food concentrates are prepared as written on the packaging.

Test yourself

■ What precautions must be taken to ensure fires and cooking during inclement weather?
■ On your day off, go hiking with your parents. Practice on your own and with the help of your parents in preparing fuel, making a fire, and cooking.
■ Come up with your answer to the question: “Why is it necessary to take measures fire safety In the woods?"

Sources

http://xn----7sbbfb7a7aej.xn--p1ai/obzh_06/obzh_materialy_zanytii_06.html

After a long trek, every tourist needs good vacation. The place where trekking participants rest, eat, sleep and gain strength is called tourist bivouac. It will protect you from bad weather and give you the opportunity to sit by the fire.

For duration bivouacs are divided into the following types:

• small and lunch stop;
• day;
• overnight stay

The main rule in organizing a bivouac is right choice places. It is equally important in this matter to protect the bivouac from bad weather, prepare a site for a tent and make a fire.

How to choose the right places to rest

Small halt

For this type of bivouac, flat, dry areas, such as clearings, roadsides or edges, are good. It's great if you're nearby source, where you can bring drinking water.

The forest belt will perfectly protect the resting place from strong winds. If there are no trees nearby, then bushes and coastal slopes will do. We must not forget about presence of insects- pay attention to this. In summer, it is better to stop in the shade, but in winter, stop in places that are illuminated by the sun.

Dinner bivouac, day and overnight

A good place for a day or night would be a flat area for placing tents; there must be a body of water (river, lake) and dry brushwood nearby for fuel.

In winter, When choosing a place to stay overnight, pay attention to availability of good fuel. At this time of year, you can use snow as drinking water by simply melting it over a fire.

In summer it is better to stay near the river, near the village . In this case, it is better to choose a camp site a little upstream from the settlement, fords and watering places. Choose places where the river has a sandy bottom, a convenient descent and a calm surface.

When choosing a site for spending the night, take into account the time the sun illuminates this place. In such cases, the eastern side of a river bank or hillside is ideal. This choice will ensure that the tent and dew on the grass dry out quickly.

If the route passes through forested or protected natural areas, camp can only be set up in places that are specially designated for this .

Safety conditions for a resting place and overnight stay

When planning to camp in mountainous areas, it is important to take into account the weather and terrain.

• To avoid landslides, avalanches, rockfalls, mudflows, do not stop under eaves, at the foot of cliffs or in avalanche-prone couloirs.
• When you see a thunderstorm, you don't have to choose places on the tops hills, ridges or passes to protect yourself from lightning.
• To avoid fire You cannot set up a tourist camp in areas with dry bushes or in the thicket of a coniferous forest. Remember that a sudden change in weather, a lightning strike or a squall can knock down rotten trees, this also applies to cut trees.

How to properly organize a bivouac

Organization of a small rest

The leader selects a place that is suitable for a halt, then stops the team and divides the responsibilities between the participants. In most cases, it is enough to entrust one person with the delivery of drinking water, and another with handing out sandwiches, etc. The rest of the hikers rest for 5-10 minutes, removing their backpacks. You can rest on fallen trees, stumps, and dry soil. It is useful to lie down and raise your legs up, placing them comfortably on the backpack. After resting, it is recommended to do a light warm-up.

In winter, immediately after stopping, you should put on a warm thing, it can be a padded jacket or jacket. Also, to warm up, if possible, it’s good to drink hot coffee or tea. In winter, a short rest should not last longer than 5 minutes. Don't use your backpack as a seat, you can easily crush your belongings and food.

Organizing a lunch stop

Several people are already involved in organizing the lunch stop. Two bring water, one lights a fire, the other builds a fire pit, everyone else goes to get fuel. When there is already water, firewood and a fire, those on duty are appointed. These are the participants who must maintain the fire and prepare the food. Everyone else at this time picks berries or mushrooms, fishes if possible, or simply relaxes or plays various sports games.

The lunch break lasts about 2-4 hours. If the weather is sunny, you can dry your equipment and clothes; in rainy weather, you must first select a site for tents, put all your backpacks in a separate place and cover them with film or a raincoat.

The lunchtime bivouac is shorter in winter than in summer; its duration depends on how quickly the campfire is lit and food prepared by those on duty. First, the whole group, without removing the lick, needs to trample the snow on the site where the camp will be. After this, the leader distributes the work to each group member. One makes the flooring or digs a pit for the fire, another is responsible for the brushwood, and the third lights the fire.

During a winter halt, the main thing is to involve all members of the group in the active participation; this will prevent hypothermia and shorten the duration of the halt.

Organization of a day and overnight stay in the field

The organization of this type of bivouac is similar to the organization of a lunch stop, but it already involves more people on duty. Additional tourists on duty are needed to equip the camp. Their function is to prepare fuel for the fire, and they also clear the camp area. For a well-equipped camp, benches, drying racks and hangers are built. All this is done from scrap materials. Some of the people on duty clear the descent to the water if necessary and dig a hole for garbage.

In winter, those on duty also dig a pit for the scarf and compact the path from the fire to the tents. In case of strong wind, a wind protection system is built. Two or three tourists provide the group with “small-format” firewood to keep the tent warm at night; for this they use camp stoves. Organization winter hike takes longer (about 3 hours), so stop before it gets dark.

Day and overnight mode

The main thing in the hike is correct mode, which will give you normal rest and, importantly, good sleep. Very nice, especially if good company, sit by the fire, but it is important not to forget about your sleep schedule. Don't stay up until the morning and feel tired the next day. A competent leader should announce the curfew time in advance, approximately around 22:00. After lights out, you can’t make too much noise or talk loudly in the camp so as not to disturb other participants’ rest.

In addition to rest and sleep, the organization of days and overnight stays should include the allocation of time for social work, repairs and checking of clothing and equipment. You also need time for entertainment, exercise, games, training, picking berries and mushrooms. During the day, it is good to take walks and excursions; they help you become better acquainted with the area.

Collapsing camp

The team begins to gather by packing their backpacks.

If the weather is bad and raining or it is winter time, then the backpacks are collected in a tent. If the weather is good, warm and sunny, remove all things from the tent, leaving the entrance open so that it dries, and collect the backpack outside.

There is no need to break benches, tables and barriers - other tourist groups may need them. But wooden posts and stakes are placed with the remains of firewood near the fireplace.

Collect all trash and take it with you. Paper can be burned in a fire. Then put out the fire, fill it with water, and cover it with snow or earth.

Checking readiness

Before leaving the place for the night or day, the leader checks the composition of the group, the presence of all things, whether anything has been forgotten, whether the resting place has been cleaned, whether the fire has been extinguished.

Advice: don’t forget to rest along the route! Stick to the regime: 45 minutes on the road - 5 minutes rest.

ORGANIZATION OF BIVOUVKS AND THEIR TERMINATION

PLAN

INTRODUCTION

Parking for overnight and overnight stays

Work on the bivouac

Collapse of the camp

CONCLUSION

LIST OF SOURCES

INTRODUCTION

Travelers spend about two-thirds of their hiking time at rest stops, that is, most of the route is spent in stopovers.

A tourist bivouac is a resting place where travelers rest, eat, spend the night, and prepare for their further journey; this is the base camp for a radial route organization; it is a shelter from bad weather, it is a fire, a hearth, a center for communication, reflection on what has been passed and planning the path ahead. The bivouac is the house in which we live during the hike.

The duration is divided into small stops (for rest, changing clothes, repairs), lunch stops, overnight stays, and days.

On one-day hikes, only short and lunch breaks are arranged. On two-day and longer hikes in bivouacs, they also spend the night, and also have days when they do not move further along the route: they rest, swim, pick berries, mushrooms, fish, take walks, and excursions.

Organizing a halt is, first of all, the correct and competent choice of place, good preparation of the site, distribution of work, installation of tents, lighting a fire or lighting stoves or stoves and, most importantly, ensuring the safety of the parking lot from elemental forces and troubles created by man himself.

At rest stops, in addition to resting and eating, they repair clothes and equipment, observe nature according to a certain program, and keep diary entries (observations, sketches, notes about the route, nature, surroundings). At rest stops they sing songs, have fun, and do sports games or training. During halts and days, they pick mushrooms and berries, fish, get to know the surrounding area in more detail, and go on walks and excursions.

In short, most of camp life is spent at rest stops.

Small rests - the shortest and simplest pauses and stops along the way - are made mainly for rest after 1-2 hours of travel. Therefore, the place for small stops is determined primarily by the time of transitions. Of course, it’s good if short rests take place on fairly flat and dry areas in clearings, forest edges, and the sides of roads and trails. It is good to be located near a source of drinking water - a well, a spring or a clean stream. When it is windy, it is good to stop in a shelter (a forest strip, bushes, a coastal slope, etc.). If the time and place are conducive to mosquitoes and other midges, then it is better to stop in ventilated areas. In winter it is better to stay in the sun, and in summer when it is hot - in the shade.

At a small stop, it’s good to eat sour candy, take vitamins, refresh your face, rinse your mouth with cold water; You can drink a few sips of hot tea or coffee from a thermos. You can relax while hiking on dry ground, fallen trees, and stumps.

On water trips, on the contrary, it makes sense to do physical exercise, run, jump, and warm up. If possible, a place for a short rest on a water trip is chosen in a place convenient for mooring ships, with a dry area on the shore.

In winter, before stopping, you need to slow down the pace of movement, if it was fast, in order to cool down somewhat. In cold weather, after stopping, you need to put on a warm jacket and sweater. The backpack can be lowered onto plastic wrap, hung on a branch, placed on a log, or placed on your skis. It is advisable to load backpacks in such a way that you can sit on them, if necessary, without crushing any items of equipment or food.

The time of small rests can vary from several minutes to half an hour.

Lunch stops are longer stops for rest and food. The place for a lunch stop is chosen more carefully than for a small one.

In summer, it is good to choose a flat area on the bank of a river or lake, where there is dry fuel - brushwood, dead wood, windfall, dead wood. It is advisable to stop on the river above the villages, livestock farms, watering places, fords. The ideal situation, which it is advisable to strive for, is a calm stretch with convenient descents to the water, with a sandy bottom, without snags.

One of the main conditions for choosing a place to stop for lunch is the availability of clean drinking water: a well, a spring, a spring. Water from most rivers in the densely populated part of the country is now unsuitable for drinking (effluent from industrial enterprises, livestock farms; runoff from fields treated with mineral fertilizers).

In water trips, the same conditions: a convenient pier, a flat, dry area, protected from the wind or, conversely, a ventilated place (if there are midges).

Good fuel is especially necessary at a winter halt site. Having a source of drinking water (stream, spring, well) is desirable if you are preparing hot food, but water can also be obtained from snow.

When stopping for lunch, one or two people go for water, several people prepare fuel, one person sets up a fire pit and lights the fire. Those on duty are cooking lunch, the rest are free - resting, fishing, swimming, picking mushrooms and berries.

In sunny weather, at this time you can dry clothes, tents, and other things.

The duration of the halt in summer is at least an hour. In winter, with short daylight hours, they try to make the lunch break shorter. Its duration depends on the speed of building the fire and cooking. Responsibilities (procuring fuel, making a fire, cooking) are already distributed in advance. All tourists participate in bivouac work in winter so as not to freeze.

If they have lunch without a fire (tea, coffee from thermoses, sandwiches, dried fruits), what winter conditions It often happens, especially on multi-day hikes (due to saving daylight hours), that lunch lasts less than an hour.

Parking for overnight and overnight stays

Many years of practice have made it possible to develop the criteria that the average parking lot must meet. The parking lot should have the following “fantastic” characteristics:

1. To be deserted and located as far as possible from villages (“we went on a hike to be in nature, and not to be jostled among...”);

be near the village (“milk would...”, “apples would...”);

2. There should be enough fuel in the parking lot, and not just any fuel, but dry spruce fuel.

4. This is a place where you could put up a tent so that during the day it would be in the shade, and in the morning it would be illuminated by the sun (do not wait for it to dry from the dew in the wind).

5. There should be a river nearby clean water and a sandy beach, as well as a high shore covered with pine, and underneath it is full of fish.

6. There should not be a high mountain nearby with the threat of a landslide, so that in case of rain or loud excitement about the caught roach, nothing happens.

7. Nearby is a spring, in the worst case a stream with cold water; but so that in case of heavy rain it does not turn into a raging river.

8. Berries - a must!

9. Mushrooms - definitely!

10. Nuts - of course!

11. Bushes - it’s bad without them!

12. But so that no mosquitoes, no midges, no gadflies, no flies, no ticks, tarantulas, phalanges, no king cobras or vipers.

13. The view from the parking lot should please the eye and caress the soul.

And there should be 113 such points.

Let's not hide the harsh truth: the ideal parking lot that would satisfy all the points is difficult to find, and maybe even impossible.

Therefore, if you come across a parking lot with 77 points, choose it without hesitation, 41 points - and this one will do. You shouldn’t neglect the thirteen-point line either. Finally (which does not happen) a parking lot may turn up that does not satisfy any of the points - stop, because you still need to spend the night...

It is clear that the given “conditions” are an unattainable ideal, to some extent a cartoon, a joke, but nevertheless in every joke...

In the central zone of the country, the main requirement for a bivouac site - safety - is almost always easily satisfied. It is more difficult to choose a place that is convenient and, if possible, picturesque, with water and firewood available. In summer, water is more important in the middle zone; in autumn, winter and spring - firewood, since at this time clean water easier to get (any forest puddle is cleaner than a river). It is undesirable, as already noted, to be located on the river bank below large villages, near industrial enterprises, roadways, power lines, and near bodies of standing water.

The camp site must first be dry.

In mossy taiga forests, finding such a site can be difficult. It is best to be located near a stream or river, in open areas. A breeze blowing through the campsite will protect against midges. In steppe and desert places, on the contrary, it is advisable to set up a camp where there is any vegetation. It is better not to place tents under a tall, spreading tree, as during a thunderstorm it can easily be struck by lightning. When a thunderstorm is approaching, there is no need to stop on ridges, hilltops, or passes. You should not set up camp on flooded river banks, in the beds of dry streams, or on low-lying islands.

The bivouac is located very well if the camp is set up in a picturesque place, with convenient approaches to water, if there is good firewood nearby, the place is protected from the wind in winter and ventilated in summer (in hot weather or in the presence of mosquitoes). It’s not bad if the bivouac site is sheltered and the tents can be stretched between the trees. There should be no tall, rotten trees near the bivouac - they can fall down and fall on people, a fire, or tents. It is good if the camp is illuminated by the sun in the morning (eastern slopes of the hill, eastern edge of the forest, river bank, etc.). Here condensation and dew on tents dry out faster. Of course, it’s nice to stay in a picturesque place and where you can also swim.

The main thing in winter overnight stays is protection from cold, wind, and moisture. It is important to ensure normal rest and sleep. You can spend the night in tents, near fires, in snow huts or caves.

A place for bivouac, especially in the mountains, must be chosen before dark. If you are forced to stop in the dark or in fog, it is necessary to inspect the place within a radius of 200-300 m to ensure its safety. Before going to bed, you need to check how the tents are strengthened and how your property is protected from wind and rain.

In winter, the bivouac is located where there is fuel and dead wood. The best firewood is dried standing spruce and pine. Good hardwood sushi is rare, as it rots quickly. Dry coniferous trees are protected from rotting by resin. However, it is easy to make a mistake with dead wood from conifers: dead pine may not have time to dry and will burn poorly. In a deciduous forest it is more difficult to find good firewood for a large fire, which is necessary in winter for a warm overnight stay.

In winter you need to stop before dark to choose good sushi and cut them in the light. It is good if the winter bivouac site is protected from the wind by dense undergrowth - preferably a spruce forest.

In winter, snow is often cleared to the ground for making a fire, less often for setting up tents; make passages to the fire and toilet, build a windproof wall from snow, etc.

After choosing a place for bivouac, immediately decide where the fire will be, if it is planned: then the places for tents will immediately be determined. Tents are placed no closer than 4-5 m from the fire so that sparks do not fall on them.

Fires, of course, should not be lit on peat bogs, under the crowns of trees and on their roots, near stacks of hay or straw, or near buildings. It is advisable to make a fire in the place of an old fire pit. Fires cannot be lit in forest parks and suburban areas, recreation areas, or on the territory of nature reserves and nature reserves.

Organizing an overnight stay in summer and winter takes up to two hours; Therefore, you have to choose a place before dark. This is especially important in the mountains, since at dusk and at night it is impossible to determine the avalanche danger of the place chosen for bivouac. In a forested area in the mountains, you need to stay away from avalanche clearings. In an open treeless valley, a bivouac can be set up under the protection of rock walls, on a side terrace under rock ridges or on southern rocky slopes free of snow, on the middle part of the glacier away from avalanche-prone northern slopes, under a snow-free slope. If you stop on a closed glacier, you need to fence off the area where cracks are possible. It is better not to be located in crevices with a narrow entrance between stones - it can be blocked with snow in a blizzard. To protect from the wind, it is good to place the tent under a large stone or rock, but without an overhanging snow cornice.

In the mountains, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of the terrain and weather in order to avoid falling under rockfalls, avalanches, landslides, and mudflows. You cannot set up a bivouac on protruding parts of ridges, under cornices and steep slopes, in couloirs and mouth parts of their cones, on fresh (or lying on ice slopes) screes, between seracs and in glacier cracks in the zone of active ice movement.

The bivouac must be designed for sudden deterioration of weather. On the eve of a thunderstorm, all metal objects must be placed in 25-30 m of storage.

It can be very tempting to protect your tent from the wind by placing it under a steep slope or the bank of a stream or river. However, look, is there a snow cornice hanging over the slope? In bad weather, in conditions of poor visibility, the desire to shelter from the wind dulls caution. It is better to build a snow protective wall in an open place, in the wind, during a snowstorm, than to be crushed by a collapsed cornice.

In treeless northern regions, in the tundra, on ice (the Polar Urals, Bolshezemelskaya tundra, etc.), when sleeping in tents, you always have to build a windproof wall around the tent from snow blocks (blizzards often begin suddenly). Therefore, there is no need to stop in places where the snow has been blown away or its depth is not sufficient to obtain snow “bricks”.

There are different opinions about the distance of the wall from the tent. Still, a wall installed close to the tent better protects it from the wind, while it will be shorter, but on the windward side you need to lay out an additional wall to protect the entrance of the tent.

In the mountains, when choosing a place to spend the night, the most heated southern and western slopes during the day are preferred. Here you need to choose a relatively flat area, preferably in a forest, sheltered from the wind. In the forest during cold times, the temperature is several degrees higher, and the wind force is less than in open places. By morning, the difference in temperature and humidity in the forest and in open areas is even greater.

Cold air accumulates in all depressions at night. It is better to place tents, awnings, huts on elevated areas so that the tent does not flood when it rains.

You should not spend the night in the river floodplain. The strip that is filled with flood waters can be identified by a pile of logs, branches, roots, and grass polished by water. The islands between the channels spreading across the wide floodplain are especially dangerous. In mountain gorges, debris from trunks, branches, and roots can form. The water accumulating behind them breaks through the blockage and rushes down in a shaft several meters high. The rate at which the water level rises even in the lower reaches of the gorge is such that it is impossible to escape the flood, especially when setting up an overnight stay on the island.

If you are forced to choose a place to spend the night on the slopes, you must stick to areas on the ridges, but not in the hollows, where fallen stones may fall off. In winter, these places are dangerous for avalanches. Places where rocks fell are usually marked by dents in trees, marks of impacts on executions with stone chips and dust around.

Before a thunderstorm (development of striped cumulonimbus clouds, stuffiness, calm), do not stop on the crests of ridges and under tall trees protruding above the forest background.

In a dense forest, it is better to avoid places where many tree trunks are burned by lightning; More often than other trees, lightning strikes oaks and chestnuts, much less often - beeches, hornbeams, and maples.

It is necessary to carefully examine the trees near the site of the proposed bivouac, identify dry and unstable trunks, dry overhanging branches. Strong gusts of wind can break branches, branches, and trees.

The water source should be close to the bivouac site. In dry times (July - September) the springs may be dry. During prolonged drought, the middle and lower reaches mountain rivers in places of gravel and pebble deposits it can dry out completely, the water flows into the thickness of the sediment.

Water can be found in shady gorges where stream beds are made of rocky soil. More often the sources are located at the sources of the hollows.

The place where groundwater seeps - a hollow - can be excavated with a sharp object (ice pick) and wait for the water to settle.

Near the source, the brightness of the foliage is greater. Water-loving plants - reeds and cattails - can indicate water.

If the water level is lower than what can be reached, then the adsorption water can be collected using a film.

When choosing a bivouac site for water trips, it is desirable that the river bank be convenient for mooring and taking out ships, and have an area for placing ships, tents, and a fire. It is advisable to look for a site in ventilated areas (if there are midges) and at a sufficient height (3-4 m) above the water level, if its rapid rise is possible. This must also be taken into account if you want to stay on the island. The duty officers begin choosing a place for a bivouac half an hour before the planned end of the working day, inspecting the place from the shore. It is advisable to use old sites and fire pits. Even following all the advice given, in order to avoid misunderstandings and false insults, you need to remember that the desire for a better parking lot will haunt you throughout your entire tourist life, but achieving the ideal is almost impossible. The fact is that when choosing a parking lot, several absolute laws discovered by Felix Quadrigin apply. The basic law of parking is harsh and simple, just as all the laws of nature are harsh and simple: the best parking is five hundred meters away.

There are several more minor laws that also cannot be neglected. The first of them is the “Half past six” law, which means that the best parking is found at half past seven in the evening. The law has two more conclusions: a parking lot that comes across at half past seven will be slightly worse, and after half past eight parking disappears completely. On bicycle trips, if the group is provided with tents, the bicycles are placed next to the tent in one tight group. The second car leans against the first one so that the rear wheel of the second one is next to the front wheel of the first one, etc. In inclement weather, cars can be covered with film.

For safety, bicycles must be locked with special locks. You can also stretch a chain between the trunk risers or the frames of the outer cars and hang a lock on its ends.

If a city excursion is planned, it is better to spend the night in the countryside, before reaching the city. In the morning you can already be in the city, and then, after seeing the sights, leave it to spend the night “in nature” again.

On motorcycle trips, it is advisable to choose a place to stay overnight. so that after the rain you can get out on the road without outside help. Hillocks in a pine forest are preferred, where the soil is usually sandy and always dry. It is advisable that when leaving the road it is not necessary! had to overcome the clay rise. It's good to relax away from the noisy highway around the clock. It is better to avoid fords, no matter how attractive the place on the other side may be; It may rain at night and in the morning it will be difficult to overcome the water.

On road trips, if a group travels in 4-5 cars, you can stop overnight anywhere, setting up a guard. You can stop near housing, on the territory of a road repairman, a school, a police station, or a fire station. It is best to stay in campsites where there is security and a number of amenities - a fireplace for cooking, a shower, a toilet. The campsites have inspection pits and car washes.

You need to light a fire, stove or stove further from the car, so that the wind blows from the car to the fire.

It is better to explore the city on foot, leaving your cars for storage.

Work on the bivouac

Work on the bivouac should take the minimum possible time. The sooner they are completed, the more time will be left for rest and movement, that is, for the hike itself. There is no need to save time at the expense of quality of work, ease of rest, or reduction of sleep.

It is highly advisable to carry out all the work at the bivouac (procuring firewood, water, setting up tents, making a fire, lighting a stove or primus, cooking food) in parallel, that is, simultaneously.

Once the fire is lit, buckets of water are hung over the fire. If the bivouac is without a fire, but with stoves or stoves, then pots or buckets are immediately placed on them.

Each of the works at the bivouac is performed by the participants who are assigned to do it. Individual jobs are usually entrusted to those who “specialized” in them, and who do them better and faster. But if one type of work is harder than others, then it is better to do them in turn, for example, preparing firewood for a winter night by the fire. On multi-day hikes, when the conditions are approximately the same, it is better to distribute the work in advance so that all participants “go through” all types of work. For example, today two people are on duty - lighting and maintaining a fire, working with a stove or primus stove, preparing food; tomorrow they prepare fuel (“loggers”), and the day after tomorrow they set up tents (“house builders”). Thus, everyone does everything, is trained in all tourist work, no one has a reason to be offended. Naturally, women should not do heavy work such as felling, cutting and carrying trees.

With good organization, work at the bivouac is usually completed by the time dinner is ready. This leaves enough time for rest and sleep.

Work at the bivouac must be distributed immediately upon arrival at the site or even earlier. The order of work depends on the type of tourism and specific conditions, on the number of people in the group and their experience. In a similar group, the leader does not particularly need to distribute and manage work; experienced tourists immediately see what needs to be done first in each case.

If there is little dead wood and fallen trees at the bivouac site, then more people prepare firewood; If it is approaching or already raining, then immediately set up tents.

On ski trips in treeless areas, first of all, snow bricks and blocks are prepared for a windproof wall, a tent is set up and a wall is built around it, taking into account the expected weather (on the windward side or surrounding the entire tent with it to the maximum height). In winter taiga hikes, the priority work is procuring fuel and setting up tents or equipping a place to spend the night (arranging a camp - compacting a site for a tent, preparing a fire and paths for it and a toilet, installing awnings, flooring, etc.). On water trips, the first thing to do is unload the ships and take them ashore.

In a similar group, all work proceeds without unnecessary fuss and as if slowly. Nevertheless, setting up camp from the moment of stopping until the end of all evening work takes no more than two, and sometimes one and a half hours, which is quite good. The same amount of time should be spent winding down camp in the morning (from getting up to leaving). In such a group, people do not sit idle while others are working, but look for it, helping others until the work is finished. You need to make it a rule not to rummage through other people’s backpacks (you’re unlikely to find the thing you need anyway), but to return what you take from a friend into his hands.

Those on duty who prepare food in the morning (preferably the same ones who cooked it the night before) get up half an hour (or more) before the general rise. Everything that is needed to make a fire or light a primus stove and stove (kindling, firewood, water, food) is prepared in the evening. Firewood must be protected from rain or dew at night; If it’s winter, prepare the water in the evening, and if the source is far away, then in the summer too.

It makes sense to assign people on duty “to a given bivouac,” then both in the evening and in the morning they know where everything is and how best to use it. It’s better to start your duty with lunch and end with breakfast.

All participants, except those on duty, can be almost “assembled”, and the camp is basically collapsed before the start of breakfast. When breakfast is ready, all work is interrupted so as not to delay the attendants and the exit in general. It is advisable that the buckets after meals are washed by past or future people on duty, since today’s people on duty already have a lot to do.

Leave the bivouac in such a way that others will want to stay here and they will not have to look for another site, build a fire in a fresh place and re-equip everything. Burn the trash, bury the burnt cans, put the tent pegs and remaining firewood near the fire. After cleaning the bivouac, be sure to fill the fire with water or cover it with earth, even if the fire was lit far from trees and forests. This rule cannot be violated, because, having violated it once, it is easy to allow yourself to violate it again.

Unextinguished fire in the forest is a criminal offense.

When leaving, inspect the bivouac to see if things have been forgotten. The bivouac is inspected by those on duty or those assigned to do so, otherwise everyone can rely on others.

Accommodations

In summer they usually spend the night in tents or under awnings, in winter you can spend the night by a fire, under a canopy or awning, on a fireplace, in a tent without a stove, in a tent with a stove for heating, in a tent with primus stoves for cooking (in treeless areas).

Each of these sleeping methods has its own advantages and disadvantages.

When spending the night by the fire, the weight of the equipment for the night is small (tent, axes, saws, buckets), but the work of setting up a winter bivouac is very labor-intensive - preparing thick logs for the fire requires a lot of effort, and the overnight stay is not very comfortable and warm.

Staying overnight in a tent with a stove equipped for heating and cooking gives best vacation, the greatest comfort, but requires special equipment - a stove, which not everyone can make. Preparing firewood will not take much time and effort: one medium-sized sushi is enough to provide the stove with fuel for the evening, night and morning.

In treeless areas there is nothing to make a fire from and there is nothing to “feed” the stove. This can happen not only in uninhabited tundra, steppe or desert areas, but also vice versa, in densely populated places where, on the banks of picturesque rivers, lakes and reservoirs near large cities, numerous vacationers have long burned all the dead wood, dead wood and dry tree branches (and some -where there are even living trees themselves). In these cases, tourists have to take with them camp stoves (“bumblebee”, “tourist”) with a supply of gasoline, and less often - gas stoves.

For a group of 9-11 people, two “bumblebee” Primus stoves and gasoline are enough at an approximate rate of 1 liter per day in winter and 0.7 liters in summer and autumn. If you cook food on primus stoves in a large tent, then even. In winter, when it’s frosty, the tent will have a positive temperature while the primus stoves are working. In the tent there is a special corner for primus stoves - the kitchen, under which it is advisable to have a small threshold on top and on the sides. In the tent where the stove is heated or primus stoves are used, a hole is made in the upper part for ventilation, smoke and water vapor to escape. When lighting, installing and removing buckets, the stove always smokes a little; buckets and pans, when water boils in them and food is cooked, always steam a little, especially with the lids removed. Therefore, if you do not make holes, the tent will be smoky and the walls will sweat.

Some designs of tents, including large collective ones, and stoves for heating and cooking are described in the section on bivouac equipment.

When using stoves and primus stoves, safety precautions must be observed. The pipe from the stove passes through a hole in the roof or wall of the tent. Around the pipe, the tent fabric is replaced with 15-20 cm of non-flammable asbestos or fiberglass. A spark arrestor deflector is placed on the pipe outside the tent. You cannot use stoves in tents made of nylon fabric: despite the presence of spark arresters, a small part of the sparks can get on the nylon fabric and burn it.

Primus stoves and gas stoves need to be carefully adjusted before going on a trip. Along the route, their work is always monitored by one participant who has studied them well and adjusted them before the trip. He must teach everyone else how to properly handle primus stoves and gas stoves.

It is advisable to light primus stoves outside the tent or, in extreme cases in winter, in the “kitchen”, behind the canopy.

Collapse of the camp

This event is carried out every time after an overnight stay and should be organized so that no more than two hours are spent on it, including during this time washing, breakfast, washing dishes, folding tents, packing backpacks and cleaning the area. When packing a backpack, the main thing is not to forget anything; it is unlikely that you will be able to return for a forgotten item.

The fire on which breakfast was cooked must be thoroughly filled with water. It is necessary to remember, among other things, that people who leave a fire in the forest unextinguished are subject to criminal liability.

Before laying tents, if necessary, they should be thoroughly dried, otherwise within one season the tent fabric will dry out and the tent will become unusable. Folding a tent alone is inconvenient and time-consuming; it is best to do it together.

There are several ways to fold a tent.

1. The tent must be taken by the ridge eyes and raised so that it is completely suspended. Then you need to take the ears on the corners of one of the wings (slopes) of the tent and connect them with the ridge ones. Then, from the same side of the tent, grab the floor ears and connect them too.

The second side of the tent must be done in exactly the same way. All guy wires need to be thrown into the middle - between the ridge and the roof slope, and the front and back walls should be tucked inside.

After this, the tent must be laid on the ground and all folds straightened out. You will get a long strip, half the width of the tent floor. It will need to be rolled at both ends, towards each other into two rollers. Then place these two rollers vertically in the backpack - they will take a very convenient position for carrying.

They begin laying it in exactly the same way as in the first two methods, but after the tent is laid out on the ground and straightened, they fold it widthwise several times, starting from one end or both (Fig. 47).

If you want the tent to take up as little space as possible, you should start laying it in the same way as in the first case, but release one of the guy ropes and leave it outside. Once the tent is spread out on the ground, fold it in half again in length and roll it into one mulberry roll. You can tightly tie the roller with a loose stretch (Fig. 46).

It is very convenient to carry a tent rolled into a rectangle under the flap of a backpack.

4. The fourth method of laying a tent is used in cases where the side slopes of the tent got wet during the night, but the floor remained dry. You need to take the tent by the middle of the floor and lift it up (the same way as in the first method you lifted it by the ridge). Move the side walls and slopes to the sides and down, trying to straighten them so that they take up as little space as possible and do not bunch up (Fig. 48).

After this, the tent needs to be folded in half widthwise. Having straightened the folds, the tent is folded in width again. It is then twisted at one or both ends. A dry floor will only have a small area of ​​fabric in contact with wet slopes.

To pack a tent in a backpack in the rain, when there is no way to dry it, you need to have a bag made of polyethylene or any other waterproof material so as not to wet or stain other things in the backpack. So, the dishes are washed, the tents are folded, the backpacks are packed. Can I go? No, not everything is done after spending the night at the bivouac. It is necessary to tidy up the place where the group spent the night.

It is advisable to plan the winding down of the base camp in large blocks in advance, even before setting up, with personal responsibility for documents, equipment, radio, rescue fund, stove. Of course, the plan is adjusted immediately before the start of winding down, but the basic distribution of responsibilities remains. Personal responsibility to the team disciplines. Thus, the participant responsible for packing the top and handing over the club tents below will keep their condition under control during the existence of the base camp. Time should also be clearly allocated. In the purely technical side of collection and packaging, there are usually no ambiguities.

CONCLUSION

After leaving, the base camp site should be the same or cleaner than before arriving. Sorting and personalization of equipment, all mutual settlements based on descriptions, photographs of routes, and personal equipment should be completed in the camp; after returning down, lack of time and forgetfulness will lead to losses and unnecessary reproaches. If during the work of the offsite event one of the leaders or participants came into contact with the local population, then when winding down the work, a farewell ritual is required. It would be good if the expedition could also present memorable gifts in the form of badges, pennants, etc.

LIST OF SOURCES

http://freeturist.info/

hibaratxt.narod.ru/crib-turist/ bivak i/index01.htm

http://tourlib.net/books_tourism/spravochnik06.htm

http://freeturist.info/camp_end.php