The Republic of Mordovia- a subject of the Russian Federation, part of the Volga Federal District.

Square— 26.2 thousand sq. km.
The length from west to east is about 280 km, from north to south - from 55 to 140 km.

Population- 826.6 thousand people (data from the city)
Population density - 31.6 people. per 1 sq. km.

Capital city ​​of Saransk.

Geographical position.
The republic is located on the eastern part of the East European Plain. Its western part is located on the Oka-Don Plain, the central and eastern parts - on the Volga Upland. The highest point of the republic - 324 m.

Borders:
In the north - with the Nizhny Novgorod region;
in the northeast - with Chuvashia;
in the east - with the Ulyanovsk region;
in the south - with the Penza region;
in the west - with the Ryazan region.

Climate.
The climate is temperate continental, with a pronounced seasonality (seasons). The average annual air temperature is 3-4 °C. Average January temperature: -11.5 -12.3 °C.
Average July temperature: +18.9 +19.8 °С. The average annual precipitation is 480 mm. Most of the precipitation (up to 70%) falls as rain.

Water resources.
On the territory of the Republic of Mordovia, there are about 1525 rivers, streams, streams and other small drains with a total length of 9250 km. More than half of them are small, with a small and very small extent. The main rivers are Sura, Alatyr, Insar, Pyana, Moksha, Sivin, Issa, Vad, Partsa, Vysha.

There are hundreds of lakes. The largest lake is located in the valley of the river Sura - Inerka. It is about 3 km long, 100-150 m wide, and up to 11 m deep.

Bogs and wetlands are located mainly in the floodplains of rivers, they are found in low places of gullies and ravines, especially in their upper reaches. The main areas occupied by swamps are located in the valleys of the Sura, Alatyr, Moksha, Vada, Insara rivers.

Rivers freeze in late November - early December. The ice stays for 4-5 months, its thickness reaches 85 cm, and in severe winters the rivers freeze up to 115 cm.

Vegetable world.
The vegetation cover of the republic at present is an alternation of forests with arable land and small areas of steppe meadows or meadow steppes. Forests occupy an area of ​​744.3 thousand hectares, which is 27% of the territory. Forests in Mordovia are mixed with a predominance of small-leaved species: birch, alder, linden. Significant areas of hardwoods: oak, ash, maple. A quarter of the forests are coniferous, consisting mainly of pine and spruce. There are especially many coniferous forests in the largest forest area in the west of the republic, in the Mordovian State Reserve.

Animal world.
The fauna of Mordovia is very diverse, due to the proximity of forests and steppes, and the forbidden hunting zone of the Mordovian State Reserve serves as a nursery for many animals. The fauna of the reserve includes 51 species of mammals, 175 species of birds, 29 species of fish, 1117 species of insects.

Many valuable fur animals live on the territory of the republic: martens, badgers, squirrels, hares, weasels. Of the large predators, the wolf and the fox are ubiquitous, in remote places there are bear and lynx. In recent years, the number of elk has grown significantly. Of the rodents, squirrels, hare are common, there are many ground squirrels, jerboas, and shrews in the fields. Beavers live in the water, there are many muskrats, desmans, and otters.

The bird fauna is represented by a large number of songbirds, many pigeons, capercaillie and black grouse have been preserved in remote places.

Among the fish species are bream, ide, chub, pike, burbot, catfish, there are many carp in floodplain lakes.

Minerals.
On the territory of the Republic, 266 deposits and manifestations of solid minerals and 759 peat deposits and manifestations have been recorded. Deposits of common minerals predominate, most of which are building materials: sands, clays, loams, carbonate and siliceous rocks.

Mineral water.
On the territory of the republic, mineral waters are extracted, intended for the treatment of the digestive organs (sites Saransky, Kovylkinsky and Yasnopolyansky) and

mineral medicinal waters belonging to the balneological group of bromine chloride-sodium waters, which are used in balneotherapy in the form of baths, therapeutic showers and pools for the treatment of a wide range of diseases of the cardiovascular, nervous, musculoskeletal systems and chronic gynecological diseases (sites Saransky and Yasnopolyansky ).

Attractions.

Church Tikhvin icon Mother of God.
It is located in the Temnikovsky district, in the village of Urey-3, which was part of the possession of the baptized Tatar princely family of the Divletkeldievs. The stone Tikhvin temple with the Sergiev-Radonezh chapel was built in 1765. This is one of the few Baroque buildings left on the territory of Mordovia. In 1784, at the stone church, a second, wooden Nikolskaya church was built, with side chapels in the name of the Holy Great Martyr George the Victorious and the Great Martyr Paraskeva. In Soviet times, the wooden church perished, while the stone church survived, but lost its bell tower. The temple is a monument of history and architecture of federal significance in accordance with Decree No. 176 of February 20, 1995.

Mordovian State Nature Reserve named after P. G. Smidovich.
The reserve was created on March 5, 1936 by the Decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, located on the wooded right bank of the Moksha River (left tributary of the Oka), on the territory of the Temnikovsky district. The area is 32,148 hectares. The main tasks of the reserve at the time of its creation were the preservation and restoration of the forest massif of the southern spur of the taiga zone, the conservation and enrichment of the animal world through the reacclimatization and acclimatization of the most valuable species, the study of harmful entomofauna and the search for rational methods of dealing with it.

"AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF MORDOVIA: SPECIES DIVERSITY, DISTRIBUTION, POPULATION SARANSK PUBLISHING HOUSE OF MORDOVIAN ..."

-- [ Page 1 ] --

A. B. Ruchin, M. K. Ryzhov

AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF MORDOVIA:

SPECIES DIVERSITY,

SPREADING,

POPULATION

SARANSK

PUBLISHING HOUSE OF MORDOVIAN UNIVERSITY

UDC 597.6: 598.1 (470.345)

R e e n s e n t s:

Department of Zoology, Tambov State University (acting head of the department, Candidate of Biological Sciences

Associate Professor G. A. Lada) Doctor of Biological Sciences Professor B. D. Vasiliev (Moscow State University) Ruchin A. B.

P921 Ruchin A. B., Ryzhov M. K. Amphibians and reptiles of Mordovia: species diversity, distribution, abundance. - Saransk: Publishing House of Mordov. un-ta, 2006. - 160 p.

The monograph presents the results of our own studies of amphibians and reptiles of Mordovia, carried out in 2000–2005. There are 11 species of amphibians and 6 species of reptiles on the territory of the republic. Possibly living species include the marsh turtle, the steppe viper and the water snake. For each species, a brief description, range, nature of distribution in the republic and abundance of the species are given. A detailed analysis of the distribution and population systems of green frogs of the Rana esculenta complex is given, as well as the results of a study of amphibians and reptiles in the city of Saransk. The monograph is intended for biologists and ecologists, students, graduate students and teachers of biological specialties, as well as for a wide range of non-specialists interested in issues of batracho- and herpetology and nature conservation.

ISBN 5 - 7103 - 1323 - 8 UDC 597.6: 598.1 (470.345) BBK E 6 P921 Ruchin, M.K. Ryzhov, 2006

FOREWORD

Amphibians and reptiles are one of the important elements of ecosystems. The significance of these animals in nature is great and varied. First, by eating a significant amount of invertebrates, they can, to a certain extent, reduce the biomass of phytophages. On the other hand, they are food for consumers of the second and higher orders and constitute one of the links in the food chain. Amphibians and reptiles are united by the old name "reptiles". Despite the wide distribution of these groups of animals and their availability for observation, many aspects of their biology remain unexplored.

In the last decade, batracho- and herpetology in a number of regions of Russia, after a break, has experienced a noticeable rise. 3 conferences of herpetologists of the Volga region (Togliatti, 1995, 1999, 2003) and 3 interregional meetings on the study of amphibians of the Volga basin (N. Novgorod, 2002) were held;

Saransk, 2003; Tambov, 2004) (Ruchin and Pestov, 2003; Lada et al., 2004). Works have been published on the distribution of amphibians and reptiles in the territories of the Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Penza, Vladimir, Ulyanovsk, Perm, Saratov regions, as well as a number of republics. Candidate's dissertations were defended on the ecological and biological characteristics of amphibians and reptiles in the Nizhny Novgorod, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Saratov regions, Kalmykia, Bashkiria, Udmurtia, Tatarstan.

A recent summary (Astradamov et al., 2002) also provides a cadastral summary from the territory of Mordovia. However, the amount of material presented in it clearly did not give a complete picture of the distribution and abundance of species of batracho- and herpetofauna, and often, as it turned out later, contradicted reality. This monograph is the result of six years of special research devoted to the study of "reptiles" in the Republic of Mordovia. They were started by the authors in 2000, but the batracho- and herpetofauna have been studied more deeply and systematically since 2002. The impetus for such studies was precisely the above summary. We do not pretend to be a comprehensive description of the distribution and abundance of amphibians and reptiles in Mordovia. Such work should be carried out for decades, and this monograph will serve as its beginning.

This monograph consists of seven parts. Species essays are based solely on our observations and research. In some cases (for example, the spread of verdigris), literary data were used for a more objective picture. Some chapters contain photographs of biotopes characteristic of individual species. Annexes 1 and 2 contain materials on species cadastre and species lists. Appendix 3 presents a complete list of works (1790–2005) that, to one degree or another, deal with amphibians and reptiles of the republic. Appendix 4 contains a list of museum collections from the territory of Mordovia.

IN tasks research included:

Clarification of the species diversity of amphibians and reptiles of the republic;

Study of distribution of representatives of batracho- and herpetofauna on the territory of the republic;

Study of the abundance of amphibians and reptiles in Mordovia;

Study of the Rana esculenta complex in the Republic (exact identification, distribution features, biotopes);

Study of species diversity, distribution, abundance, biotopes of species living in urban areas (Saransk);

Determination of morphometric characteristics of species from the territory of the Republic of Mordovia.

All illustrations (with the exception of individual photographs provided by O.N. Artaev) were made by A.B. Ruchin. The authors are grateful for the help and advice during the preparation of the manuscript by L.Ya. Borkin (Zoological Institute RAS), G.A. Lade (Tambov University), V.I. Garanin (Kazan University), A.G. Bakiev (Institute of Ecology of the Volga Basin, Russian Academy of Sciences). Separately, I would like to thank S.N. Litvinchuk and Yu.M. Rozanov (Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences) for painstaking processing of material on green frogs by DNA cytometry. The authors are grateful for the help in collecting field material to the students of the Mordovian University E.A. Lobachev, O.N. Artaev, S.V. Lukiyanov, M.A. Radaeva (Mironova), E.N. Salnikov, A.A. Bashkaikin, I.V. Skvortsova. A significant part of the work was supported by the Federal Target Program "Integration" (project E-0121).

TO THE HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES

ON THE TERRITORY OF MODERN MORDOVIA

The fauna of Mordovia is the object of systematic and versatile environmental research since the early 1960s. Expedition of Academician P.S. Pallas from August 19 to September 9, 1768 crossed the territory of the republic from north to south along the line Murom - Arzamas - Saransk - Penza - Simbirsk

- Spasskoye - Stavropol - Simbirsk - Stavropol - Samara (Garanin, Bakiyev, 2004). However, there are no mentions of the "reptiles" of Mordovia in "Journeys through different provinces of the Russian state" (1773-1778).

In 1888 N.A. Varpakhovsky (cited in: Garanin, 1971) compiled a list of amphibians and reptiles in the Nizhny Novgorod province, the southern districts of which later became the territory of Mordovia. M.D. Ruzsky (1894), who was engaged in herpetological collections in the Surye, noted 6 species of amphibians and 2 species of reptiles in the Ardatovsky district (now the Ardatovsky district of Mordovia). The list of amphibians and reptiles of the Penza province, the northern part of which later became part of Mordovia, included “toad, green tree frog, green frog, newt, common lizard, green lizard, common snake, viper” (Spravochnaya kniga…, 1901, p. 38). Detailed characteristics of the batracho- and herpetofauna of the floodplain of the river. Alatyr is given by B. Zhitkov (1900).

Some information about the herpetofauna of the western part of Mordovia, which was part of the Tambov province, is given by S.A. Predtechensky (1928). Unfortunately, the author did not indicate specific distribution points of the species.

After the organization of the Mordovian Reserve, the expedition of S.S. Turov. The published lists (Ptushenko, 1938) mention 8 species of amphibians and 4 species of reptiles. Rare species included the common newt Triturus vulgaris (Linnaeus, 1758), the green toad Bufo viridis Laurenti, 1768, the lake frog Rana ridibunda Pallas, 1771, and the viviparous lizard Zootoca vivipara (Jacquin, 1787). In the future, I.I. BarabashNikiforov (1958) added 4 species to the list. The species composition of amphibians and reptiles of the reserve is indicated in the faunistic review (Tereshkin et al., 1989). The most numerous are the gray toad Bufo bufo (Linnaeus, 1758), the pond Rana lessonae Camerano, 1882, and the moor frog Rana arvalis Nilsson, 1842, the agile lizard Lacerta agilis Linnaeus, 1758, and the common grass snake Natrix natrix (Linnaeus, 1758). A summary of amphibians and reptiles of the Mordovian Reserve has been published (Ryzhov et al., 2005).

In the 1950s–1960s IN AND. Garanin carried out counts of amphibians and reptiles in the Volga-Kama region. His research also covered the eastern part of Mordovia, in particular, the Surye region and the environs of the city of Saransk (Garanin, 1968, 1971, 1983; Borkin et al., 1979). Later, this author (Garanin, 2000) published a list of cadastral points on the territory of Mordovia. More recently (Astradamov et al., 2002) another cadastral summary has appeared. In a number of works (Smirina, 1974; Quick lizard, 1976; Borkin et al., 2003, 2003a; Khalturin et al., 2003; Bakiyev et al., 2004; Borkin et al., 1979; Babik et al., 2004; Lada et al.,

2005) provides information obtained from samples from the territory of the republic.

The most complete and systematic studies of the amphibian ecology of Mordovia, and more precisely, the Middle Surye, were carried out from 1968 to 1977. During this time, 269 route surveys with a total length of over 143 km were laid (Astradamov, 1975; Astradamov, Alysheva, 1979a). 10 species of amphibians were identified, which were divided into three groups: those living in the floodplain on continental terraces, living in the floodplain on non-flooded terraces, and aquatic. The moor frog was the dominant species in the pine forests of the Middle Surye. The feeding habits of this species were studied (Makarov and Astradamov, 1975). More than 130 species of invertebrates, the majority of which were insects, have been noted in the stomachs of the moor frog. The authors made interesting calculations, according to which 10,000 specimens of moor frogs on an area of ​​100 hectares in 5 months destroy 15 million specimens of animals, of which 9 million are "harmful". The feeding spectra of the toad Bombina bombina (Linnaeus, 1761), the green toad, the spadefoot Pelobates fuscus (Laurenti, 1768), pond and lake frogs, and the lizard were also determined (Astradamov, 1973, 1975; Ryzhov et al., 2004). The place of amphibians in the food chains of some lakes has been studied (Astradamov et al., 1970).

In another work (Astradamov, Alysheva, 1979), the dynamics of the number of amphibians in the Simkinsky Reserve is characterized using Lake Baikal as an example. Trostnoye for a ten-year period. The average weight and total biomass of individual species are given, the first place among which in terms of abundance and biomass was occupied by the moor frog and spadefoot (land species) and the pond frog (aquatic form). Interestingly, the abundance of the lake frog is 5.5 times lower than that of the pond frog. In addition, only 8 species of amphibians are mentioned in the article, while earlier (Astradamov, 1975) there were 10 of them. The authors do not discuss this circumstance.

In 1986–1996 V.S. Vechkanov et al. (1998) conducted surveys in closed water bodies of the floodplain of the river. Sura. Stationary observations were again carried out on the territory of the Simkinsky forestry on Lake. Cane. The number of amphibians varied over the years. In 1986–1988 on the spawning grounds, the toad frog, the pond frog and the moor frog alternately took the lead. The concentration of larvae by mid-July was 8.4 ind./m2. Since 1989, a rapid decline in the abundance of the toad began, which by 1994 (June) had fallen to 0.03 ind./m2. Since 1992, the concentration of moor frog spawners on spawning grounds has decreased to 2.5 ind./m2 (for comparison: in 1988 - 614 ind./m2). In 2001–2002 not a single toad was found at the same station (Ruchin and Ryzhov, 2003a). In the same years, the number of common toad and spadefoot increased.

The authors indicate that the noted dynamics coincided with an increase in the processes of eutrophication of closed floodplain water bodies, their strong overgrowth over time due to the long-term absence of full-fledged spring floods of the river.

The article by V.I. Astradamova and G.I. Alysheva (1979a), which presents the results of studying some aspects of the ecology and behavior of amphibians. The authors showed that an increase in stocking density of marsh and pond frog tadpoles accelerates their development and inhibits their growth. Positive phototaxis of larvae of spadefoot, toad, lake and pond frogs was also noticed in the cages, which gathered to the eastern wall of the cage in the morning, dispersed along it in the afternoon, and moved towards the western wall in the evening in accordance with the sunset. Observations of the daily movements of brown frogs showed that they cover about 100 m per day. The authors identified 6 environmental factors, depending on which nocturnal toads and spadefoot sharply increase their activity in the daytime. The study of spatial orientation showed that when returning to the "native" reservoir, some species of amphibians largely use sight and smell.

Two papers (Alba et al., 1995; Specially Protected..., 1997) present a preliminary list of amphibians in the Smolny National Park (NP Smolny). More detailed studies of this specially protected natural area identified the common frog (Rana temporaria Linnaeus, 1758) as rare and small in number (Alba et al., 2000). In the publication of V.A.

Kuznetsova (2002), this species is classified as common. There are other discrepancies in the mentioned works. As an interesting faunal find, the discovery in the pond of the village. Lesnoy (Aleksandrovskoye forestry) of an edible frog (Alba et al., 2000), which was determined on the basis of morphometric parameters (see below) and subsequently confirmed on the basis of bioacoustic and cytometric data (Grishutkin, 2003; Ruchin et al., 2005a).

General information about the biology and distribution of rare amphibians and reptiles is presented in some works (Alba, 1983; Astradamov and Vorsobina, 1988; Alba and Vechkanov, 1992; Ruchin et al., 2003; Ruchin and Ryzhov, 2004a; Ryzhov et al., 2003 ). In the second work, the common toad, the common frog, the spindle Anguis fragilis Linnaeus, 1758, the copperhead Coronella austriaca Laurenti, 1768, the viviparous lizard, and the steppe viper Vipera renardi (Christoph, 1861) are classified as rare species. The presence of the latter species in the region at that time was not scientifically confirmed. However, this was also pointed out by V.I. Garanin (1971), who noted the northward movement of some species due to climatic and anthropogenic factors. Although the authors (Astradamov, Vorsobina, 1988) point out that the steppe viper "is rare in the territory of Mordovia" (p.

97), i.e. present, but no documentary evidence is provided.

In other works, only reptiles are classified as rare species. The latest summary of rare plant and animal species recommended in the Red Data Book of Mordovia (List of Rare..., 2002; Ruchin, 2003) includes 4 amphibian species and 2 reptile species. A detailed analysis of the common frog distribution in Mordovia was made by us (Ruchin and Ryzhov, 2004). In 2005, the Red Book of Mordovia was published, including 4 amphibian species and 3 reptile species.

Previously, 10 species of amphibians were indicated for the territory of Mordovia (Alba, 1983; Geography of the Mordovian ASSR, 1983; Astradamov and Lysenkov, 1985; Yamashkin, 1998; Kamenev et al., 2000; Astradamov et al., 2001). Thanks to the latest more accurate studies (Ruchin, 2002), the presence of 11 species has been shown. The species diversity of reptiles in the republic includes 6 (Lapshin et al., 1996), 7 (Kamenev et al., 2000), or 8 species (Kuznetsov et al., 2000). In the last work, the steppe viper and the marsh turtle (Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758)) are listed. We mentioned the steppe viper above. Encounters of the marsh turtle in the territory of Mordovia are reliably known from the Mordovia Reserve and the city of Saransk (Astradamov et al., 2002). However, it is still premature to talk about natural populations of the species.

In conclusion of the review of articles, we will make a few remarks regarding the Latin names of animals (Ruchin and Ryzhov, 2003). The moored frog appears in most works as Rana terrestris Andrzejowski, 1832, but L.Ya. Borkin (1975) pointed out that correct name species - R. arvalis. In this regard, it is not entirely clear why the old name is retained in relatively recent works (Lapshin et al., 1996; Vechkanov et al., 1998). The pond frog is referred to in these publications as R. esculenta, which we noted separately (Ruchin et al., 2002). At the same time, the hybrid complex of Central European green frogs includes three species: R. ridibunda, R. esculenta, R.

lessonae (Ananyeva et al., 1998; Kuzmin, 1999). The last Latin name is considered correct.

–  –  –

The Republic of Mordovia is located in the center of the Russian Plain between longitudes 42 11 and 46045/E and 53038/ and 55011/N on the southwestern periphery of the Volga basin in the interfluve of the Moksha and Sura (Fig. 1).

The maximum length from west to east is 298 km, from north to south - up to 140 km. Most of the territory is located in the northwestern region of the layered-tier Volga Upland, which in the west of the republic passes into the layered Oka-Don lowland. This determines the general trend of decreasing activity of erosion-denudation processes from the southeast to the northwest (Yamashkin, 1998, 1999).

Rice. 1. Geographical position of the Republic of Mordovia.

The erosion-denudation plain, characterized by significant erosion dissection, occupies the southern and southeastern parts of Mordovia. From the surface, it is "armored" with resistant siliceous-carbonate rocks of the Oligocene age. The remnant-watershed massifs have maximum absolute elevations on the territory of the republic of 280–320 m (up to 334 m in the Chamzinsky district). The depth of the erosion cut reaches 100–120 m. The minimum absolute heights are noted in the Sura valley (89 m). Long-term tectonic inversions have led to the active development of erosion processes.

The density of linear erosional forms in some areas exceeds 1 km/km2. Almost everywhere on watershed massifs and steep slopes, outcrops of carbonate and siliceous-carbonate rocks are observed. On the lower parts of the slopes, they are overlain by thin (2–5 m) Quaternary formations (Yamashkin, 1999). A secondary moraine plain of Late Pleistocene age extends to the west and north of the erosion-denudation upland. The boundary between them is well marked in the relief by a ledge about 80 m high. The maximum absolute heights of the plain are 270–280 m. They are confined to the watersheds of the rivers of central and western Mordovia. The watershed spaces of the secondary moraine plains, flat-convex and convex, have a width of 2-3 km, the depth of the erosion incision is 60-80 m. To the east of the river. Insar, denudation remnants are observed.

Many remnants are called "mountains" and have their own names:

Piksiasi, Kamenka, Piterka, and others (Yamashkin, 1999). In the basins of the Vad and Sivin rivers, in the Moksha-Alatyr interfluve, along the left bank of the Alatyr, a water-glacial plain with absolute elevations of 150–180 m is widespread. It is characterized by the widest watersheds up to 8–10 km, gentle and poorly dissected slopes. The depth of the erosion incision does not exceed 30–40 m. The surfaces of the watersheds of the plain are quite often complicated by dunes and suffusion, and in the interfluve of the Moksha and Alatyr by karst depressions (Yamashkin, 1999).

On the territory of the republic there are 1525 watercourses with a total length of 9250 km. A large proportion of the river network falls on rivers and streams less than 10 km long - 1320. The main rivers of the territory are: Sura, Alatyr, Insar, Pyana, Moksha, Sivin, Issa, Vad, Partsa, Vysha. Of these, 24 small rivers and 286 very small rivers and streams flow into the Sura, forming the Sura basin (eastern part of Mordovia), 30 small rivers and 385 very small rivers and streams flow into Moksha, forming the Moksha basin (western part of Mordovia). There are several thousand lakes, ponds and reservoirs in Mordovia. In total, the water area is 21,000 hectares, 14,500 hectares of territory are under the swamps.

The climate of Mordovia is determined by its physical and geographical position in the temperate zone of the center of the Russian Plain, which is characterized by a clear expression of the seasons. The influx of direct solar radiation varies from 5.0 in December to 58.6 kJ/cm2 in June. The total radiation for the year is 363.8 kJ/cm2, the radiation balance is 92.1 kJ/cm2. The average annual air temperature ranges from 3.5 to 4.0 0C. The average January temperature is from -11.5 to -

12.30C, there are drops to -470C. The average July temperature is from +18.9 to +19.80С, the extreme value is up to +370С.

2.2. Botanical and geographical zoning of the Republic of Mordovia On the basis of many years of research by botanists of the Mordovian University, botanical and geographical zoning of the Republic of Mordovia was carried out (Astradamov et al., 2002). In accordance with it, it is subdivided into 8 botanical and geographical regions (Fig. 2).

1. Boreal region with two sub-regions:

1 a. Moksha boreal subregion. The nature of the flora and vegetation is determined by the distribution of sandy Quaternary deposits. Pine and pine-broad-leaved forests with a greater or lesser proportion of spruce are widespread here. On the territory of the Mordovia Reserve there are small areas of pure spruce forests. Small-leaved forests - birch and aspen forests - predominate in clearings and on the site of fires. The area is characterized by the presence of many boreal species: common juniper, northern linnaea, phegopteris binding, white-backed protruding, broad-leaved sedge, two-seeded sedge, hedgehog sedge, kumanika, alpine pondweed, cereal pondweed, dull pondweed. It is this region that is characterized by the presence of small transitional and raised bogs with many taiga species, such as marsh cranberries, marsh scheuchzeria, swamp sedge, string-root sedge.

1 b. Alatyr boreal subregion. The flora and vegetation of this subarea resembles subarea 1a in many respects. However, it can be noted that the proportion of spruce is less in coniferous and mixed forests. It is likely that some kind of western gravity is absent here. For example, until the prostrate shield was found here. And only in this area is the northern orchid gammar marsh so far known.

2. The Primokshansky steppe region covers a vast region of chernozems in the left-bank part of Moksha. The steppes of the region are almost completely plowed up and occupied by agricultural land. Apparently, their species composition was quite typical for northern meadow steppes. The surviving areas with fragments of steppe vegetation are confined to the slopes of ravines and gullies, to river valleys. Steppe tracts rich in species composition have been preserved near the village. Surgod, Torbeevsky district, near the village. Troitsk, Kovylkinsky district. Feather grass, hairy feather grass, rich herbs are marked on them. The region is characterized by the presence in the steppe groups of steppe sage, false veronica, in the south of changeable carnation.

3. The Rudnyansky steppe region adjoins the Pochinkovsky region of the Nizhny Novgorod region and is its continuation. On the territory of the Republic of Mordovia, it is completely plowed up, the steppe vegetation has been destroyed and is represented only by individual species.

4. The Insar oak forest region covers a vast array of gray forest soils, which in the past was occupied by continuous broad-leaved forests. At present, broad-leaved forests and aspen forests in their place Fig. 2. Botanical and geographical zoning of the Republic of Mordovia. The dashed lines show the borders of the BGR, the numbers show their numbers given in the text.

preserved in small patches. This region is characterized by Beneken's rump, prickly sedge, tall wrestler, brittle vesicle, and plain maple is found in the south of the region. The southern edges and glades of these forests are considerably steppe.

5. The Saransk steppe region covers the territories adjacent to the river.

Insar. It is characterized by a high degree of development, a large percentage of the territory is occupied settlements, industrial and agricultural enterprises. Steppe associations are preserved along the slopes of gullies and ravines. Some steppe species are noted only in this floristic region: perennial flax, pale rank, Germanic elecampane, hairy breast, squat skullcap, creeping tar.

6. The Chamzinsky carbonate region covers most of eastern Mordovia. Based on the predominance of chernozem soils in this area, it can be assumed that steppe vegetation was widespread here in the past, and leached chernozems indicate that upland oak forests were also encountered earlier. In general, this area is difficult to distinguish from the previous one. But the Chamzinsky district is characterized, first of all, by the peculiar flora of the Alatyr swell, where carbonate outcrops are widespread. Therefore, the flora includes not only steppe, but also pronounced calciphilous species: kachim highest, protozoan onosma, plain carnation, cup beetroot, Austrian astragalus, coin-leaved sunflower, hard scabiosa, ball-headed onion. In the steppe areas, meadow sage is replaced by steppe sage; in oak forests, Arnelli's sedge grows instead of hairy sedge.

7. The Prisursky pine region occupies the ancient alluvial deposits of the Sura. This area is characterized by a variety of pine forests from lichen forests on dry sandy soils, to complex pine forests with an admixture of oak and linden on rich soils and long-moss pine forests and sphagnum pine forests in conditions of high humidity. There are massifs of floodplain oak forests, there are small areas of thin alder forests, floodplain meadows and thickets of shrubs. Many boreal species are present here (club-shaped, year-old, flattened, blueberry willow, wintergreens, large-flowered single-flowered, marsh boletus), but there is no spruce at all, single junipers are found. On the other hand, in the flora of steppe pine forests, in the meadows along the dry manes of the floodplain, there are steppe plants (sand carnation, open lumbago, sand cinquefoil, kachim panicled, Polesskaya fescue, cornflower blueberry, hornate spirea). Black poplar, or black poplar, is common on riverbanks, and spiked currant is often found.

8. The Bolsheignatovsky steppe region adjoins the Pyansko-Sursky region of the Nizhny Novgorod region. Upland vegetation has been destroyed, its place has been occupied by fields. Steppe groupings survived only along the slopes of gullies and ravines. They noted feather grass, hairy feather grass, spring adonis, leafless iris, low almond, small glandular gerbil.

Chapter 3 MATERIALS AND RESEARCH METHODS

The material for this work was the field research carried out in April-September 2000-2005. During the work, field material was collected from 163 points (Fig. 3). One cadastral point was summarized information obtained on average in one day from the territory with a maximum length in any direction up to 2 km. In most cases day and night observations were combined. Some of the most interesting points were visited repeatedly in different seasons and periods.

The censuses were carried out on routes that lay, if possible, in various biotopes according to the standard method (Novikov, 1953; Shlyakhtin, Golikova, 1986; Garanin, Darevsky, 1987), which made it possible to study the species composition and distribution, as well as to give a certain estimate of abundance. In total, more than 470 km of hiking routes were produced. Specific data on the number of amphibians and reptiles in cadastral points are given in Appendix 2.

The main method was accounting on routes. At the same time, the route, depending on the biotope, ranged from 50 m to 15 km. The transect width for aquatic amphibian species was 2 m (1 m of coastline and 1 m of water surface), for terrestrial amphibians and all reptiles, 2 m.

For peer review the abundance of amphibians and reptiles at each cadastral point, we used the scale for scoring the abundance proposed by herpetologists of the Nizhny Novgorod region (Pestov et al., 2001):

0 points – the species is not noted (there are no encounters);

1 point - the species is rare (irregular encounters of single individuals in biotopes common for the species);

2 points - the species is not numerous (regular encounters of single individuals on separate routes in biotopes common for the species);

3 points - the species is common (small specimens were encountered on most routes in biotopes common to the species);

4 points - the species is numerous (encounters of a large number of individuals on most routes in biotopes common to the species).

To assess the abundance of a particular species at a particular point, one number from 0 to 4 was put down. To assess the abundance of a species in a particular botanical and geographical area, an average score characterizing the entire territory as a whole and, in parentheses, the limits of its fluctuations, were assigned. At the same time, the lower limit was almost always estimated at 0 points, because there were points where this species was not found. The upper limit was determined by the maximum estimate at one of the points of a given botanical-geographical region.

To accurately identify the green frogs of the Rana esculenta complex, we used the DNA flow cytometry method, which consists in measuring the DNA content in frog erythrocytes. The details of the method have been described previously (Borkin et al., 2001). The genome size of R. ridibunda is 16% larger than that of R. lessonae and 8% larger than that of R. esculenta; 3. Cadastral points from the territory of Mordovia (2000–2005). For designations of points, see appendix. 1.

DNA reduction does not exceed 2%. This method makes it possible not only to accurately determine which form the individual under study belongs to, but also, in the case of R. esculenta, to establish which particular genome is contained in its gametes, which is very important.

The genome size value was expressed in picograms (pg). The amount of nuclear DNA (genome size) was measured in 46 R. ridibunda, 116 R. lessonae, and 17 R. esculenta. These studies were performed at the Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg) by A.M. Rozanov and S.N. Litvinchuk (Ruchin, 2005, 2005a).

An important point in the study of amphibians and reptiles is their size, both absolute and relative. At the same time, certain indices play a role in taxonomy and serve to distinguish individual subspecies. We have studied the main indices used in batracho- and herpetology (Terentyev and Chernov, 1949; Terentyev, 1950; Bannikov et al., 1977) in all species of amphibians and reptiles. An exception was the common copperhead, the material for morphological analysis of which could not be obtained. External morphological features were studied in 479 individuals of amphibians and reptiles. More detailed information is provided in the respective tables. Morphometric processing included the measurement of morphometric parameters used in batracho- and herpetology (Terentyev and Chernov, 1949; Terentyev, 1950; Bannikov et al., 1977). On their basis, indices were calculated that reflect the proportions of the body. The significance of differences was determined using the Microsoft Excel software package.

–  –  –

Description. Small newt, body length up to 24–62 mm, with tail up to 56–105 mm (Kuzmin, 1999). Series of vomer teeth in the form of parallel lines, slightly converging in the distal part. The tail is slightly shorter, equal to or slightly longer than the body with the head. The skin is smooth or slightly granular. Head with dark longitudinal stripes, one of which runs along the eye and is always visible. The back and sides are brown, brownish-gray, brownish-yellow or olive-gray. The belly is light yellow to orange, with dark dots or spots. Unlike the female, the male has a scalloped crest along the middle of the back and wide webbing on the hind legs, especially developed during the breeding season. At this time, light bluish stripes appear on the lateral surfaces of the tail and sometimes on the body of the male, the cloaca becomes more convex. The cloacal swelling in the male is larger and more rounded than in the female. In addition, the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the male are covered with large dark spots, which are reduced or absent on the back and sides of females; small spots on the belly of the female. They are also present during the mating season. The background coloration of the back is always darker in males than in females. On average, females are slightly larger than males.

The nominative subspecies T. v. lives on the territory of Mordovia. vulgaris.

It can be seen (Table 1) that the sexual dimorphism in the common newt is clearly expressed in the index L/L.cd. (p0.001). According to Belarusian scientists (Yasyulya and Novitsky, 2001), dimorphism in T. vulgaris is expressed only by index k. On the other hand, results similar to ours were obtained on the Central Chernozem and Nizhny Novgorod populations of the common newt (Lada, 1993; Pestov et al., 2001).

Table 1. Morphological features of the common newt

–  –  –

Description. Body length up to 38–79 mm, with tail 97–137 mm. The series of vomer teeth are symmetrical, slightly curved in length, the proximal ends are slightly approached, the distal ends are slightly divergent. The body is stocky, the head is wide. The tail is approximately equal to or slightly shorter than the body with the head. The muzzle of the male is rounded. The skin is rough, coarse-grained. The back and sides are black or brownish-black with dark spots. On the sides of the body there are numerous white dots. The throat is black (sometimes yellowish) with white dots. The cloaca of the male is convex and dark; tail with a longitudinal bluish-white stripe. In the mating season, the male has a deeply serrated crest along the middle of the back, extending from the level of the eyes to the base of the tail, as well as an unserrated crest along the tail; bluish-white stripes become brighter. The female does not have these features. Her cloaca is flattened and reddish; tail below with longitudinal reddish or orange stripe (Kuzmin, 1999).

Area. The species inhabits Europe (except Southern Europe) and Asia up to the western part of Western Siberia. It is found in the Kaliningrad region and in Lithuania.

Further, the northern border of the range runs northeast from Latvia and Estonia to Russia, then approximately along the line Leningrad region - Karelia, then turns southeast and goes along the line: Vologda region - north of the Kostroma region - outskirts of the city of Kirov - Perm region . The southern border of the range runs along the line: Belgorod region - Lipetsk region - Tambov Region- Penza region - Saratov region- Samara Region

- Tataria - Orenburg region - Chelyabinsk region - south of the Kurgan region (Kuzmin, 1999).

Previously (Teren'ev and Chernov, 1949; Bannikov et al., 1979) it was believed that T.

cristatus includes 4 or 5 subspecies. It is currently considered (Ananyeva et al., 1998) that each of them represents a separate species. In contrast to the common newt, the crested newt does not exhibit sexual dimorphism in metric characters (indices) at all, which was shown by a number of authors (Lada, 1993; Litvinchuk, 1998) and obtained in our studies (Table 2).

Table 2. Morphological features of the crested newt

–  –  –

Distribution and abundance in the Republic of Moldova. Found at 32 points of 7 BGRs (Fig. 6). Like the common newt, it is more common during the breeding season.

Aquatic biotopes are similar to those of the previous species, and in many cases both species occur syntopically (19 out of 32 finds). Preference for forests various types, in the conditions of Mordovia, these are mixed and deciduous forests of various origins. In one case (point 2, Fig. 6) it was found in a ditch, from which water is consumed for irrigation of suburban areas. In most localities, the species breeds in small (up to 150 m2) water bodies. In the southern part of its range, the crested newt uses shallow water bodies for spawning (Kuzmin, 1999). Taking into account the proximity of the republic to the southern border of the distribution of the species and the preference for breeding sites noted above, we point out the correctness of this statement. Preference for forests of various types; in the conditions of Mordovia, these are mixed and deciduous forests of various origins. In one case (point 2, Fig. 6) was found in a ditch, Fig. 6. Sites of finds of the crested newt in Mordovia. See designations in fig. 3 and in App. 1.

from which water is consumed for irrigation of suburban areas. In most localities, the species breeds in small (up to 150 m2) water bodies. In the southern part of its range, the crested newt uses shallow water bodies for spawning (Kuzmin, 1999). Taking into account the proximity of the republic to the southern border of the distribution of the species and the preference for breeding sites noted above, we point out the correctness of this statement.

Despite their more frequent occurrence, the abundance of the crested newt is usually lower than that of T. vulgaris (Appendix 2, Table 2). It reaches a significant abundance (up to 120 ind./km) only in water bodies located directly near forest biotopes.

4.1.3. Red-bellied toad Bombina bombina (Linnaeus, 1761)

Description. Small species, body length 26–61 mm. The dorsal tubercles are more round than pointed. Above dark, grayish almost to black, with large dark spots. In reservoirs with muddy water, sandy bottoms and sparse coastal vegetation, toads sometimes have a bright green back with rare dark green spots. The belly is red or orange, with large bluish-black spots and numerous white dots. bright coloring on the belly does not exceed the dark area. The lower surface of the legs is covered with small bright spots that do not merge. Unlike the female, the male has internal resonators, a somewhat wider head, and, during the breeding season, dark nuptial calluses on the 1st and 2nd fingers of the forelimb, as well as on the forearms (Kuzmin, 1999).

Below (Table 3) are the results of the analysis of some morphometric characteristics of the red-bellied toad. Males and females do not differ in absolute size. The variation of the indices as a whole is within the limits indicated by other authors (Terentyev and Chernov, 1949; Bannikov et al., 1977). According to the L/T and F/T indices, sex differences were found only in the average values, while the fluctuation limits overlap to a large extent, therefore, they cannot be reliable indices in the differentiation of the sexes.

Table 3. Morphological features of the red-bellied toad (according to: Ruchin, Ryzhov, 2003; with changes)

–  –  –

Description. Body length 40–80 mm. The body is stocky, the head is large, the hind legs are short. The inner calcaneal tubercle is very large, brownish-yellow. Above grayish yellow, grayish brown or brown with dark brown spots and small reddish dots. The belly is grayish-white, without a pattern or with rare gray dots. The forehead between the eyes is more or less convex. Unlike the female, the male has a protruding oval gland on the shoulder, the body is smaller, the color is darker, the pattern on the back is more contrasting. During the breeding season, the male has small tubercles on the palms and forearms (Kuzmin, 1999).

According to our data, sexual dimorphism in the common spadefoot was revealed only by the index L/l.c. (Fig. 4). In addition, females are clearly larger than males.

For other indices, the differences between males and females are not significant.

Similar data were obtained for the populations of the Central Chernozem Region (Lada, 1994). Using more extensive material, it was shown (Lada et al., 2005) that the sexual dimorphism of the eastern form of spadefoot manifests itself in 8 indices (L, L/T, L/D.p., L/L.c., L/D.r.o., T/D.p., D.p./C.int., L.c./L.t.c.). However, by L/T and D.p./C.int. differences were not found.

Table 4. Morphological features of common spadefoot

–  –  –

Area. The range occupies vast areas from Germany, Italy to Western Siberia and Kazakhstan. The northern border of the range extends approximately to the level of 580 N. This border starts from the Baltic coast of Estonia and runs approximately along the line: Pskov and Leningrad regions - south of the Vologda region - southwest of the Kostroma region - Udmurtia - Perm region - Sverdlovsk region - Tyumen region (Kuzmin, 1999). In recent years, thanks to cytometric data, it has been shown that, according to the size of the genome, the populations of the common spadefoot, usually referred to the nominative subspecies (P. f. fuscus), are well separated, forming two geographical groups: “western” with a smaller amount of nuclear DNA and “eastern” with large genome (Borkin et al., 2001; Borkin et al., 2001, 2003, 2004). This is confirmed by allozyme analysis (Khalturin, 2003). When analyzing the traditional features of external morphology, as well as body color, it was not possible to identify clear differences between these forms (Lada et al., 2004), which indicates two cryptic forms, the taxonomic status of which has not yet been fully determined (Borkin et al., 2004). The use of DNA flow cytometry in the analysis of samples taken from the territory of Mordovia showed that the “eastern” form lives in the republic (Borkin et al., 2003; Khalturin et al., 2003; Borkin et al., 2003).

Distribution and abundance in the Republic of Moldova. Marked at 30 points in 7 BGRs (Fig. 9). It occurs in floodplains, in forests of various types, in vegetable gardens, fields, near abandoned farms. For this species, the mechanical composition of the soil plays a significant role. The spadefoot prefers soils that can be easily buried during the day. First of all, these are light soils - sandy, sandy loamy, and also plowed (Garanin, 1983; Leontieva, 1988; Jahn, 1997; Borisovsky, 1999). In most cases, the habitats of P. fuscus are characterized by the presence of a forest tract of various sizes and a fairly large water body. In the absence of a forest, it is replaced by gardens, summer cottages, orchards. The spadefoot can be considered one of the common types of land amphibians in the conditions of Mordovia.

The number varies widely: from 1 to 15 and 40 ind./km of adults and juveniles (Appendix 2, Table 4). The number of larvae in floodplain water bodies is significant and, according to our observations, can be up to 40–50 ind./m2, especially for floodplain water bodies of the river. Sura, Moksha, Alatyr (points 12, 21, 24, 95, Fig. 9).

4.1.5. Common toad Bufo bufo (Linnaeus, 1758)

Description. Large toad, body length 50–130 cm. Paratoid glands are large. The eardrum is not visible. Males do not have resonators. The second and third toes of the hind legs have paired articular tubercles. The inner edge of the tarsus without a longitudinal skin fold. Dorsal skin with rounded tubercles, sometimes with a pointed apex. Light grey, grey, brown or olive-brown above with more or less developed dark spots.

Sometimes these spots are absent, sometimes they merge into uneven longitudinal stripes. The background color during the breeding season becomes monotonous. The belly is light gray with dark spots. The male differs from the female in the presence of nuptial calluses on the 1st toe of the front foot (during the breeding season - on the 1st, 2nd and / or 3rd), smaller body size and some proportions. In individuals from the Carpathians, sex differences in coloration during the mating season were noted: the male is monochromatic, light greenish-brown above, and the female is more brown with dark brown spots, which sometimes merge into uneven longitudinal stripes, more distinct on the sides (Kuzmin, 1999) .

Rice. 9. Points of finds of common spadefoot in Mordovia. See designations in fig. 3 and in App. 1.

Morphological features of the common toad are shown in Table 5. It can be seen that sexual dimorphism in this species has not been recorded. Our data differ from the results obtained by other authors (Pestov et al., 2001; Novitsky, 2001), which can be explained by the small sample of individuals for morphometric analysis.

Table 5. Morphological features of the common toad

–  –  –

Area. This species is widely distributed in Europe and Western Siberia, and penetrates into Eastern Siberia. The northern border of the range runs along the north of Russia from the northern coast of the White Sea in the Murmansk region. and crosses the whole of Karelia. In the Arkhangelsk region, the border runs from the vicinity of the city of Arkhangelsk through the Pinezhsky Reserve, then approximately along the line: Komi - Pechoro-Ilychsky Reserve - through the Urals to the Tyumen Region - Krasnoyarsk region. Then the border crosses the river. Yenisei and turns southeast to the river.

Chuna in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Irkutsk Region (Kuzmin, 1999; Duisebaeva and Prokopov, 2002).

Distribution and abundance in the Republic of Moldova. Found at 15 points of 6 BGR (Fig.

10). In Mordovia, it occurs sporadically and tends to forest biotopes.

Only at one point (116, fig. 10) was the common toad found in the old "master"

garden. Mordovia is located close to the southern border of the distribution of the species. In the southern limits of its distribution, the common toad chooses damp biotopes:

wet meadows, floodplains of rivers and small streams (Garanin, 1968; Kuzmin, 1999; Duisebaeva and Prokopov, 2002). This fully applies to B. bufo biotopes in the republic. The breeding ponds are quite large lakes, mostly flowing and deep.

In large forests of Zubovopolyansky, Tengushevsky, Temnikovsky districts, it is common (Appendix 2, Table 5). In the Smolny National Park, the common toad is a common species, and in the Mordovian Reserve, it is numerous. On one of the spawning grounds of the common toad for 3 years of observations (April), a downward trend in the number of females was revealed: 2000 - 36, 2001 - 15, 2002 - 4 individuals (Ruchin, 2003).

In the reserve, the number of underyearlings during landfall reaches significant values ​​(sometimes up to 500–600 ind./m2).

Rice. 10. Points of finds of the common toad in Mordovia. See designations in fig. 3 and in App. 1.

4.1.6. Green toad Bufo viridis Laurenti, 1768 Description. Body length 48–99 mm, usually 55–80 mm (Kuzmin, 1999).

There is a tympanic membrane, the male has resonators, the 3rd toe of the hind leg has single articular tubercles. The apex of the 4th toe of the fore foot extends beyond the 1st articulation of the 3rd toe of the fore foot. The inner edge of the tarsus with a longitudinal skin fold. The skin of the back is bumpy. The upperparts are greyish or olive with green or olive spots and red or orange-red dots on the flanks. The belly is greyish. The male differs from the female in the presence of mating calluses on the 1st toe of the front leg (during the mating season on the 1st, 2nd and 3rd fingers), a smaller body, and sometimes a greener background color (greyish in the female) in marriage period. In addition, the male usually has a lighter build and a grayish belly (white in the female).

According to morphometric characters, sexual dimorphism in populations of the green toad from the territory of Mordovia is observed according to two indices L/L.c. and D.p./C.int. Similar data were obtained by Belarusian scientists (Novitsky, 2001). However, in contrast to their results, no dimorphism was registered in our samples for other indices.

Table 6. Morphological features of the green toad

–  –  –

Area. The species inhabits a vast territory from northeast Africa through Europe to Siberia and Central Asia. The northern border of the range runs along the western slope of the Urals and southeast through the forest-steppe and steppe zones. The range border begins in Latvia and southern Estonia. Then it passes through Russia to the east approximately along the line: Pskov region - Yaroslavl region - Ivanovo region - Nizhny Novgorod region - Kirov region - Udmurtia - south of the Perm region. Further, the border turns southeast into the Chelyabinsk and Kurgan regions, then the border passes through northern and eastern Kazakhstan. Then it goes to the southeast through the Semipalatinsk and East Kazakhstan regions (Kuzmin, 1999).

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• Hares stick to scrub or sparse forest, avoiding open spaces. They have no permanent home. They feed at night, at dusk and at dawn. In summer they eat cereals, leguminous plants, sedge, larch needles. In winter - small branches and bark of trees and shrubs, as well as hay around haystacks.
• There is a saying - "cowardly as a hare." But the hare is not so much cowardly as cautious. This caution saves him from enemies.

Fox

• The main feature of the fox is its fluffy tail. With it, she acts as a rudder during persecution. She hides with him, curled up during the rest in a ball.
• Foxes go hunting at any time of the day. Their main prey is small rodents. In summer, foxes eat insects, berries and fruits of plants.
• At any time of the year, the fox is a mouse: it looks for the holes of field and forest mice, breaks them and eats these harmful animals.

Wolf

• Wolves lead a wandering life in winter, going out in search of prey at dusk and at night. During the day, they hide in thickets of bushes and along ravines. They hunt deer, elk, cows, partridges and black grouse, pursue hares, and when there is no live prey, they feed on carrion.
• Wolves do not hunt alone, but together. In search of prey, wolves roam open spaces, making transitions without rest up to 50 km. The wolf eats 2 kg of meat per day, hides the rest of the food in a secluded place in reserve.

Bear

• The male brown bear weighs 500-750 kg. In appearance, he is clumsy, although in reality he is very mobile and dexterous: he can quickly run, jump, swim, climb trees.
• Comes out in search of food in the evening. Eats young shoots, roots, bulbs, mushrooms, berries, acorns, nuts. In the forest, it spreads ant heaps, eats eggs of chicks from nests on the ground, catches small rodents, frogs. Attacks large animals.
• By autumn, bears get fat and go into hibernation.

Elk

• Elk is a forest giant with beautiful spade-shaped horns. The females are hornless. Quickly moving its ears in all directions, the moose quickly catches the rustles of the forest and goes into the thickets.
• In summer, moose feed on succulent marsh plants and rhizomes, foliage, and young shoots. They love Ivan tea and dandelions, but do not eat berries and mushrooms, do not touch cereals and potatoes.
• In winter, they switch to roughage - aspen and willow branches, bark, lichens and needles.

Deer

• Deer live in deciduous forests, preferring oak plantations where they feed on acorns. In summer they eat various herbs, leaves of trees and shrubs.
• Deer become the prey of wolves, especially in spring, when they are weak and cannot run fast.
• Young non-ossified antlers - antlers of spotted deer are used for the preparation of a medicinal product.

bison

• Bison - a forest giant, was once widespread in Europe. Today this species has been preserved, and even then, only in the reserves of Belarus, Poland and Russia. The bison's head is small in relation to the body. The eyes are dark brown, the nose is large, with large nostrils. The horns of a bison, and there are two of them, grow throughout life and do not change, as, for example, in a deer. A hump, a sloping back, a powerful physique, strong low legs and a long tail - that's what he is, a bison. Under the chin is a thick beard. The color of the fur of the animal is chestnut, the sides are brown. The fluffy and soft undercoat of the bison keeps the body of the animal warm and protects from getting wet. The bison has a well-developed sense of smell, but hearing and vision are slightly worse.

Boar

• The boar is a very common wild animal. The closest relative of the boar is the pig. The body length of a hardened boar can range from 130 centimeters to 170 centimeters. The height of the boar can be 1 meter. Body weight usually reaches sixty kilograms. Boars have a huge head, slightly elongated forward, large and long ears, very small eyes, and a snout. The body is covered with coarse bristles in summer, becoming thicker and softer in winter, with a larger undercoat. The dependence of the distribution of wild boars in a particular territory depends on the presence on it a large number food.

Badger

• The badger is a typical representative of mixed forests. It is an omnivore that lives in burrows. It is larger than a fox but smaller than a wolf. Wide paws with long claws allow him to dig holes well.
• They spend most of their lives in a hole, falling into hibernation for half a year, and the rest of the time they hide in a hole during the day, and at night they hunt mouse-like rodents and harmful insects.

Beaver

• The beaver is the largest rodent. Beavers are nocturnal animals closely associated with water bodies. They love quiet forest rivers with high banks and thickets of shrubs and trees. Willows, aspens, poplars, birches are their main food. Beavers eat the roots and stems of water lilies, various aquatic plants, and succulent grasses.
• The beaver swims well thanks to its tail. On land, the tail serves as a support for him when sitting, in the water - with an oar, with his tail the beaver compacts the clay, building his hut.

Squirrel

• The squirrel has an elongated body with a fluffy long tail, long ears, dark brown color with a white belly, sometimes gray (especially in winter). Found everywhere except Australia. The squirrel is a source of valuable fur.
• Squirrels store nuts for the winter. Some bury them in the ground, others hide them in hollow trees. The poor memory of some species of squirrels helps preserve forests, as they bury nuts in the ground and forget about them, and new trees grow from germinated seeds.
• Squirrels are omnivorous: in addition to nuts, seeds, fruits, mushrooms, and green vegetation, they also eat insects, eggs, and even small birds, mammals, and frogs.

Hedgehog

• The hedgehog is a predatory nocturnal animal. Lives in mixed forests. In search of food, it sometimes travels up to 3 km per night. Beetles serve as food for him, earthworms, newts, frogs, toads, lizards, snakes, mice, as well as berries, acorns, fallen ripe fruits of apple trees, pears and other trees.
• By winter, hedgehogs grow fat and fall into deep hibernation, finding refuge in dense bushes, in depressions of the soil covered with fallen leaves. The hedgehog wakes up only with the cessation of frost.

Already

• Snakes - non-venomous snakes - inhabitants of the forest zone. Their distinguishing feature is the presence of yellow (sometimes white) crescent-shaped spots on the sides, which are called "cheeks". Habitats - moist forests, banks of quiet rivers, lakes, ponds, grass swamps, bushes.
• The food of snakes is frogs and toads, young lizards, small birds. The prey is swallowed whole.
• For the winter, snakes fall into a stupor, hiding in secluded places.

Viper

• Vipers are poisonous snakes. Their bite is painful, but not fatal (if medical attention is provided in time). They live in swampy places, in glades with tall grass, along the banks of rivers and lakes.
• On a hot day, vipers bask in the sun, lying on old stumps or on forest paths. At night they become active and prey on rodents and other animals.
• Vipers winter in the soil, climbing into the holes of moles and rodents, under the roots of trees. The numbness lasts for about half a year.

Map of Mordovia Reserves of Mordovia

• The Mordovian State Nature Reserve named after P.G. Smidovich is a reserve located in the Temnikovsky district of the Republic of Mordovia, on the right bank of the Moksha River, on the border of the zone of coniferous-deciduous forests and forest-steppe. The reserve was established on March 5, 1936. Named in honor of the statesman Pyotr Germogenovich Smidovich, who paid much attention to environmental issues. The reserve is located on the wooded right bank of the Moksha River, the left tributary of the Oka. The main tasks of the reserve were the preservation and restoration of the forest massif of the southern spur of the taiga zone, the preservation and enrichment of the animal world.
• Smolny National Park. The Smolny Natural Park is located on the territory of the Ichalkovsky and Bolshe-Ignatovsky regions of the Republic of Mordovia. Created to save natural complex representing ecological systems typical for Mordovia.

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2 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION N. P. OGAREVA» RARE ANIMALS OF THE REPUBLIC OF MORDOVIA MATERIALS OF THE RED BOOK OF THE REPUBLIC OF MORDOVIA FOR 2015 SARANSK PUBLISHING HOUSE OF MORDOVIAN UNIVERSITY 2015

3 UDC 591.1() BBK E6 P332 Editorial board: Lapshin A. S., Kuznetsov V. A., Andreichev A. V., Lysenkov E. V., Lobachev E. A., Lukiyanov S. V., Spiridonov S. N., Grishutkin G. F. Research on the maintenance of the Red Book of the Republic of Mordovia in 2015 and this publication were funded from the budget of the Republic of Mordovia P332 Rare animals Republic of Mordovia: materials of the Red Book of the Republic of Mordovia for 2015 / editorial board: A. S. Lapshin, V. A. Kuznetsov, A. V. Andreychev [and others]. Saransk: Publishing House of Mordov. un-ta, s. ISBN New scientific data on the state of rare and endangered species of animals included in the Red Book of the Republic of Mordovia or probable candidates for inclusion in it are given. Materials are reflected on animal species that have changed their status of stay in the region, as well as new information on rare species of various groups of vertebrates and invertebrates. Little-studied aspects of ecology are highlighted rare species, state and dynamics of their numbers. Designed for conservationists, scientists, ecologists, biologists, teachers, students, students and all nature lovers. UDC 591.1() BBK E6 ISBN Team of authors, 2015 Design. Mordovian University Press,

4 RARE UNGULATE SPECIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF MORDOVIA A. V. Andreychev, A. S. Lapshin Mordovian State University, Saransk, The Red Data Book of the Republic of Mordovia, published in 2005, included 3 species of mammals from the order Ungulates (Artiodactyla): red deer (Cervus elaphus), European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and bison (Bos bonasus). Ten years later, the situation has changed. As already reported in previous reports (Potapov and Bugaev, 2011; Vertebrates, 2012), the bison disappeared from the territory of Mordovia. This report will focus on other species of rare ungulates recorded by us in recent years, including the red deer (Cervus elaphus) in 2015. For the red deer in the Red Book, the habitat was indicated only in the Mordovian Reserve. It was a subspecies of the red deer maral (C. e. sibiricus), which is an acclimatized species for Mordovia. Moreover, the acclimatization of marals in the conditions of the reserve ended unsuccessfully. A new period in relation to this subspecies began for the region in the 21st century, when imported marals began to be bred in semi-free (enclosure) conditions. The first farm was GOOH "Zubovo-Polyanskoe". Reindeer were brought to the farm in the years. from "AgroHolding" Soloneshensky district of the Altai Territory. The existence of acclimatization in Mordovia is possible only in enclosure conditions; it does not survive in the natural environment of the region (Andreychev, Kuznetsov, 2012). Subsequently, marals were brought to the farms of the Ardatovsky, Bolshebereznikovsky and Kochkurovsky regions. In September 2015, we visually recorded 1 red deer on the outskirts of the forest south-west of the village. Machkazerovo, Chamzinsky district. Thus, in Mordovia it is possible to meet a rare species of red deer C. e. elaphus, whose original range passed through the territory of modern Mordovia. Previously, we believed that the last subspecies had long been exterminated in the region, but due to the latest fact of registration, it is premature to exclude this species from the Red Book of the region. However, it is the subspecies C. e. elaphus. As for the subspecies C. e. sibiricus, then it should not be included in the main environmental document of the region, since its state in Russia does not cause concern. Sika deer (Cervus nippon). As the experience of the Mordovia Reserve (Astradamov et al., 2005; Potapov, 2012) and the former reserve in the Krasnoslobodsky District (Andreichev et al., 2014) shows, sika deer successfully adapt to living in their natural habitat. Especially indicative is the example of the former reserve, where the herd currently reaches hundreds of individuals. Taking into account the fact that sika deer are kept in the farms of Zubovo-Polyansky, Bolshebereznikovsky, Dubensky and Kochkurovsky 3

5 districts, the situation with this species in the region should be considered favorable. However, without protection in the natural environment, it is impossible to preserve this species. European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Traces of the vital activity of roe deer (Capreolus sp.) and the animals themselves in Mordovia in 2015 were recorded for the following forest areas: in the env. With. Chernaya Promza, s. Pine Hart, p. Simkino (Bolshebereznikovsky district), in the environs. With. Kaybichevo (Dubensky district), in the environs. With. Old Turdaki of the Kochkurovsky district, in the env. With. Yanguzhinsky Maidan (Kovylkinsky district), in the environs. With. Lunga (Ardatovsky district). As before, this species should be protected in the republic. References Andreichev A.V., Kuznetsov V.A. On changing the list and categories of mammals in the Red Data Book of the Republic of Mordovia // Proceedings of the Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, vol. G.V. Information on the registration of rare species of mammals in the Republic of Mordovia // Rare animals of the Republic of Mordovia: materials of the Red Book of the Republic of Mordovia for 2014. Saransk: Publishing House of Mordov. un-ta, S Astradamov V.I., Myalkin E.S., Potapov S.K. Status of the sika deer population (Cervus nippon hortulorum Swinhoe) in the Mordovia Reserve named after P.G. Smidovich // Actual problems of biology, chemistry and teaching methods in educational institutions. Saransk C Vertebrates of the Mordovia Reserve (annotated list of species). Flora and fauna of reserves Issue M. 64 p. Potapov S.K. On the dynamics of the number of sika deer in the conditions of the Mordovian State Nature Reserve named after V.I. P.G. Smidovich // Proceedings of the Mordovian state. natural reserve them. P.G. Smidovich Vol. X. S Potapov S.K., Bugaev K.E. Annotated list of animals of the Mordovian State Natural Reserve // ​​Proceedings of the Mordovian State. natural reserve them. P.G. Smidovich Vol. IX. C RESULTS OF MONITORING STUDIES OF RARE MAMMALS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MORDOVIA A. V. Andreichev, A. S. Lapshin, V. A. Kuznetsov, E. O. Levtsova Mordovian State University, Saransk in 2015 both stationary (biological station of the Mordovian University) and on expedition trips around the Republic of Mordovia. 4

6 Forest dormouse (Dryomys nitedula). In July 2015, at the biological station of the Mordovian University, 2 individuals of forest dormouse were caught near residential houses. A small number of recorded dormouse this year was noted against the background of a general decline in the number of many species of small rodents. For comparison, 17 individuals were captured here in 2014 (Andreichev et al., 2014), and 13 individuals in 2013 (Andreichev et al., 2013). It should be noted that there were no marked dormouse in the catches in previous years. Dormouse dormouse (Glis glis). Individuals of this species live for a long time at the cordon, located on the edge of a deciduous forest to the east of the village. Old Turdaki Kochkurovsky district. Spotted ground squirrel (Spermophilus suslicus). The species was noted in the environs. With. Kaybichevo, Dubensky district. Unfortunately, there are very few places of registration of a very rare species in Mordovia. Mole rat (Spalax microphtalmus). In 2015, the appearance of the first mole rats was noted north of Dobrovolny settlement behind the pond. Survey of territories in the vicinity of the village. Kulikovka and s. Pushkino did not give positive results in relation to this species. Thus, one can consider R. Insar limiting the distribution of the species to the east. Common shrew (Neomys fodiens). Shrews in the summer were recorded in the floodplain of the river. Levzha in the Ruzaevsky district. Lesser shrew (Crocidura suaveolens). In August 2015, in a private house in the village of Chamzinka, Chamzinsky district, 2 individuals of the little shrew were caught. Common badger (Meles meles). The species was recorded in 2015 in the Dubensky district in the env. With. Kabaevo, in the Kovylkinsky district in the env. With. Alkino, in the Bolshebereznikovsky district in the env. With. Chernaya Promza, in the Temnikovsky district in the env. With. Old city. Common lynx (Lynx lynx). According to G.V. Shkolova lynx was observed this year in the forest south of the village. Manadyshi-1, Ardatovsky district. References Andreichev A.V., Yutukova S.A., Sukharnikova M.N., Kizhaeva Yu.A., Daneykina M.Yu., Makolova A.V., Davydova N.V. Materials on rare species of rodents and insectivorous mammals in Mordovia // Rare animals of the Republic of Mordovia: materials of the Red Book of the Republic of Mordovia for 2014. Saransk: Mordov Publishing House. un-ta, S Andreychev A.V., Orlov V.N., Krivonogov D.M., Grigorieva O.O., Yutukova S.A. Forest dormouse is a rare species of Mordovia // Rare animals of the Republic of Mordovia: materials of the Red Data Book of the Republic of Mordovia for 2013. Saransk: Publishing House of Mordov. un-ta, C

7 RARE VERTEBRATE SPECIES IN THE SMOLNY NATIONAL PARK (2015 RESEARCH MATERIALS) G. F. Grishutkin, S. N. Spiridonov Smolny National Park, Smolny village, Species included in the Red Data Book of Mordovia White stork (Ciconia ciconia) . On May 15, 2 storks fed in the floodplain of the river. Alatyr south of the cordon Mokrovsky. Black stork (Ciconia nigra). Marked twice. On May 13, one stork flew from the north along the river. Yazovka, then sat in the meadows east of the lake. Light. On May 21, at 6 am, apparently the same individual was feeding in the meadows between the lake. Mozhaika and lake. Light. Crested duck (Aythia fuligula). From July 10 to August 13, one individual kept on the lake. Small Inerka. Harrier (Circus cyaneus). During the nesting period in the park and on adjacent territories 17 pairs of field harriers have been recorded. 3 pairs were noted on the northern border of the park, 9 pairs on the southern, southeastern and southwestern borders, and 7 pairs in the central areas of the park. Serpent-eater (Circaetus gallicus). On May 3, we saw one individual circling over the Mokhov swamp in the Barakhmanovsky forestry. On June 6, July 9 and August 10, one bird was seen on the western border of the park, west of Malye Ichalki village. On July 9, we saw one bird on the power line-500 in the Barakhmanovsky forestry (square 100, 101). Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus). During the nesting period, it was registered in four sites. One bright dwarf has been repeatedly observed at the southwestern boundary. In the area of ​​"Krutsa" (square 90 of the Kemlyansky L-va), a dark and a light individual was observed. In the area of ​​​​the former village of Vasilyevka and in the quarter. 100 of the Barakhmanovsky L-va observed one dark individual. One dark specimen was observed in the area of ​​Barakhmanovskoe L.. Greater Spotted Eagle (Aqila clanga). One pair apparently nested in the Progonnoye bog near the village of Sosnovka to the east of the park. Burial Ground (Aquila heliaca). The first pair appeared on April 18 in the Barakhmanovsky forestry. During the nesting period, as in the previous year, 3 pairs of burial grounds kept in the park and its environs. The western pair has a new nest 1 km south of the first one on top of a large pine tree 70 m from the edge. The birds stayed here until the end of June, then disappeared. In the remaining two pairs, all nests also turned out to be empty. White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla). One adult eagle was seen by the senior state. inspector Myakushin N.V. near the village of Barakhmanovskoye forestry. He, Mr., saw a pair of adult birds 5 km east of the village, not far from this place, a nest was found on an old pine tree. The nest was located in the upper part of the trunk, 6 m from the top. The exposure of the nest is southwestern. The birds stayed close. 6

8 15.05 the nest was checked, one bird was on the nest. When checking the nest of birds in the area of ​​the nest, it was not possible to find, the chick was also not visible in the nest. However, there was one eagle fledgling in the nest. Both adult birds kept side by side; we saw one young bird in the area of ​​the lake. Half mirror. Common Crane (Grus grus). During the nesting period, 6 pairs were registered. The first pair is in the Surkov swamp, the second in the Kergud swamp, the third in the Bakunov swamp, the fourth in the swamps in the area of ​​the former village of Vasilyevka, the fifth in the Mokhovoe swamp, and the sixth in Raushka. Nestlings were noted in a pair from Surkov bog 2, Kergudskoe 1, Mokhovoe 1. Other pairs had no chicks. Oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus). One pair nested on an island on the river. Alatyr near the village Coastal Syres. Marshmallow (Tringa stagnatilis). On June 2, one pair with nesting behavior was noted in a damp meadow in the floodplain of the river. Alatyr between lakes Mozhaika and Svetloye. Turukhtan (Philomachus pugnax). On May 2, 5 birds (3 males and 2 females) were noted on the flood of the river. Alatyr near Smolny. Harshnap (Lymnocpyrtes minimus). On September 19, at night, we saw one harshnep on the shore of a small reservoir on the site of a sand pit in the floodplain of the river. Alatyr north of the village. Kergudy. Great snipe (Gallinago media). April 27 in the floodplain of the river. Kalysh found a hollow current. The current was located on a semi-dry sedge bog with an area of ​​about 2 hectares. There were about 15 males. The voices of the females were also constantly heard. Great snipes were very active, paying little attention to people. Males began to lek after sunset, still at the feeding grounds. At dusk, all the birds were already on the current. The display went on all night until dawn. Birds lekked every night, not even paying attention to the strong wind. On May 21, the current was still going on, on May 28 we tried to look for nests in the area of ​​the current, but could not pick up, not a single bird, not a single bird could be found. Curlew (Numenius arquata). On April 11, we saw one bird flying to the northeast over the western edge of Smolny settlement. On April 15, 6 individuals were feeding in shallow water along with other waders and ducks in the area of ​​the lake. Light. In mid-June, Panteleev A.S. saw one bird. on the south bank of the river. Alatyr between the village. Kergudy and s. Gulyaevo. On July 10, one bird was feeding on mowed meadows to the west of Sosnovka village. Great Godwit (Limosa limosa) in the floodplain of the river. Alatyr at the lake. On the puddles left after the spill along with other waders, 20 godwits were feeding; on May 2, 1 bird was noted 1 km to the east. Klintukh (Columba oenas). All meetings during the nesting period are confined to the power line-110 sq. on the site p. Lesnoy with. Protasovo s. Pickling on the field, west of the village. Protasovo, 110 stocks fed in three flocks. Splyushka (Otus scops). At the beginning of May, we repeatedly heard the voice of the male in the village of Barakhmanovskoe L-in. Here Matsina A.I. caught and ringed 7

9 vans 2 individuals. On July 27, at dusk, one splyushka actively screamed for half an hour on the western outskirts of Smolny settlement. Rough-legged Owl (Aegolius funereus). In the spring period, mating calls are noted in sq. 77, 91, 19 of the Kemlyansk L-va and in the apt. 63 Lvov Lv. Little Owl (Glaucidium passerinum). On February 7, in the evening, the voice of one owl was heard in the village of Obrezki. Hoopoe (Upupa epops). Only 2 pairs were recorded during the nesting period. One on the western outskirts of the village. n. Smolny, the second in the area of ​​the former n. Vasilievka. Green woodpecker (Picus viridis). Recorded at three points: Kalyshi settlement, Obrezki settlement, Lesnoy settlement. Three-toed woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus). On February 7, one individual was seen in the village of Obrezki. Gray shrike (Lanius excubitor) we saw one bird on the Vasilievskaya dam in the city. 105 Kemlyansky forestry on the northern border of the park near the village. Mikhalko Maidan a pair is noted northwest of the village of Malye Ichalki in the floodplain of the river. Tongue marked brood. Three fledglings sat on a young pine tree. There was a nest on the same pine at a height of 4 m. A pair of adult birds kept close by. The birds stayed in the nesting area until July 1. On June 13, the brood was registered in the quarter. 100 Barakhmanovsky forestry. 2 adults and 6 juveniles stayed on the border of burnt areas (crown fire in 2010) and 30-year-old pine plantations. Birds were noted in this area until 16 July. On August 20, one bird was noted in the floodplain of the river. Alatyr near the railway. Wren (Troglodytes troglodytes). On April 14, we saw one bird on the border of the square. 98 Barakhmanovsky l-va near the bridge over the river. Kalysh. Nightingale cricket (Locustella luscinioides). May 26 in the old river. Alatyr east of the village. Gulyaevo, 15 singing males were counted. Common cricket (Locustella naevia). During the summer count in the floodplain of the river. Alatyr west of the village of Smolny, 2 singing males were counted in the floodplain of the river. Alatyr east of the village of Barakhmanovskoye number 3 males were counted. Northern warbler (Hippolais caligata). One singing male was noted on June 2 in the floodplain of the river. Alatyr south of Maly Bor. Black Redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros). During the nesting period, 6 pairs were noted in the Smolny settlement and one pair in the Barakhmanovskoye forestry settlement. Common Remez (Remiz pendulinus). Screaming males were noted at 4 points in the floodplain of the river. Alatyr on the segment of the Smolny settlement with. Gulyaevo. On May 20, in one of the sites, a nest was found near the railway on a willow near a small lake. Black-headed tit (Parus palustris). In the nesting period, it is noted in sq. 105, 106, 90 of the Kemlyansky L-va and in the square. 74 Barakhmanovsky L-va. Crested Tit (Parus cristatus). In the nesting period, pairs were noted in 103 and 108 square meters. Kemlyansky L-va. Moskovka (Parus ater). In the nesting period, pairs were noted in 52 square meters. Lvovsky l-va. 8

10 Common pika (Certhia familiaris). In 2015, it was observed quite rarely in the park. Not registered for summer. Crossbill (Loxia curvirostra). There are only 4 meetings. February 7 in p. Trimmings 2 individuals. April 21 in quarter. 4 Kemlyansky L-va 3 individuals. April 26 at 19 apt. Kemlyansk L-va 2 individuals and September 18 in the square. 61 Barakhmanovsky L-va 8 individuals. Rare and vulnerable species in need of constant monitoring and surveillance Gray heron (Ardea cinerea). During the nesting period, individual individuals and groups of birds up to 5 individuals met in different places along the periphery of the park and in its central part. Bittern (Botaurus stellaris). May 26 in the old river. Alatyr east of the village. Gulyaevo called 3 males. Gray partridge (Perdix perdix). We saw a flock of 15 birds on October 30 on a forest road in the quarter. 27 Kemlyansk L-va. Common tern (Sterna hirundo). On June 15, we saw one bird on the river. Alatyr south of the village. Barakhmanovsky L-in. Common dove (Streptopelia turtur). On June 7 and 8, one male cooed on the western outskirts of the village of Smolny. Tawny Owl (Strix aluco) on the Rezovatovsky cordon in the quarter. 113 marked brood. Common kingfisher (Alcedo atthis). All meetings in 2015 are timed to r. Alatyr. Zhelna (Dryocopus martius). Found throughout the park. Forest lark (Lullula arborea). One pair kept in a forest nursery on the western outskirts of the village. Smolny. 5 broods were noted on power lines-500 and burnt areas in sq. 100, 101, 102, 103 Barakhmanovsky L-va in apt. 100 found a nest in which there were 4 chicks and an egg. Nutcracker (Nucifraga caryocatactes). On August 13, we heard the cries of one bird in the area of ​​the lake. Mitryashka. On August 24, Levin V.V. heard one bird. at the Kuznal spring. On August 25, we heard another bird east of the Lvov winter quarters. Hawk Warbler (Sylvia nisoria). Recorded on June 6 in the village of Obrezki and on July 17 in the village of Barakhmanovsky L-in (links to authors) Yellow-headed Kinglet (Regulus regulus). Infrequently met throughout the year in forest areas with an admixture of spruce. Common bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyrrhula). In the nesting period of 63 sq. Lvovsky L-va marked 3 couples. 9

11 RELATIONSHIPS OF THE STEPPE GROTCH WITH OTHER SPECIES OF MAMMALS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MORDOVIA AB Zhalilov, AV Andreichev Mordovian State University, Saransk, Assessment of interspecific biotopic relationships of animals is important for understanding the role of each species in the biogeocenosis. This is especially true for rare species, since for one reason or another they are in a vulnerable state and some increase in the impact of a predator or competitor can lead to the suppression or disappearance of populations in a certain area. The burial eagle, steppe polecat, common fox, corsac fox, feral dogs, hooded crow, and rook act as vertebrates that harm such a species as the steppe marmot (Marmota bobak) (Le Ber et al., 1992; Mashkin, 1997; Kharchenko and Kovalev, 2014). During field work during to study the state of local populations of M. bobak (Andreichev et al., 2015), animal species were identified as a result of direct observation and traces of their presence in the areas of marmot colonies and families. In this article, we present all types of noted mammals and evaluate the positive and negative aspects of the relationship with the bobak. The main predator for marmots in Mordovia is the common fox (Vulpes vulpes). Foxes settle in the immediate vicinity of marmot settlements in Mordovia. Fox burrows were recorded at a distance of 30 meters from marmot burrows. Adult marmots and foxes did not pay any attention to each other during visual observations of them from the perch. However, active visiting of marmot burrows by foxes was noted, and numerous excrement of predators was found near marmot excrement. In fox burrows, bone remains of immature marmots were periodically recorded. Thus, in Bolshebereznikovsky and Dubensky districts, in the examined burrows of foxes living in the area of ​​marmot colonies, the remains of young individuals were observed in 50% of cases. In the Lyambirsky district, in all fox burrows, bone remains of individuals of this age group of marmots were recorded annually. It was noticed that foxes sensitively react to the whistles of marmots heard at the approach of the accountant, and further hide in holes, showing one of the forms of orienting behavior. It is well known that the common fox has dulled vision, so the proximity of the location of fox holes to marmots is a positive factor in terms of signaling danger. This cohabitation of predator and prey can be explained from the standpoint of the existence in nature of one of the forms of symbiotic relationships, in which the predator feeds on the non-reproductive part of the population and receives the signal protection of the prey, and the prey is exploited by one predator (Andreichev and Zhalilov, 2014). 10

12 In second place (after the fox) among predatory mammals According to the number of registrations in the areas occupied by marmots, there are small mustelids, namely the weasel (Mustela nivalis) and the ermine (Mustela ermine). Often had to find them in May and June dead on the butanes. The cause of death has not been established. However, the frequency with which we met animals near marmot burrows in different years and in different places raises questions. Such facts have not been previously noted in the literary sources. It can be assumed that small predators preyed on young helpless marmots. Could it be that adults, protecting their offspring, killed a predator? During the time of video surveillance, we were not able to find out this, however, cases of aggression of lactating females on camera traps were recorded in order to protect the marmot chicks emerging from their burrows at that time. The common badger (Meles meles) is a regular visitor to marmot sites. Both excrement and characteristic traces of vital activity were noted here. The slopes along which marmots settle often border on deep ravines in which badgers arrange their "towns". Apparently, this neighborhood is mostly neutral, since for the two species there is a dissociation of the daily rhythm. Unlike the badger, stray dogs pose a real danger to marmots; attempts to excavate their burrows have been recorded. The groundhog settlements near the urban district “Saransk” experience especially pressure from animals, where we have repeatedly observed dogs moving from hole to hole in the habitats of rare rodents. Dog feces were also recorded on butanes. Of the insectivores, the white-breasted hedgehog (Erinaceus concolor), the common shrew (Sorex araneus) and the little shrew (Sorex minutes) were recorded in the areas inhabited by marmots. As a result of the study by E.E. Lutovina (2014) in the South Urals revealed that the existence of marmot colonies leads to the formation ecological niche, attracting various groups of invertebrates, whose life is closely connected with the activities of animals. In particular, insects find protection, food, and the opportunity to breed there, and some of them cannot live outside the holes at all. Proceeding from this circumstance, it is necessary to recognize the positive role of the environment-forming activity of the steppe marmot in relation to the three species of insectivores noted by us. The brown hare (Lepus europaeus) is a permanent resident of marmot sites, and competition for food is low, as the hare's range is much larger than that of the marmot. But competitive features with such types of open spaces as speckled ground squirrel (Spermophilus suslicus) and common hamster (Cricetus cricetus) are more pronounced. These species live directly on marmot family plots, their burrows are a few meters from marmots. However, if the gopher is a fairly rare neighbor, then the hamster is an ordinary representative. In addition, the large jerboa (Allactaga major) can live within the marmot colonies, an even rarer species for the region than the ground squirrel. Of the small species of mouse-like rodents in the habitats of marmots, the following were caught: the common vole (Microtus arvalis), the baby mouse (Micro-11

13 mys minutes), field mouse (Apodemus agrarius). These species do not have any significant value for the bobak. Of the ungulates, traces and excrement of the Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pigargus) were recorded in the marmot habitats. As well as with the brown hare, this species cannot act as a clear competitor because of food. Thus, when evaluating the species composition of mammals in the settlements of the steppe marmot in Mordovia, only the red fox and stray dogs should be noted as natural factors that reduce its numbers. Therefore, one of the directions in the conservation of the population of the steppe marmot should be considered the regulation of their numbers. References Andreichev A.V., Zhalilov A.B. On one of the forms of interspecific relationships between the marmot-babaka and the red fox // Behavior and behavioral ecology of mammals: Mat. 3rd scientific conf. M.: Tov-in scientific. ed. KMK S. 7. Andreichev A.V., Zhalilov A.B., Kuznetsov V.A. The state of local populations of the steppe marmot (Marmota bobak) in the Republic of Mordovia // Zoological journal T S Le-Ber M., Alan D., Rodriguez I., Olenev G.V., Lagunov A.V., Zakharov V.D. Some questions of the ecology of the steppe marmot in the Southern Urals (analysis of the action of factors external environment) // Ecology S Lutovina E.E. Environment-forming activity of the steppe marmot (Marmota bobak Mull.) in the steppes of the Southern Urals // News of the Orenburg State University. Agricultural University S Mashkin V.I. European bobak: ecology, conservation and use. Kirov, p. Kharchenko N.N., Kovalev V.A. Formation of biocenotic relations in the process of reacclimatization of the steppe marmot in the south of the Belgorod region // Forestry journal T (16). C LIST OF ANIMAL SPECIES RECOMMENDED FOR INCLUSION IN THE SECOND EDITION OF THE RED BOOK OF THE REPUBLIC OF MORDOVIA V. A. Kuznetsov, A. S. Lapshin, A. B. Ruchin, S. N. Spiridonov, G. F. Grishutkin, A. V. Andreichev , E. A. Lobachev, S. V. Lukiyanov, E. V. Lysenkov Preservation of biodiversity is one of the most important environmental issues modernity and an indispensable condition for the tactics and strategy of the survival of mankind itself. In modern conditions, as a result of the rapid development of civilization, the process of extinction of biological species has significantly intensified. It occurs as a result of habitat destruction 12

14 animals and plants, global pollution of the biosphere, excessive economic exploitation of certain species, competition with invasive species, and for other reasons. According to modern estimates, the rate of extinction of biological species as a result of anthropogenic activity is hundreds and thousands of times higher than the rate of natural extinction of animal and plant species. After the signing by many states of the Convention on Biological Diversity, adopted in Rio de Janeiro (1992) at the UN Conference on the Environment, more attention has been paid to the study, use and conservation of biological diversity. Preservation of biodiversity is a complex task associated with a whole system of legal, scientific, financial, organizational, educational activities in order to preserve the living at different levels of organization. One of the most important forms of conservation of biological species is the creation of Red Books of various levels from international to regional. Red Books are a cadastre of rare and endangered species, have the status of a legal document and contain information about state of the art the most vulnerable species of animals, plants and fungi, as well as the necessary measures for their protection and restoration of numbers. The legal regime of rare and endangered species of animals, plants and fungi, as well as the maintenance of the Red Book of the Russian Federation and the Red Books of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, is determined by the Federal Laws "On the Fauna" and "On the Protection environment". For an objective and complete assessment of the state of rare and endangered species of animals, plants and fungi on the territory of the Russian Federation, it became necessary to create and maintain regional Red Books, which should become the basis for maintaining the Red Book of the Russian Federation. The second volume of the Red Book of the Republic of Mordovia (Animals) was published in 2005. It included 240 taxa, including 1 species of flatworms, 11 mollusks, 86 arthropods, 2 cyclostomes, 15 fish, 4 amphibians, 3 reptiles, 87 birds and 31 mammals. Scientific support for the maintenance of the Red Data Book of the Republic of Mordovia is carried out by specialists from the Mordovian State University. N.P. Ogarev, Mordovian State Pedagogical Institute named after M.E. Evseviev, Mordovian State Reserve named after A. P.G. Smidovich, Smolny National Park. Every year, nature lovers provide tremendous assistance in conducting research and finding new habitats for rare and endangered species of animals. Since the publication of the first edition of the Red Book of the Republic of Mordovia, monitoring studies of rare and endangered species of animals have been carried out annually. During this period, the socio-economic and economic situation in the republic has changed dramatically. On the one hand, the number of the rural population, the area of ​​agricultural crops decreased, the load of farm animals on pastures decreased, anthropogenic pollution of atmospheric air and surface waters decreased. In this regard, there have been positive trends in the restoration of water resources 13

15 and terrestrial ecosystems, an increase in the number of rare and endangered animal species. At the same time, total deforestation and the use of insecticides to control pests in agriculture and forestry have led to a sharp decline in the populations of a number of rare species. This paper summarizes the monitoring material on the maintenance of the Red Book of the Republic of Mordovia for the years, which allows making adjustments to the new edition of the Red Book. In the course of the research, both specially protected natural areas of the republic and many areas inhabited by rare and endangered species of animals were studied. During this period, positive trends were noted in the increase in the number of animal species that can be attributed to restored species. Many new habitats of known species have been registered, some species have been noted for the first time on the territory of the republic. INVERTEBRATES Class Mollusca Mollusca Class Gastropoda Gastropoda Order Stem-eyed Stylommatophora Pupillidae 1. Pupilla bigranata (Rossmässler, 1839) Vertiginidae 2. Vertigo antivertigo (Draparnaud, 1801) 3. Truncatellina costulata (Nilsmässler, 1922) Truncatellina costulata (Nilsmässler, 1922) Truncatellina costulata (Nilsmässler, 1922) Truncatellina costulata (Nilsmässler, 1922) Truncatellina costulata (Nilsmässler, 1922) , 1830) Clausiliidae 5. Macrogastro latestriata borealis (O.Boetger, 1878) 6. Macrogastro plicatula (Draparnaud, 1801) 7. Clausilia pumila sejuncta (Westerlund, 1871) Arionidae 8. Arion circumscriptus (Johnston, 1828) Class Insecta ectognatha Order Dragonfly Odonata Aeschnidae 9. *Emperor watcher Anax imperator (Leach, 1815) 10. Aeschna viridis (Eversmann, 1836) Libellulidae 11. Southern compress Sympetrum meridionale (Sélys, 1841) 12. Piedmont compress Sympetrum pedemontanum (Allioni, 1766) 1 14. Leucorrhinia albifrons (Burmeister, 1839) 14. Oriental whitebeetle Leucorrhinia pectoralis (Charpentier, 1825) Lestidae 15. Lestes viridis (Van der Linden, 1825) 14

16 Order Orthoptera Tettigoniidae 16. Oriental sawtail Poecilimon intermedius (Fieber, 1853) 17. Odine-Servil's sevchuk Onconotus servillei (Fischer-Waldheim, 1846) 18. Pine sawtail Barbitistes constrictus (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878) Acrididae or walking Podisma pedestris (Linnaeus, 1758) 20. Spotted grasshopper Stenobothrus nigromaculatus (Herrich-Schaffer, 1840) 21. Spotted spearfish Myrmeleotettix maculatus (Thunberg, 1815) 22. Dark-winged grasshopper Stauroderus scalaris (Fischer von Waldheim, 1846) Chorthippus pullus (Philippi, 1830) 24. Blue-winged hermit Sphingonotus caerulans caerulans (Linnaeus, 1767) 25. Crackling moth Psophus stridulus (Linnaeus, 1758) Order Homoptera 26. Mountain cicada Cicadetta montcopis Rossivulata Cercopis , 1807 (=sanguinea Fourcroy, 1785). Order Heteroptera Nepidae 28. Ranatra linearis (L.) Anthocoridae 29. Orius minutus (L.) Reduviidae 30. Pygolampis bidentata (Gz.) Pentatomidae 31. Picromerus bidens (L.) 32. Shield blue Zicrona caerulea (L.) Order Beetles Coleoptera Carabidae 33. Calosoma auropunctatum (Herbst, 1784) 34. Calosoma investigator (Illiger, 1798) 35. *Calosoma sycophanta (Linnaeus, 1758) 36. Carabus aurolimbatus (Dejean & Boisduval, 1829) 37. Carabus clathratus (Linnaeus, 1761) 38. Carabus nitens (Linnaeus, 1758) 39. Carabus schoenherri (Fischer von Waldheim, 1820) 40. Callistus lunatus (Fabricius, 1775) 41. Lebia cyanocephala (Linnaeus, 1758) 42. Lebia marginata (Geoffroy, 1785) Dytiscidae 43. Dytiscus latissimus (Linnaeus, 1758) 15

17 Sphaeritidae 44. Sphaerites glabratus (Fabricius, 1792) Histeridae 45. Hololepta plana Staphylinidae 46. Hairy rove beetle Emus hirtus (Linnaeus, 1758) Lucanidae 47. Ceruchus chrysomelinus (Hochenwarth, 1785) 48. *Lucanus cervus (Linnaeus), 49.88 Deer Dorcus parallelipipedus (Linnaeus, 1758) Bolboceratidae 50. Armed bison Bolboceras armiger (Scopoli, 1772) Geotrupidae 51. Spring dung beetle Trypocopris vernalis (Linnaeus, 1758) Scarabaeidae 52. Moon copra Copris lunaris (Linnaeus, 1758) 53. , 1759) 54. Aphodius foetens (Fabricius, 1787) 55. Valgus hemipterus (Linnaeus, 1758) 56. *Osmoderma barnabita (Motschulsky, 1845) 57. Gnorimus variabilis (Linnaeus, 1758) (=octopuntatus (Fabricius)), 17 *Protaetia speciosissima (Scopoli, 1786)] [= aeruginosa (Medvedev, 1964), nec (Linne, 1767), nec (Drury, 1773)] 59. Shiny bronze Protaetia (Netocia) fieberi (Kraatz, 1880) Nitidulidae 60. Ipidia binotata (Reitter, 1875) Meloidae 61. Meloe variegatus (Donovan, 1793) Pyrochroidae 62. Pyrochroa coccinea (Linnaeus, 1761) Cerambycidae 63. Oak barbel Stenocorus quercus (Gotz, 1783) 64. Evodinellus borealis (Gyllenhal, 65.1827) Necydalis major (Linnaeus, 1758) 66. Purpuricenus kaehleri ​​(Linnaeus, 1758) 67. Musk beetle Aromia moschata (Linnaeus, 1758) Chrysomelidae 68. Chrysolina limbata 69. Hispa atra (Linnaeus, 1767) Curculionidae 70. microgram18Gylonus ) Order Reticulate Neuroptera Sisyridae 71. Sisyra nigra (Retzius, 1783) 16

18 Hemerobiidae 72. Psectra diptera (Burmeister, 1839) Chrysopidae 73. Pseudomallada flavifrons (Brauer, 1851) Myrmeleontidae 74. Род Myrmeleon Отряд Верблюдки Raphidioptera Inocelliidae 75. Inocellia crassicornis (Schummel, 1832) Отряд Перепончатокрылые Hymenoptera Orussidae 76. *Orussus abietinus (Scopolli , 1763) Chrysididae 77. *Large parnopes Parnopes grandior (Pallas, 1771) Tiphiidae 78. Methocha articulata (Latreille, 1792) 79. Tiphia unicolor (Lepeletier, 1845) Mutillidae 80. Mutilla europaea (Linnaeus, 1758) Scoliidae 81. Scoliidae ( Discolia) hirta (Schrank, 1781) Pompilidae 82. Anoplius caviventris (Aurivillius, 1907) 83. Episyron albonotatum (Vander Linden, 1827) Sphecidae 84. Podalonia fera (Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1845) Halictidae 85. Halictus quadricinctus (Fabricius, 1776 ) 86. Gray rhophytoides Rhophitoides canus (Eversmann, 1852) Andrenidae 87. Melitturga clavicornis (Latreille, 1806) Megachilidae 88. Anthidium septemspinosum (Lepeletier, 1841) 89. Megachile bombycina (Radoszkowski, 1904. *lockopax) Gerstaecker, 1872) 91. Epeoloides coecutiens (Fabricius, 1775) 92. Moss bumblebee Bombus muscorum (Fabricius, 1775) 93. Schrenk's bumblebee Bombus schrencki (F. Morawitz, 1888) 94. Tied bumblebee Bombus serrisquama (F. Morawitz, 1888) 95. Hollow bumblebee Bombus hypnorum (L.) 96. Bombus sichelii (Radoszkowski, 1859) 97. Pied bumblebee Bombus soroeensis (Fabricius, 1776) 17

19 Order Diptera Diptera Family Asilidae 98. Humpbacked hedgehog Laphria gibbosa L. (2) Family Syrphidae 99. Lunar syrf Syrphus corollae F. (2) Tachinidae family Tachinidae 100. Large hedgehog Tachina grossa L. (2) Order Lepidoptera Cossidae 101. Acossus terebra (, 1775) 102. Phragmataecia castaneae (Hübner, 1790) Zygaenidae 103. Zygaena centaureae (Fischer von Waldheim, 1832) 104. Zygaena cynarae (Esper, 1789) 105. Zygaena carniolica (Scopoli, 1763) 105. Zygaena carniolica (Scopoli, 1763) 10. loti (, 1775) 107. Zygaena ephialtes (Linnaeus, 1767) 108. Zygaena angelicae (Ochsenheimer, 1808) Drepanidae 109. Watsonalla binaria (Hufnagel, 1767) 110. Sabra harpagula (Esper, ) Geeuometridae 111. ) 112. Holarctic moth Macaria loricaria (Eversmann, 1837) 113. Kemtrognophos ambiguata (Duponchel, 1830) 114. Arichanna melanaria (Linnaeus, 1758) 115. Pseudoterpna pruinata (Hufnagel, 1767) 116. Comibaena bateryx5 (, 17x7.co) mucronata (Scopoli, 1763) 118. Scotopterix moeniata (Scopoli, 1763) 119. Euphyia biangulata (Haworth, 1809) (=picata (Hübner, 1813)) 120. Ecliptopera silaceata (, 1775) 121. Ecliptopera capitata ( Herrich-Schaffer, 1839) 122. Perizoma lugdunaria (Herrich-Schäffer, 1855) 123. Rhodostrophia vibicaria (Clerck, 1759) 124. Cyshorhora albiocellaria (Hübner, 1790) Lasiocampidae 125. Trichiura crataegi (Linnaeus, 1758) 125. Trichiura crataegi (Linnaeus, 1758) Linnaeus, 1758) 127. Lasiocampa quercus (Linnaeus, 1758) 128. Lasiocampa trifolii (, 1775) 129. Phyllodesma tremulifolia (Hübner, 1809) 130. Phyllodesma ilicifolia (Linnaeus, 1758) 18

20 Lemoniidae 131. Lemonia dumi (Linnaeus, 1761) 132. Lemonia taraxaci (, 1775) Saturniidae 133. Eudia pavonia (Linnaeus, 1758) Sphingidae 134. Privet hawk Sphinx ligustri (Linnaeus, 1758) 1857) 136. Laothoe amurensis (Staudinger, 1892) 137. Hemaris tityus (Linnaeus, 1758) 138. Proserpine hawk Proserpinus proserpina (Pallas, 1772) Notodontidae 139. Cerura vinula (Linnaeus, 1758) 140. Cerura erminea1) 141. Furcula furcula (Clerck, 1759) 142. Furcula bicuspis (Borkhausen, 1790) 143. Furcula bifida (Brahm, 1787) 144. Drymonia ruficornis (Hufnagel, 1766) (=chaonia (Hübner, ) 145. Drymonia dodonaea (, 1775 ) (=trimacula (Esper, 1785)) 146. Notodonta torva (Hübner, 1803) 147. Notodonta tritophus (, 1775) 148. Peridea anceps (Goeze, 1781) 149. Ptilodon cucullina (, 1775) 150. Odontosia carmelita (Esper , 1799) 151. Clostera anastomosis (Linnaeus, 1758) 152. Clostera pigra (Hufnagel, 1766) Lymantriidae 153. Dicallomera fascelina (Linnaeus, 1758) 154. Calliteara abietis (, 1775) 155. Euproctis chrysorrhoea 185, 17idae Eilema deplanum (Esper, 1786) 157. Eilema complanum (Linnaeus, 1758) 158. Eilema lutarellum (Linnaeus, 1758) 159. Pelosia obtusa (Herrich-Schäffer, 1847) 160. Setina irrorella (Linnaeus Callus, 1758) 161. (Linnaeus, 1758) 162. Coscinia cribraria (Linnaeus, 1758) 163. Spiris striata (Linnaeus, 1758) 164. Parasemia plantaginis (Linnaeus, 1758) 165. Hyphoraia aulica (Linnaeus, 1758) 166. Arctia flavia, (Fues7s9) 167. Epicallia villica (Linnaeus, 1758) 168. Pericallia matronula (Linnaeus, 1758) 19

21 169. Eucharia festiva (Hufnagel, 1766) 170. Rhyparia purpurata (Linnaeus, 1758) 171. Epatolmis lucifera (, 1775) Syntomidae 172. Dysauxes ancilla (Linnaeus, 1767) Cutworms 173. Calyptra thalictri (Borkhausen, 17.90) ph alchymista (, 1775) 175. Minucia lunaris (, 1775) 176. Catocala pacta (Linnaeus, 1758) 177. Catocala promise (, 1775) 178. Diachrysia chryson (Esper, 1789) 179. Euchalcia variabilis (Piller, 1783) 178. Syngrapha interrogationis (Linnaeus, 1758) 181. Acontia melanura (Tauscher, 1809) 182. Acronicta cinerea (Hufnagel, 1766) 183. Craniophora ligustri (, 1775) 184. Eucarta amethystina (Hübner, ) 185. Eucarta virgo (Treitsch5ke), 186. Callopistria juventina (Stoll, 1782) 187. Dicycla oo (Linnaeus, 1758) 188. Staurophora celsia (Linnaeus, 1758) 189. Celaena haworthii (Curtis, 1829) 190. Ammoconia caecimacula (, 1775) 191. Noctua fimbriata , 1759) 192. Spaelotis suecica (Aurivillius, 1889) Hesperiidae 193. Carcharodus alceae (Esper, 1780) 194. Pyrgus alveus (Hübner, ) Papilionidae 195. Iphiclides podalirius (Linnaeus, 17958) 196. Zerynthia polyxena5 *Parnassius apollo (Linnaeus, 1758) 198. *Driopa mnemosyne (Linnaeus, 1758) Pieridae 199. Euchloe ausonia (Hübner, ) Nymphalidae 200. Limenitis populi (Linnaeus, 1758) 201. Neptis rivularis (Scopoli, 1763) 202. Neptis (Pallas, 1771) 203. Laodice's mother-of-pearl Argynnis laodice (Pallas, 1771) 204. Daphne's mother-of-pearl Brenthis daphne (, 1775) 205. Nymphalis vau-album (, 1775) 206. Euphydryas maturna (Linnaeus, 1758) 207. Phoebe phoebe (, 1775) 20

22 208. Melitaea cinxia (Linnaeus, 1758) 209. Diamin's checkered beetle Melitaea diamina (Lang, 1789) Satyridae 210. Pararge aegeria (Linnaeus, 1758) 211. Erebia aethiops (Esper, ) 212. Erebia ligea (Linnaeus) 213. Dryad Minois dryas (Scopoli, 1763) 214. Chortobius hero (Linnaeus, 1761) Lycaenidae 215. Favonius quercus (Linnaeus, 1758) 216. Fixsenia spini (, 1775) 217. Fixsenia ilicis (Esper, ) 218. Lycaena helle (, 1775) 219. Lycaena hippothoe (Linnaeus, 1761) 220. Scolitantides orion (Pallas, 1771) 221. Glaucopsyche alexis (Poda, 1761) 222. Phengaris alcon (, 1775) 223. Phengaris teleius (Bergsträsser, ) 224. Phengaris nausithous (Bergsträsser, ) 225. Polyommatus (Lysandra) coridon (Poda, 1761) 226. Polyommatus daphnis (, 1775) ПОЗВОНОЧНЫЕ ЖИВОТНЫЕ Класс Цефаласпидоморфы Cephalaspidomorphi Отряд Миногообразные Petromyzontiformes 227. Минога каспийская Caspiomyson wagneri (Kessler, 1870) Класс Костные рыбы Osteichthyes Отряд Осетрообразные Acipenseriformes 228. Осетр русский Acipenser gueldenstaedtii (Brandt et Ratzeburg, 1833) 229. Cтерлядь Acipenser ruthenus (Linnaeus, 1758) Отряд Карпообразные Cypriniformes 230. Сазан Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) 231. Белоперый пескарь Romanogobio albipinnatus (Lukasch, 1933) 232 Blue bream Ballerus ballerus (Linnaeus, 1758) 233. White-eye Ballerus sapa (Pallas, 1814) 234. Quicksand Alburnoides bipunctatus (Bloch, 1782) 235. Common asp Aspius aspius (Linnaeus, 1758) 236. ) 237. Lake minnow Phoxinus percnurus (Pallas, 1814) 238. Sabrefish Pelecus cultratus (Linnaeus, 1758) 239. Common loach Cobitis taenia (Linnaeus, 1758) Order Salmoniformes 21

23 240. Белорыбица Stenodus leucichthys (Gueldenstaedt, 1772) Отряд Скорпенообразные Scorpaeniformes 241. Обыкновенный подкаменщик Cottus gobio (Linnaeus, 1758) Отряд Окунеобразные Perciformes 242. Берш Sander volgensis (Gmelin, 1789) Класс Земноводные Amphibia Отряд Бесхвостые земноводные Anura 243. Жерлянка краснобрюхая Bombina bombina (Linnaeus, 1761) 244. Common toad Bufo bufo (Linnaeus, 1758) 245. Common frog Rana temporaria (Linnaeus, 1758) 246. Edible frog Pelophylax esculentus (Linnaeus, 1758) Reptile class Reptilya Order Tortoise Testudines 247 orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) Order Squamous Squamata 248. Common copperhead Coronella austriaca (Laurenti, 1768) 249. Common viper Vipera berus (Linnaeus, 1758) Class Birds Aves Order Loons Gaviiformes 250. Black-throated diver (L. Gavia17) Order Podicipediformes 251. Lesser grebe Podiceps ruficolli (Pallas, 1764) 252. Black-necked grebe Podiceps nigricollis (C.L. Drehm, 1831) 253. Red-necked grebe Podiceps aurituss (L., 1758) Order Storks Coconiiformes 254. Little bittern Ixobrychus minutus (L., 1766) 255. Great egret Casmerodius albus (L., 1758) 256. White stork Ciconia ciconia (L., 1758) 257. Black stork Ciconia nigra (L., 1758) Anseriformes order 258. Red-throated goose Branta ruficollis (Pallas, 1769) 259. Gray goose Anser anser (L., 1758) 260. Mute swan Cygnus olor (Gmelin, 1789) 261. Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus (L., 1758) 262. Sheldock Tadorna tadorna (L., 1758) 22

24 263. Rufous shelduck Tadorna ferruginea (Pallas, 1764) 264. Gray duck Anas strepera (L., 1758) 265. Pintail Anas acuta (L., 1758) 266. Red-nosed pochard Netta rufina (Pallas, 1773) 267. Red-headed duck Aythya ferina (L., 1758) 268. White-eyed duck Aythya nyroca (Guldenstadt, 1770) 269. Crested duck Aythya fuligula (L., 1758) 270. Mergus merganser (L., 1758) Falconiformes order Falconiformes 271. Osprey Pandion haliaetus (L., 1758) 272. Harrier Circus cyaneus (L., 1758) 273. Steppe harrier Circus macrourus (S.G. Gmelin, 1771) 274. Serpent eagle Circaetus gallicus (Gmelin, 1788) 275. Booted eagle Hieraaetus pennatus (Gmelin, 1788) 276. Greater spotted eagle Aquila clanga (Pallas, 1811) 277. Burial ground Aquila heliaca (Savigny, 1809) 278. Golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos (L., 1758) 279. White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla (L., 1758) 280. Saker Falcon Falco cherrug (Gray, 1834) 281. Peregrine Falco peregrinus (Tunstall, 1771) 282. Falco vespertinus (L., 1758) Order Galliformes 283. Willow Lagopus lagopus (L., 1758) Order Gruiformes 284. Common Crane Grus grus (L., 1758) 285. Shepherd Rallus aquaticus (L., 1758) 286. Little rutting Porzana parva (Scopoli, 1769) 287. Little rutting Porzana pussila (Pallas, 1776) 288. Bustard Otis tarda (L. , 1758) 289. Little bustard Otis tetrax (L., 1758) Order Charadriiformes 290. Stilt Himantopus himantopus (L., 1758) 291. Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus (L., 1758) 292. Marshmallow Tringa stagnatilis (Bechstein, 18033) ) 293. Great snipe Xenus cinereus (Guldenatadt, 1775) 294. Turukhtan Philomachus pugnax (L., 1758) 295. Harlequin Lymnocryptes minimus (Brunnich, 1764) 296. Great snipe Gallinago media (Latham, 1787) 297. Curlew Numenius arquata (L., 1758) ., 1758) 298. Black-tailed godwit Limosa limosa (L., 1758) 299. Little gull Larus minutus (Pallas, 1776) 23

25 300. Common gull Larus canus (L., 1758) 301. Barnacle tern Chlidonias hybridus (Pallas, 1811) 302. Lesser tern Sterna albifrons (Pallas, 1764) Order Pigeon-like Columbiformes 303. Blindweed Columba oenas (L., 1758) 304 Ringed turtledove Streptopelia decaocto (Frivaldszky, 1838) 305. Common turtledove Streptopelia turtur (L., 1758) Order Cuckoo-like Cuculiformes 306. Common cuckoo Cuculus (saturatus) optatus (Blyth, 1843) Order Owl-like Strigidiaformes (Nuctea scandiaformes 307. Snowy owl) ., 1758) 308. Eagle Owl Bubo bubo (L., 1758) 309. Scops Otus scops (L., 1758) 310. Horned Owl Aegolius funereus (L., 1758) 311. House Owl Athene noctua (Scopoli, 1769) 312 Owl Glaucidium passerinum (L., 1758) 313 Hawk-owl Surnia ulula (L., 1758) 314 Tawny Owl Strix aluco (L., 1758) Order Coraciiformes 315 Roller Coracias garrulus (L., 1758) Order Hoopoe Upupiformes 316. Hoopoe Upupa epops (L., 1758) Order Woodpeckers Piciformes 317. Green woodpecker Picus viridis (L., 1758) 318. Middle woodpecker Dendrocopos medius (L., 1758) 319. Three-toed woodpecker Picoides tridactylus (L., 1758) Order Passeriformes 320. Crested lark Galerida cristata (L., 1758) 321. Meadow pipit Anthus pratensis (L., 1758) 322. Gray shrike Lanius excubitor (L., 1758) 323. Nucifraga caryocatactes (L., 1758) 324. Wren Troglodytes troglodytes (L., 1758) 325. Nightingale cricket Locustella luscinioides (Savi, 1824) 326. Common cricket Locustella naevia (Boddaert, 1783) 327. Reed warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus (Hermann, 1804) 38.4 Hippolais caligata (Lichtenstein, 1823) 329. Black-headed coin Saxicola torquata (L., 1766) 330. Black redstart Phoenicurus ochruros (S.G. Gmelin, 1774) 24

26 331. Common tit Remiz pendulinus (L., 1758) 332. Black-headed tit Parus palustris (L., 1758) 333. Crested tit Parus cristatus (L., 1758) 334. Muscovite Parus ater (L., 1758) 335. Prince Parus cyanus (Pallas, 1770) 336. Crossbill Loxia curvirostra (L., 1758) 337. Dubrovnik Ocyris aureolus (Pallas, 1773) Class Mammalia Mammalia Order Insectivorous Eulipotyphla (Insectivora) 338. Russian muskrat Desmana moschata, 1758 ) 339. Lesser shrew Crocidura suaveolens (Pallas, 1811) 340. Tiny shrew Sorex minitissimus (Zimmermann, 1780) 341. Common shrew Neomys fodiens (Pennant, 1771) Order Chiroptera 342. Brandt's bat Myotis brandti (Eversmann, 343.5) Pond bat Myotis dasycneme (Boie, 1825) 344. Common long-eared bat Plecotus auritus (Linnaeus, 1758) 345. Lesser bat Nyctalus leisleri (Kuhl, 1817) 346. Giant bat Nyctalus lasiopterus (Schreberlus, 1780) 347. Lesser pistrellus pygmaeus (Leach, 1825) Order Predatory Carnivora 348. Brown bear Ursus arctos (Linnaeus, 1758) 349. European mink Mustela lutreola (Linnaeus, 1758) 350. Steppe polecat Mustela eversmanni (Lesson, 1827) 351. Badger (Common Meles mesles , 1758) 352. River otter Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758) 353. Common lynx Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 1758) Order Rodents Rodentia 354. Spotted ground squirrel Spermophilus suslicus (Guldenstaedt, 1770) 355. Common marmot (Marmoulerobak) , 1776) 356. Common beaver Castor fiber (Linnaeus, 1758) 357. Common dormouse Dryomys nitedula (Pallas, 1778) 358. Common dormouse Eliomys quercinus (Linnaeus, 1766) 359. Common dormouse Glis glis (Linnaeus, 1766) 360. Hazel dormouse Muscardinus avellanarius (Linnaeus, 1758) 361. Wood mouse Sicista betulina (Pallas, 1779) 362. Large jerboa Allactaga major (Kerr, 1792) 363. Mole rat Spalax microphtalmus (Guldenstaedt, 1770) 364. Gray hamster Cricerator , 1773) 365. Red-backed vole Clethrionomys rutilus (Pallas, 1779) 366. Steppe pied Lagurus lagurus (Pallas, 1773) 25

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Ecological and Local Lore Public Association "Nerush" Educational Establishment "Baranovichi State University" Baranovichi City and District Inspectorate of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Division

ISSN 0869-4362 Russian Journal of Ornithology 2013, Volume 22, Express Issue 887: 1544-1549 About some birds of the Minsk province A.V. Fedyushin Second edition. First published in 1912 * In this description

Interregional charitable public organization "Siberian Ecological Center" BRIEF REPORT on the results of long-term monitoring of nesting sites of Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug), upland

"i \ v. * &, GOVERNMENT OF THE TULA REGION DECISION OF 07/24/2017 315 ​​On the introduction of Tula region restrictions and prohibitions on the use of hunting resources in the summer-autumn period 2017

According to the combined data of many researchers, about 1,500 species of insects have been registered in the reserve. Of these, the most studied groups are dragonflies, orthoptera, beetles and lepidoptera. Unfortunately, the entomofauna is still far from being fully explored.

The ichthyofauna of fish in the reservoirs of the reserve itself and the adjacent section of the river. Satisa (excluding the Moksha River) has 32 species, among which tench is the most common ( Tinca tinca(L.)), pike ( Esox lucius L.), silver carp ( Carassius auratus(L.)), perch ( perca fluviatilis L.), top ( Leucaspius delineatus(Heck.)) and others. In the second half of the 20th century. new species appeared in the fish population of the reserve (lake minnow ( Phoxinus perenurus(Pall.)) and rattan firebrand ( Perccottus gleni Dyb.)). The first one began to be caught in 1978, the second - in 1979. At present, these are one of the most widespread species in the ponds and floodplain lakes of the MGPZ.

Of the amphibians in the reserve, there are 10 widespread species: common ( Lissotriton vulgaris(L.)) and crested newts ( Triturus cristatus(Laur.)), gray ( Bufo bufo(L.)) and green toad (Bufo viridis Laur.), spadefoot ( Pelobates fuscus(Laur.)), red-bellied toad ( Bombina bombina(L.)), moor ( Rana arvalis Nils.), herbal ( Rana temporaria L.), pond ( Rana lessonae Cam.) and lake frogs ( Rana ridibunda Pall.). Some of them are quite rare. Of the reptiles in the reserve, common species live: nimble ( Lacerta agilis L.) and viviparous lizards ( zootoca vivipara(Jacq.)), spindle ( Anguis fragilis L.), common snake ( Natrix natrix(L.)), common viper ( Vipera berus(L.)) and verdigris ( coronella austriaca Laur.). In addition, for the first time in the reserve, finds of a marsh turtle were made ( Emys orbicularis(L.)). According to reports from the "Chronicles of Nature ..." of the reserve (1988-1990), one adult was recorded on April 14, 1988 on the Shavets stream in the area of ​​​​the Pavlovsky cordon. The authors of the "Chronicles" suggested that, perhaps, the turtle entered the stream from the Penza region along the river. Moksha.

The avifauna of the reserve includes 215 species belonging to 17 orders and 47 families. In the 1930s, about 20 capercaillie currents were discovered in the reserve. The forests are characterized by the black woodpecker ( Dryocopus martius(L.)), large ( Dendrocopos major(L.)) and small pied ( Dendrocopos minor(L.)) woodpeckers, wryneck ( Jynx torguilla L.), nuthatch ( Sitta europaea L.), pigeon ( Columba palumbus L.), chanter ( Turdus philomelos C.L. Brehm) and blackbirds ( Turdus merula L.), European Robin ( Erithacus rubecula(L.)), pika ( Certhia familiaris L.), Chiffchaff ( Phylloscopus collybita(Vieill.)), chaffinch ( Fringilla coelebs L.), redstart nests along the edges ( Phoenicurus phoenicurus(L.)))), oriole ( Oriolus oriolus(L.)), pied flycatchers ( Ficedula hypoleuca(Pall.)), and in light birch forests - rattlesnakes ( Phylloscopus sibilatrix(Bechst.)). Alder forests and floodplain oak forests are the favorite habitats of nightingales ( Luscinialuscinia(L.)). In the floodplain deciduous forests, 27 species of birds are recorded in winter, in deciduous forests - 22, in mixed forests - 24, in pine forests - 23. As long-term data of 1960-1994 show, the number of grouse has not undergone significant changes. Despite sharp fluctuations over the years, there is no general downward trend in numbers. On the contrary, there is a slight increase in the number of capercaillie and hazel grouse. So, if the average density of capercaillie in the 1960s was 18.7 individuals per 1000 ha, then in the 1970s it increased to 20, and in the 1980s to 20.6 individuals per 1000 ha. The lowest number of capercaillie was noted in 1964 and 1987, the highest - in 1960, 1976, 1993 and 1994. The lowest number of hazel grouse was observed in 1979, the highest - in 1976.

The mammalian fauna of the reserve is of a mixed nature due to its location at the boundary of natural zones. On the one hand, it has views of the European taiga - Brown bear (Ursus arctos L.), moose ( Alces alces L.), capercaillie ( Tetrao urogallus L.), hazel grouse ( Tetrastes bonasia(L.)), Eastern European mixed broad-leaved forests - squirrel ( Sciurus vulgaris L.), pine marten ( martes martes L.), forest polecat ( Mustela putorius L.), mole ( Talpa europea L.), European mink ( Mustela lutreola L.).

More than 60 species of mammals are found in the reserve, of which 5 were introduced by humans or independently settled from neighboring territories - deer ( Cervus elaphus L.), sika deer ( Cervus nippon Temm.), bison ( Bison bonasus L.), raccoon dog ( Nyctereutes procyonoides Gray.), muskrat ( Ondatra zibethica L.). The floodplain of Moksha is rich in water bodies suitable for the habitation of muskrat ( Desmana moschata L.). The fauna of rodents is the richest, including 22 species. Of the cats in the reserve, there is a lynx ( Felix lynx L.). Ermine ( Mustela erminea L.) and weasel ( Mustela nivalis L.) are not numerous both in pine forests and in the western, floodplain part of the reserve. Several families of bears live in the reserve. Bears do not tolerate close proximity of relatives. Lairs are arranged in different places: in some cases, these are simple creases of fir trees in the form of a hut above a depression in the soil lined with spruce branches, in others - niches under the trunks of windfall trees with dry grass litter, sometimes - a dug hole, often under the roots big tree. Of the other predatory mammals, the fauna of the reserve is characterized by the wolf ( canis lupus L.). Fox ( Vulpes vulpes L.) is common in the reserve, but the acclimatized raccoon dog is currently extremely rare and its encounters are rare. The wild boar is especially numerous and active ( Sus scrofa L.). For 15 years after the appearance in the reserve, its number exceeded 200 animals.

In the reserve, repeated importations (introductions) of various mammals were carried out. The first to be released for reacclimatization in 1936 were beavers brought from the Voronezh Reserve. Later they were released twice more. The reacclimagation was successful, the beavers multiplied and spread throughout the reserve and beyond. Marals were the first of the ungulates to be introduced: four in 1937 and five in 1940. At first they were kept in a corral, and in 1941 they were released into the reserve. By 1944 there were 32 of them, in the 1980s no more than 12 marals remained. In 1938 with Far East 53 spotted deer were introduced. They were also initially kept in a corral, and since 1940 they were released in groups every year. Some deer have left the reserve.

The bison was brought to the Mordovia Reserve in 1956 from the Central Zubrovsky nursery (Prioksko-Terrasny GPZ) and was represented by seven hybrid females (bison + bison + gray Ukrainian cattle) and two purebred young males, which were used in absorption crossing in the herd of hybrid females . The work was carried out according to the general program developed by M. A. Zablotsky. The tasks included breeding a purebred bison group by absorption crossbreeding. Importation (formation of the herd) continued from 1956 to 1962. . The number of hybrid animals for a number of years was maintained at the level of 30 or more heads. This species reached its peak in 1987 (30–40 animals), after which a sharp decline his livestock. It has not been recorded on the territory of the Mordovskiy Reserve and adjacent areas of the Temnikovskiy forest area in recent years.