Sections: Primary School

Class: 4

Lesson Objectives: Systematization and generalization of knowledge about holidays in the world’s religions: Orthodox, Muslim, Jewish and Buddhist.

Tasks:

• To consolidate students’ knowledge about the variety of holidays in the religions of the world;
• To foster mutual respect and respect for the traditions of the peoples of the world, to cultivate a tolerant attitude towards different religions; awaken interest in the culture of different peoples and their history; broaden the horizons of students.

Types of activities: conversation, work in pairs, work in groups, individual messages, testing, work with marker boards for feedback.

Equipment: multimedia presentation, computer

During the classes

I. Organization of attention.

Message Topic and Purpose

T: Guys, please remember the topic of our last lesson? What we were talking about ? Slide

D: We studied the topic “Holidays in the religions of the world” and looked at which holidays are the main ones in each religion.

U : What is the purpose of our lesson?

Today in the lesson we will consolidate the knowledge we have acquired and enter the world of diverse and amazing religious holidays.

II. Updating knowledge. Checking homework.

Question and answer conversation.

Do you guys like holidays?

What associations arise when you hear the word holiday?

(joy, fun, gifts, treats, relaxation) Slide.

What is a holiday?

HOLIDAY - a non-working day, a day of joy, established in honor of some event. (dictionary (Ozhegova). And we are looking at holidays in the religions of the world. But religious holidays are also dedicated to some event.

you were given homework- prepare a message about any one holiday of any religion, using our textbook, Internet resources and other sources.

Work in pairs. Students tell each other about one of the holidays.

Work in groups. (group distribution)

Fill out the table “Holidays of the World's Religions.” To do this, work in groups.

Did everyone get it right? Remember the names of the holidays?

Check it out for yourself. Slide

Probably everything worked out for everyone, because it’s easier to work as a group.

III. Work on the topic.

1. Work in groups.

To get to know these holidays in more detail, we will work in groups.

We have 6 groups, which means we will consider 6 main holidays, 2 holidays in each religion, except Islam. Let's talk about Islam separately.

• Group 1 - Buddhism Donchod Khural
• Group 2 – Buddhism Sagaalgan
• Group 3 – Judaism Passover
• Group 4 – Judaism Shavout
• Group 5 - Christmas
• Group 6 – Christianity (Orthodox) – Easter

Fill out the table

Buddhism– one of the most ancient world religions. What are their main holidays? Sagaalgan and Danchod Khural. Slide

- Sagaalgan, The holiday is celebrated as the beginning of spring and New Year according to the Mongolian lunisolar calendar. Celebrated no earlier than January 21 and no later than February 19.

The basis of all Buddhist holiday rituals Sagaalgan there was deliverance from sins and defilements accumulated in the previous year. One of the main rituals is still a one-day fast, accompanied by a ceremony of burning “litter” - a black pyramid symbolizing accumulated evil. Slide

According to the Buddhist tradition, Buddha called all the animals to him before leaving for nirvana, but only the following came to say goodbye to him: Mouse, Cow, Tiger, Hare, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Sheep, Monkey, Chicken, Dog and Pig. In gratitude, the Buddha gave them each one year of management, and the years were given in exactly the order in which the animals came to the Buddha. This is how the famous 12-year “animal cycle” appeared ” Slide

- Buddha's Birthday (Donchod Khural) is the most important Buddhist holiday, celebrated on the full moon day of the second month of the lunar calendar. In June. Buddhists believe that on this day more than 2.5 thousand years ago, three events occurred in different years: the birth of Buddha, his achievement of Enlightenment at the age of 36, and his departure to Nirvana at the age of 81. . Slide

Buddha's birthday celebrations continue for a week. At this time, solemn prayers are held in the monasteries, processions and processions are organized. Temples are decorated with paper lanterns and garlands of flowers. Oil lamps are placed on the territory of temples, around sacred trees and stupas. The monks read prayers all night and tell believers stories from the life of Buddha. After the end of the festive prayer service on Buddha's Birthday, the laity treat members of the monastic community and present them with gifts. Slide

Judaism

Passover - a holiday of spring and freedom, in memory of the mass exodus of Jews from Egypt (about 3300 years ago) - one of the most important, significant events in Jewish history. Tradition associates the name "Passover" with the fact that God "passed" past the homes of the Jews at the time when He was punishing the Egyptians for Pharaoh's refusal to let the Jewish people go. The main feature of Passover is the commandment to eat unleavened bread (matzo) and the strictest prohibition not only to eat, but also to have leavened bread ("chametz") in your home. Matzo- a thin unleavened flatbread, the entire baking process from the moment of adding water to the flour should not exceed 18 minutes. Flour can be used from one of five grains: wheat, rye, barley, oats, spelt. Matzah is a reminder that the Jews, having finally received permission from Pharaoh to leave the country, left Egypt in such a hurry that they had to bake bread from dough that had not yet risen. Slide.

The holiday begins 15 days of the month of Nisan ( March, April) and lasts 7 days in Israel and 8 days in the Diaspora countries.

On the evening of Passover, a festive meal is held according to a special, time-honored ritual (“Seder” - “order”, Hebrew). The Easter Haggadah is being read - the story of the exodus from Egypt. The meal is accompanied by special prayers, blessings, and chants.

- Shavuot or Week (Pentecost) - a major Jewish holiday. Celebrated on Shavuot the giving of the Torah to the Jewish people on Mount Sinai during the Exodus from Egypt.

Outside the Land of Israel, the holiday is celebrated for 2 days. Shavuot is one of the pilgrimage holidays. In ancient times, on this holiday, wheat of the new harvest, first fruits, and fruits were donated to the Temple. Nowadays, on the holiday of Shavuot, in synagogues it is customary to read the story of the giving of the Torah, the text of the commandments and the story of the laws of celebrating Shavuot in the Temple. There is also a tradition on the eve of Shavuot to read the Torah all night.

The holiday meal on Shavuot necessarily includes dairy foods. This custom is associated with the day of presentation of the Torah. It is believed that upon returning to the camp from Mount Sinai, the Jews ate dairy foods. Since then, on the holiday of Shavuot, they eat something before lunch. dairy, and only then other festive dishes are served.

Personal message.

Rosh Hashana - New Year according to the Jewish calendar (the first two days of the month of Tishrei, usually in September, sometimes October according to the Jewish calendar). From this day begins a 10-day period of spiritual self-deepening and repentance. These days are called "ten days of teshuvah" (literal translation from Hebrew - "return") - return to God. They are also called "Ten Days of Repentance" or "Days of Trembling." It is believed that on Rosh Hashana the fate of each person for the year ahead is decided. On the first night of the holiday, Jews greet each other with a good wish: “May you be registered and subscribed to good year in the Book of Life!" In their prayers addressed to the Almighty, people ask to send them, their families, and the entire people peace, good health and good luck in business.

On Rosh Hashana, it is customary for synagogues to blow the shofar (a specially treated ram's horn) three times. The sound of the shofar should remind one of the trumpet blast on Mount Sinai and call one and all to repentance. Believers wear light clothes on this day. During the holiday meal, it is customary to dip challah or an apple in honey.

Orthodox

From the history of the holiday Christmas. Slides

The Jews were then under Roman rule. The Emperor of Rome ordered a census of all the people of Palestine. To do this, each resident had to come to the city where his family began. Joseph and Mary went to Bethlehem. But in the city all the houses were already occupied, and they stopped in a cave where in winter the shepherds hid their cattle from the wind. There Mary gave birth to her Child without pain or suffering. She swaddled Him and put Him in a manger - a feeding trough for sheep. The Radiant Child lay quietly on the straw in a dark cave, and Joseph, the ox and the donkey warmed him with their breath. Thus a great event took place - the birth of the Savior. This was more than two thousand years ago.

Easter is the most important holiday of the year. You need to prepare for Easter celebrations in advance. The Church prepares believers for the most important holiday with a seven-week fast - a time of repentance and spiritual cleansing. It is impossible to experience Easter joy in its entirety without fasting, even if not as strictly as the monastic rules prescribe.

In Rus', the tradition of celebrating Easter appeared in the 10th century with the advent of Christianity. . The celebration of Easter begins with participation in the Easter service. It is completely special, different from ordinary church services, it is very solemn and joyful. In Orthodox churches, as a rule, the Easter service begins exactly at midnight, but it is better to come to the temple in advance so as not to end up outside its threshold - most churches are crowded on Easter night. After the end of the service, believers “Christify”, i.e. greet each other with a kiss and the words “Christ is Risen!” and "Truly He is Risen" !". Slides

The celebration of Easter lasts forty days - exactly as long as Christ appeared to His disciples after the Resurrection. On the fortieth day, Jesus Christ ascended to God the Father. During the forty days of Easter, and especially in the first week - the most solemn one - they go to visit each other, give colored eggs and Easter cakes, and play Easter games. Easter is a family holiday, so the closest people gather around the festive table.

Many people do not know why and why eggs are painted at all and why specifically red. There are many versions on this matter, but I will tell only one of them. According to ancient church tradition, the first Easter egg was presented to the Roman Emperor Tiberius by Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Mary Magdalene (one of the twelve apostles). Soon after the ascension of Christ the Savior into heaven, Mary Magdalene appeared for the Gospel sermon in Rome. In those days, it was customary to bring gifts to the emperor when visiting the emperor. The wealthy brought jewelry, and the poor brought what they could. Therefore, Mary Magdalene, who had nothing but faith in Jesus, handed the Emperor Tiberius egg with the exclamation: “Christ is Risen.” The emperor, doubting what was said, noted that no one can rise from the dead and this is as difficult to believe as the fact that a white egg can turn red. Tiberius did not have time to finish these words, and the egg began to turn from white to bright red. The red coloring of the eggs symbolized the blood of Christ and at the same time served as a symbol of the Resurrection.

So, Easter is undoubtedly a family, joyful and beautiful holiday, where the whole family should gather around the table, share the common joy of the holiday and become an even stronger and more united family, which is what we wish for you!

The Feast of Trinity is also called Pentecost, because... exactly on the fiftieth (50) day after Easter. Slide

The Trinity holiday is popularly called the “green”, “emerald”, summer holiday. Because the holiday of the Holy Trinity is a holiday of renewal of life, a holiday of greenery: on Trinity it is customary to decorate the temple of God and houses with branches of maple, lilac, birch, willow, meadow herbs, and flowers. On Trinity and after it, it was no longer possible to sing stoneflies, but on Trinity it was customary to float wreaths of flowers on the water.

It was believed that spring and summer truly come into their own only from the holiday of Trinity. Truly believing Christians who observe church canons know that during the period from Easter to Trinity, you can neither pray on your knees nor bow down to the ground. But already on the feast of the Holy Trinity, the evening service in the Church of God is partially performed on the knees - three Orthodox prayers of Basil the Great are read on the knees, with the help of which Orthodox people ask the Holy Spirit for forgiveness of sins, confess and ask for the enlightenment of sinful souls.

Thanks to the feat of the Son of God Jesus Christ, the holiday of the Holy Trinity symbolizes that the soul of each of us can “bloom” with the magnificent color of Love, Goodness, Faith and Hope.

Islam

Personal message

Kurban Bayram (Festival of Sacrifice) is a Muslim holiday of the end of the Hajj, celebrated on the 10th day of the twelfth month of the Islamic lunar calendar (Dhul-Hijj) in memory of the sacrifice of the Prophet Ibrahim and 70 days after the holiday Eid al Adha.
As it is narrated in the Koran, Archangel Gabriel appeared to the Prophet Ibrahim in a dream and conveyed to him a command from Allah to sacrifice his only son Ismail. Ibrahim went to the Mina valley to the place where Mecca is now located and began preparations. His son, being obedient to his father and God, did not resist. However, this turned out to be a test from Allah. When the sacrifice was almost made, Allah made sure that the knife did not cut. And then the angel Gabriel gave the prophet Ibrahim a ram as a substitute for the sacrifice. Eid al-Adha is the culmination of the Hajj to Mecca. On the eve of the holiday, pilgrims ascend Mount Arafat, and on the day of Kurban Bayram they perform a symbolic stoning of the shaitan and tawaf (circumvention around the Kaaba).

Eid al-Fitr - Individual message.

One of the major holidays of Islam Eid al Adha is celebrated to mark the end of fasting in the month of Ramadan. According to the tradition of Islam, it was on this day that Allah revealed the first verses of the Koran to the Prophet Muhammad. The holiday began to be celebrated in 624.

On the eve of the Eid al-Fitr holiday, obligatory payments (zakat) from Muslims are collected in favor of the community, and zakatul-fitr is also distributed to low-income community members - usually food, but monetary assistance is also possible. On the holiday of Eid al-Fitr, Muslims perform collective prayer in the mosque. After which the believers congratulate each other, give gifts, go on a visit or invite each other to festive table. The Eid al-Fitr holiday lasts three days. At this time, it is also customary to visit parents, elders and the sick, and visit cemeteries, remembering the dead.

IV. Consolidation.

To check and consolidate, we will now carry out testing.

Working with marker boards for feedback.

Screen test. Children show the correct answer by writing with a marker on the boards

Test “Holidays in the world’s religions”

1. What is the name of the holiday of the Resurrection of Christ?

a) Christmas

c) New Year

2. What is the name of the holiday - the birthday of Jesus?

a) New Year

on Christmas

3. On what day of the week does Easter always occur?

a) on Friday

b) on Sunday

c) on Saturday

4. On what day do Christians celebrate Christmas?

5. The main holiday of Muslims?

a) Kurban Bayram

b) Shavuot

c) Sukkot

6. What minor Muslim holiday do you know?

a) Uraza Bayram

b) Kurban Bayram

7. In honor of what event is the small holiday celebrated?

a) in honor of the end of the 30-day fast in the month of Ramadan

b) in honor of the beginning of Lent

8. Maulid is a holiday

a) birthday of the Prophet Muhammad;

b) holy month, the beginning of a new year;

c) the night of the prophet’s miraculous ascension to heaven.

9. Passover is the main holiday

a) Judaism

c) Christianity

d) Buddhism

10. What do you eat during Passover?

c) no restrictions

11. What is the history behind the fact that this particular product is eaten by Jews during the Passover holiday?

a) stores do not sell other products

b) do not want to cook other food

c) fled in a hurry from Egypt and did not have time to leaven the dough

12. What food is it customary to abstain from during Shavuot?

a) from dairy products

b) from fish

c) from meat

V. Homework.

Tell family members and friends about your favorite religious holiday.

Reflection

Our lesson is coming to an end. Let us now each determine for ourselves the purpose for which it was taught. Let's return to the topic and purpose of our lesson and draw a conclusion.

Conclusion.

• Have you learned anything new about religious holidays?
• Did you like the lesson?
• How do you feel at the end of the lesson? Draw emoticons on the tablets and show me.

Holidays in various religions perform a special function for both believers and secular people. For a religious person, such a day is special, as it reminds of some significant event. As for those who prefer to believe in the Almighty in their souls, holidays are also important for such people. After all, they help to escape from everyday worries and take a break from the stress of work for a while.

Traditions of Christmas in Orthodoxy

At all times, religious holidays played a special role. One of the most important solemn days for representatives different religions is Christmas.

In Orthodoxy, this bright day is celebrated on January 7th. The day when intensive preparation for the holiday takes place is Christmas Eve. According to the strict rules of the Orthodox Church, believers must refuse food until the first star appears. Christmas is preceded by Lent.

Which religious holiday is the most important? It is difficult to answer this question. Each of these days has a special mood. And as for Christmas, folk beliefs, on the night before Christmas, two forces fight - good and evil. One invites people to carol and celebrate the birth of the Savior, and the second invites people to a witches' Sabbath. Once upon a time this evening, carols were walking around the courtyards - young people dressed up in animal masks. They called the owners of the house, sparing no beautiful words. Of course, such traditions had nothing in common with church traditions.

Traditions for Holy Eve

IN different countries This religious holiday is celebrated in its own way. For example, in Ukraine the celebration begins on Holy Evening, Christmas Eve. Before this, the church also prescribes fasting. One of the distinctive traditions is a dish called “kutya”. Is it wheat or rice porrige, to which dried fruits, honey, poppy seeds, and raisins are added. In total, 12 different Lenten dishes should be served on Holy Evening. On Christmas itself, people hardly visited. Only adult married children (with daughters-in-law or sons-in-law) could visit their elderly parents and take “grandfather dinner.”

Do Muslims have Christmas?

What about Christmas celebrations in Muslim countries? For many, this question is very interesting. Of course, none of the Muslim theologians calls for celebrating this religious holiday. Moreover, Muslims have their own “analog” of Christmas - the birthday of the Prophet Muhammad. It is celebrated on the 12th day of the third month according to the Muslim calendar, and falls on different holidays every year. However, since Jesus Christ is also considered a prophet within the framework of this religion, Muslims congratulate their neighbors and close Christians on this holiday.

Main Muslim holiday

One of the most important religious holidays of the year for all Muslims is Eid al-Adha. It begins 70 days after the end of Ramadan fasting, and lasts 3-4 days. The main tradition of this holiday is the sacrifice of a lamb. takes place on each day of celebration. Ceremonial dishes are prepared from the meat of the animal, which are eaten at meals or distributed to the poor.

Christmas in the Catholic Church

In many countries, Christmas is both a national and religious holiday. In the Catholic tradition, Christmas is celebrated according to the Gregorian calendar, from January 25 to January 1. This bright day is preceded by the period of Advent - fasting, during which believers confess in churches. On the eve of Christmas, a special Mass is celebrated in Catholic churches, which begins exactly at midnight. During Christmas, houses are supposed to have fir trees installed and decorated. This tradition first originated among the Germanic peoples, who considered the spruce a symbol of wealth and fertility.

Easter customs

One of the most ancient religious holidays in Russia is Easter. It is one of the most important and celebrates the resurrection of Jesus Christ. It is believed that almost all the traditions of this holiday first appeared in worship. And even folk festivities are always associated with one of the main traditions - breaking the fast after Lent.

One of the main traditions for Easter involves special greetings. Among Orthodox believers, it is customary to christen - to express greetings with the words “Christ is Risen!”, “Truly He is Risen!”. The words are accompanied by a three-time kiss. This tradition dates back to the time of the apostles.

Main rituals for Easter

During Holy Saturday and immediately after the Easter service, the consecration of Easter cakes, eggs, and all the food that was prepared for the festive table takes place. Easter eggs symbolize the birth of the Savior. There is a legend according to which Mary Magdalene brought an egg as a gift to the Roman Emperor Tiberius, symbolizing the resurrection of Christ. The emperor doubted the history of the resurrection of Christ. He said that just as eggs cannot turn from white to red, so the dead cannot be resurrected. At the same moment the egg turned red. Despite the fact that today eggs are colored different colors, the predominant shade is traditionally red, symbolizing life and rebirth.

One of the traditions in the pre-Easter week is the preparation of the so-called Thursday salt, which has excellent healing properties. To do this, on Maundy Thursday (the last Thursday before the celebration of Great Easter), put ordinary salt in the oven or oven for 10 minutes. Then she is blessed in the church. According to popular belief, salt can not only heal illnesses, but also maintain peace in the family and get rid of the evil eye.

Nativity of the Virgin Mary - September 21

One of the major religious holidays for Orthodox believers is the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary. This holiday is celebrated on September 21, and it was established by the church back in the 4th century. On this day, the days become shorter and the nights become longer. Depending on the weather on the day of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, people determined what autumn would be like and made assumptions about the coming winter. For example, it was believed that if birds rose high into the sky on this day, then winter would be cold. If the weather was clear, it was believed that it would last until the end of October.

On this religious holiday, quarreling was not allowed. It was believed that quarrels with the Mother of God especially anger the Lord because they upset the Virgin Mary. Drinking wine is not allowed on this day. Anyone who drinks on this day will suffer for a whole year. On September 21, it is also customary to treat all women with respect, remembering the original spark of God in every person.

There were also special traditions on this Orthodox religious holiday. Usually, newlyweds were visited on the Mother of God and taught them to avoid life’s mistakes. The hostess baked a festive cake and treated the guests.

The newlyweds also visited their parents on this day. They dressed in beautiful clothes, took the baked pie with them and set off around the village. The young wife attached a ribbon with the letters “R” and “B” (“Nativity of the Virgin Mary”) to her hair, which was supposed to protect her and her family from the evil eye. If the ribbon was untied, it was believed that someone was jealous of the young people and did not wish well.

One of the most important religious holidays of the year is Epiphany. It is celebrated on January 19th. The main tradition on this day is the blessing of water in temples. There was once an opinion that any tap water on this date became holy. However, the clergy emphasize that in any case the water must be blessed in the church. This water can treat wounds and illnesses. It is placed in a corner of the home so that there is order and peace in the house all year round. It is also necessary to remember that your beneficial features Holy water can be lost if, while collecting it or using it, a person quarrels with someone.

Main events and holidays celebrated in the world's major religions.

Major Christian holidays

Christian holidays.

Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary

The Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary is a holiday associated with the Christian tradition of how the Archangel Gabriel told the Virgin Mary the “good news” about the impending birth of the Divine Child to Her. Celebrated on March 25 (April 7).

Presentation of the Blessed Virgin Mary into the Temple

The Presentation of the Most Holy Theotokos into the Temple is a holiday in memory of the entry of three-year-old Mary into the Jerusalem Temple, where She was given by her parents to be raised. Celebrated on November 21 (December 4).

Ascension

Ascension is a holiday in honor of Christ's ascension into heaven. Celebrated on the 40th day after Easter.

Palm Sunday

The Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem (Palm Sunday) is a holiday in honor of the entry of Christ into Jerusalem. Celebrated on the last Sunday before Easter.

Exaltation of the Cross

Exaltation of the Cross - the holiday is dedicated to the events of the 4th century, when Saint Helen found the Cross of the Lord in Jerusalem. Celebrated on September 14 (27).

Epiphany

Epiphany (Epiphany) is a holiday in memory of the baptism of Jesus Christ by the prophet John the Baptist in the Jordan River. Celebrated on January 6 (19).

Circumcision of the Lord

Easter

Easter is the main Christian holiday in honor of the resurrection of Christ crucified on the cross. Celebrated on the first Sunday after spring equinox and full moon. For Orthodox churches, Easter falls between March 22 and April 23, Julian style.

Protection of the Blessed Virgin Mary

The Protection of the Blessed Virgin Mary is a holiday in memory of the appearance in the 10th century. in the Blachernae Church in Constantinople of the Mother of God, who spread her veil over the Christians, thereby blessing them for a victorious battle with the Saracens. Celebrated on October 1 (14).

Transfiguration

The Transfiguration of the Lord is a holiday in honor of the transfiguration of Jesus Christ, who revealed his Divine nature to the disciples shortly before the Passion of Calvary. Celebrated on August 6 (19).

Nativity of John the Baptist

Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary

The Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary is a holiday in honor of the birth of the Virgin Mary, mother of Christ. Celebrated on September 8 (21).

Nativity

Christmas is one of the main Christian holidays in honor of the birth of Jesus Christ. Celebrated on December 25th orthodox churches This holiday is celebrated on January 7 (Gregorian style).

Presentation of the Lord

The Presentation of the Lord is a holiday in honor of the meeting (presentation) by the ancestor Simeon of the Messiah - the child Christ, whom his parents brought to the temple to be dedicated to God. Celebrated on February 2 (15).

Trinity

Trinity (Russian name for the day of Pentecost) is a holiday in honor of the descent of the Holy Spirit on the apostles. Celebrated on the fiftieth day after Easter.

Dormition of the Virgin Mary

Basic Christian fasts

Fasting is abstinence for a certain period from any food or its individual types (especially meat). Every Orthodox Christian must fast on Wednesdays and Fridays throughout the year, on Epiphany Eve, on the day of the beheading of John the Baptist, on the Feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross. There are also 4 multi-day fasts

Spring (Great) - begins on the first Monday after Maslenitsa and continues until Easter.

Summer (Petrov) - begins on the first Monday after Spiritual Day and ends on June 29 (July 12), the day of the holy apostles Peter and Paul.

Autumn (Assumption) - 15 days before the Feast of the Assumption.

Winter (Rozhdestvensky or Filippov) - starts on November 15 (28) and lasts 40 days before Christmas.

Major Muslim holidays

Muslim holidays.

Ashura

Ashura is the main date of the Shiite religious calendar, the day of remembrance of the Shiite imam al-Hussein ibn Ali (grandson of the Prophet Mohammed). The 10th of Muharram is celebrated. The first ten days of Muharram also mark the beginning of the Muslim New Year (Lunar).

Eid al-Adha

Kurban Bayram is the holiday of Sacrifice, one of the main Muslim religious holidays. It begins on the 10th of the month of Dhu-l-Hijjah (12th month of the lunar calendar) and lasts three to four days. Islam orders all believers to make a blood sacrifice (slaughter a sheep, cow, camel) on this day.

Laylat al-bara

Laylat al-bara - the night of Creation, is celebrated on the night of the 15th Sha'ban (8th month of the lunar calendar). Muslims offer special prayers for the dead and for the atonement of sins.

Laylat al-qadr

Laylat al-qadr - the night of Predestination, is celebrated on the night of the 27th day of the month of Ramadan (9th month of the lunar calendar). That night the “revelation” of the Koran to Muhammad began.

Mavlyud

Mavlud is a holiday in honor of the birthday of the Prophet Mohammed. Since the exact date of his birth is unknown, it was timed to coincide with the day of his death. Celebrated on the 12th of the month of Rabbi al-Awwal (3rd month of the lunar calendar).

Miraj

Miraj is a holiday in honor of the legendary journey of Mohammed on the white fabulous animal Burak from Mecca to Jerusalem, and from there along the light staircase to heaven to talk with Allah. Celebrated on the 27th of the month of Rajab (7th month of the lunar calendar).

Nowruz

Nowruz is the day of the spring equinox. It is celebrated in many Muslim countries, although it is not directly related to Islam.

Eid al Adha

Eid al-Adha is a holiday marking the end of a month of fasting (Uraza). 1st Shawwal (10th month of the lunar calendar) is celebrated.

Jewish holidays

Holidays of followers of Judaism.

Yom Kippur

Yom Kippur (Judgment Day) is the last day of the year. It is believed that on that holiday God weighs people's actions and determines their fate.

Passover

Pesach (Easter) is a spring holiday celebrated in honor of the “exodus” of the Jews from Egypt. Celebrated in the month of Nissan (March - April).

Purim

Purim (rig - “lot”) - a holiday in honor of miraculous salvation Jews from the danger of extermination. Its history goes back to biblical legends. Celebrated on the 13th of Adar (February - March).

Sukkot

Sukkot is a holiday in memory of the wanderings in the desert, “when the children of Israel lived in tents” (sukka - “booth”), lasts seven days. The last day of Sukkot is called Simchat Torah (the joy of the Torah). On this day, the annual cycle of reading the Torah ends. It is celebrated on the 15th of the month of Tishrei (September - October).

Rosh Hashanah

Rosh Hashanah (New Year) is celebrated on the first day of the month of Cyprus (September - October of the Gregorian calendar).

Hanukkah

Hanukkah (consecration) is a holiday in honor of the liberation of the Temple from pagan idols and its new consecration. Celebrated nine weeks after the end of Sukkot.

Shabbat

Shabbat (Saturday) is the last day of the week, a day of rest.

Shavuot

Shavuot (“weeks”) is a holiday in memory of the giving of the Torah on Mount Sinai to the prophet Moses seven days after the “exodus.”

Hindu holidays

Holidays of followers of Hinduism and holidays of India.

The holidays incorporated all types of religious activities, from the sacrifices of the Vedic Aryans to modern theatrical performances. Festivals and religious services form an important part of the life of any Hindu. They are held in honor of the goddess of wealth Lakshmi, the goddess of knowledge Saraswati, the god of military prowess Kartikeya, the elephant-headed Ganesha and many other gods. A number of holidays are dedicated to events in religious history, crafts, strengthening family ties, and rituals life cycle, agricultural work, astronomical events, etc. Hundreds of religious festivals are celebrated in India every year. The most significant of them are Holi, Diwali, Dasera, Nagapanchami, etc.

The Indian calendar features a series of holidays, and if you choose the timing well, every day of your stay will be marked with some kind of holiday. Harvest festivals in the south, Ganesha bathing in Bombay, chariot festival in Puri, kite boat races in Kerala, Republic Day in Delhi - every region, every religion has a reason to celebrate. We'll list just a few of the most important ones below, but there are countless other holidays that you can check with your Indian Government Tourism Office representative in your country.

January February

Sankranti Pongal is celebrated mainly in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. Lasts 3 days and is very colorful. Tamil harvest festival.
Republic Day, a national holiday in honor of the establishment of the republic on January 26, 1950. Includes a large military parade, a procession of dancers, etc. Takes place in Delhi.
Vasant Panchami, a national holiday celebrated more in eastern regions. Dedicated to Saraswati, the beautiful Hindu goddess of knowledge. Women wear yellow saris.
Baroque Festival in Madurai, birthday of the 17th ruler there. An ornately illuminated barge carries decorated temple images of deities across the Mariman Teppakulam pond to the sound of joyful hymns.

February March

Shivarati (Shivratri), a national holiday celebrating the main Hindu god Shiva with dances and chants. It is especially celebrated in Chidambaram, Kalahasti, Khajuraho, Varanasi and Bombay.
Holi is mainly celebrated in the north and is popularly known as the festival of colors. Greetings to spring. Liveliness reigns, everyone is pouring streams of colored water and throwing multi-colored powder. National holiday.
The Mardi Gras carnival takes place in Goa over three days, often during the Christian period of Lent. Extraordinarily colorful.
Ramnavami, a national holiday in honor of the birth of Rama, an incarnation of Vishnu. There are no processions, but special performances take place on the streets and in folk theaters. Mahavir Jaynanti, a Jain national holiday to commemorate the birth of Mahavira, the 24th and last Tirtankar.
Easter: The national holiday is the days from Good Friday to Holy Sunday.

February-April

Kumbh Mela, the oldest and most important Hindu festival. Celebrated once every three years in one of the four great holy cities: Nashik in Maharashtra, Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh, Prayag (Allahabad) and Hardwar in Uttar Pradesh. Millions of pilgrims flock to the celebration to bathe in the holy Ganges River.

April May

Baisakhi, a festival of North India, West Bengal and Tamil Nadu. Hindu New Year of the Sun, celebrated with the Bhangra dance. Women wear yellow saris. Puram, New Moon festival in Trichur. A picturesque sight of many elephants carrying ceremonial umbrellas around the temple. At night there are fireworks displays.
Eid-Ul-Zuha (Bakri-id), a national Muslim holiday, the main one in India. Set up in memory of Ibrahim's sacrifice.
Eid-Ul-Fitr (Ramadan-id), a national Muslim holiday in honor of the end of the month of Ramadan.
Meenakshi Kalyanam is celebrated in Madurai. Wedding of Meenakshi and god Shiva. Colorful temple festival; statues of gods are transported on a colossal cart. The celebrations last 10 days.
Fair in Rajasthan, Urs Ajmer Sharif, b days in Ajmer. Religious, cultural and shopping festival dedicated to Sufis. There are no processions, but a lot of music.

June July

Rath Yatra is celebrated mainly in Orissa. A big temple festival in honor of god Jagannaha (god of the universe). Thousands of pilgrims pull three colossal chariots from the Puri temple. Similar celebrations on a smaller scale are held at Ramnagar near Varanasi, Serampore near Kolkata and Jagannathpur near Ranchi.

July August

Tej is celebrated in Rajasthan, especially in Jaipur. A colorful procession led by Goddess Parvati, including elephants, camels, dancers, welcomes the monsoon season. Women wear green saris.
Raksha Bandhan is celebrated in Northern and Western India. Theatricalization of the legend. Girls tie rakhis (talismans) on men's wrists.
Naag Panchami is celebrated in Jodhpur, Rajasthan and Maharashtra. Dedicated to the thousand-headed serpent named Sesha. This day is celebrated in many other parts of Western and Eastern India.
Amarnai Yatra, a Hindu festival in Lidder Valley, Kashmir, on full moon. Pilgrims visit the place where god Shiva revealed the secret of salvation to his disciple Parvati.

Aug. Sept

Independence Day is August 15, a national holiday. The Prime Minister delivers a message from the Red Fort to Delhi.
Janmastami, a national holiday, the birthday of the god Krishna. It is especially celebrated in Agra, Bombay and Mathura.
Onam, harvest festival in Kerala. Colorful kite boat races take place in many parts of Kerala.
Ganesh Chaturthi is celebrated in Pune, Orissa, Bombay, Madras and is dedicated to the elephant-headed god Ganesha. Giant statues of the deity are carried and immersed in the water. The colorful festival is best visited on Immersion Day in Bombay.

September October

Dussehra, a national holiday especially popular in rural areas, is celebrated differently in different parts countries. In the north, especially in Delhi where it is known as Ram Leela, the life of Rama is remembered through performances and music. It is also celebrated vividly in Kullu. In Bengal and many parts of Eastern India it is known as Durga Puja and in the south as Navarathi.
Yar Marka in Himachal Pradesh takes place in the Kullu Valley for 10 days and coincides with Dussehra.
Gandhi Jainti, national holiday, birthday of Mahatma Gandhi. There are no processions.
Diwali, a national holiday, is one of the most wonderful and colorful in India. In some parts it celebrates the Hindu New Year. In Eastern India, the goddess of prosperity and prosperity Lakshmi is especially revered on this day. There are magnificent illuminations and fireworks everywhere.
Gurpurab is celebrated mainly in North India. The holiday of ten gurus, spiritual mentors and forerunners of Sikhism. There are no processions.

November

Muharram, a Muslim holiday commemorating the martyrdom of Imam Hussein. Dancers in tiger costumes lead the procession with decorated images of the imam's mausoleum. Particularly colorful in Lucknow.
Bihar, the largest livestock fair in the world. It takes place over a month in Sonapur, Patna, on the banks of the Ganges.
Pushkar Mela takes place in Pushkar, near Ajmer, in Rajasthan. An important and colorful holiday. A cattle and camel fair, attended by Rajputs coming from many miles away. You can see camel racing, acrobat performances, etc.

December

Christmas is a national holiday, especially solemnly celebrated in Goa, Bombay and Tamil Nadu.
In addition to the listed celebrations, there are hundreds of others, of local significance, but celebrated no less colorfully and pompously. The most traditional of them are: (1) temple festivals in South India, a list of which is available at the representative office of the State Tourist Office of India; (2) numerous holidays in Ladakh, in Kashmir; (3) many festivals in Rajasthan, where one of them is either already underway or is about to begin.

Music festivals

Music (Hindustani in the north and Carnatic in the south) developed as part of the national culture over many centuries. The components of music - tonal intervals, harmonies and rhythmic patterns - are derived from the wealth of musical traditions and trends. They are also different from those familiar in the West. Basically, the music reflects Indian tales and legends and also the rhythms of nature depending on the time of year. Indian dances are as unique as the ancient ones. Their performers can be found throughout the country during major holidays and ceremonies or at performances of folklore groups in concert halls and hotels.

Holi

HOLI is the New Year's most colorful holiday, celebrated on the full moon of the month of Phalgun (February - March). The central point of the holiday is the burning of a huge effigy or decorated tree. Sometimes they swing statues of gods on swings, jump over fire, walk on coals, and arrange play battles between men and women. Both young and old sprinkle each other with colored powder and throw paint from buckets, bottles and even bicycle pumps. These days, the god of love Kama is especially revered, as well as Krishna, who loved to play with the gopi shepherdesses. But more often the holiday is associated with the myth and name of the demoness Holika, the opponent of the solar god; she is effigyed and burned during the holiday.

Diwali

DIWALI (from deepavali - a row of lamps) is a festival associated with the autumn equinox and the harvest, as well as the end of the rainy season. It is celebrated on the new moon of the month of Karttika (October-November). The main difference of the holiday, which gave it its name, is the use of lights, bowls with wicks, lanterns, garlands, light bulbs, etc. lamps. Every house, every street and city is illuminated with lights. Now fireworks are being displayed, rockets are taking off, firecrackers are exploding. All this is done in order to scare away evil spirits. It is believed that on these days the spirits of ancestors visit their homes. In most areas, this holiday is dedicated to the goddess of happiness Lakshmi, whose favor everyone tries to achieve.

Dacera

DASERA is a holiday celebrated almost throughout India, approximately corresponding to the autumn equinox. It is celebrated in the first 10 days of the bright half of the month of Ashwin (beginning of October). The 10th night, which gives the name to the holiday, is considered especially sacred. Dasera roughly coincides with the end of the rainy season, when, according to legend, the gods awaken from sleep and resume the fight against demons, and people resume interrupted agricultural activities and therefore worship all kinds of tools and weapons with special rituals. In most areas, Dasera is dedicated to the goddess Durga and bloody animal sacrifices are performed in her honor. In some areas of northern India, Rama, one of the incarnations of the god Vishnu, is also revered: he is perceived as an ideal ruler, and his reign is considered a “golden age.” In his honor, dramatic performances based on the themes of the Ramayana, called ramlila, are staged. They end with the burning of huge effigies of the demon Ravana and his brothers. In eastern India, this holiday is dedicated to the descent of the Ganga to earth.

Keywords this page: , .

There are many religious holidays in the world. Each religion has its own rituals, traditions and ceremonies, accompanied by grandiose celebrations.

The festival of Ashura symbolizes among Shiite Muslims the torment of the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, Imam Hussein, who was killed in the battle of Karbala, Iraq, in 680 AD. It is a national holiday in countries such as Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Lebanon... In the photo: Afghan Shiites engage in self-flagellation with chains and blades during Ashura on December 27, 2009. (UPI/Hossein Fatemi)

Good Friday symbolizes the crucifixion of Jesus Christ and his death. Photo: Christians raise a crucifix with Salvador Zavala (center) as Jesus Christ during the "Way of the Cross" ritual in Chicago on April 2, 2010. The annual Good Friday ritual draws thousands of people to walk the 1.5-mile distance in the heart of Chicago's Pilsen Mexican-American community. (UPI/Brian Kersey)

Vaisakhi is a Sikh festival symbolizing the founding of the Khalsa order at Anandpur Sahib in 1699 by the tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh. Falling in mid-April according to the Gregorian calendar, Vaisakhi marks the beginning of the harvest season. Photo: One of the many moving floats at the Vaisakhi parade on April 14, 2007. (UPI Photo/Heinz Ruckemann)

Kumbh Mela Festival - takes place every three years in four different cities in India (thus, in each city once every 12 years). The festival lasts 42 days and attracts millions of people. People believe that by taking a dip in the sacred waters of the Ganges River, they will wash away their sins. Photo: Indian devotees bathe in the Ganges River during the Kumbh Mela festival in Haridwar on April 14, 2010.

Every Muslim (if he is physically able to do so) must perform the Hajj pilgrimage at least once in his life. The annual Hajj pilgrimage is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world, with up to two million Muslims participating. Photo: Saudi officer Ghassan looks at Muslims who pray at the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad at the Great Mosque in Mecca on December 4, 2008. (UPI Photo/Mohammad Kheirkhah)

Purim is a holiday in honor of the liberation of the Jewish people from the oppression of the Persian Empire. On Purim, it is customary to publicly read the book of Esther, give food and drink, and give alms to the poor. Photo: Little ultra-Orthodox men in costumes celebrate Purim in the Mea Shearim neighborhood of Jerusalem on March 5, 2007. (UPI Photo/Debbie Hilll)

Holi is a spring festival of Hindus and Sikhs, which is celebrated in countries such as India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. Indians throw colored powder at each other at the Banke Bihari Temple in Mathura on March 10, 2009. (UPI Photo/Mohammad Kheirkhah)

An Indian boy wears paint after celebrating the Festival of Colors in New Delhi on March 11, 2009. (UPI Photo/Mohammad Kheirkhah)

Epiphany is a Christian holiday that marks the transition of the Lord into human form in the body of Jesus Christ. In the photo: Orthodox Christians plunge into water from the Jordan River on January 18, 2010. Hundreds of Orthodox Christians gathered for a religious holiday near the city of Jericho, where, according to legend, John the Theologian baptized Jesus Christ. (UPI/Debbie Hill)

The ancient ritual of Kaparot is always performed before the Jewish day of atonement, Yom Kippur. Photo: An ultra-Orthodox Jew carries a chicken over the head of a child during prayers in Jerusalem on October 7, 2008. (UPI Photo/Debbie Hill)

Eid al-Fitr symbolizes the end of Ramadan. Photo: Senior Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh addresses an audience at a mass prayer in Gaza on September 30, 2008. (UPI Photo/Ismael Mohamad)

Iranian women in traditional costumes gather around a bonfire at the Sadeh religious ceremony west of the capital Tehran on January 30, 2010. Sadeh means "hundred" in Persian, which refers to the hundred days and nights remaining until the beginning of the new Persian year, which is celebrated on the first day of spring. (UPI/Maryam Rahmanian)

Christmas. A Palestinian boy lights a candle in the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary, where, according to legend, Jesus Christ was born, in Bethlehem on December 20, 2009. (UPI/Debbie Hill)

Palm Sunday is a Christian holiday that always falls on the Sunday before Easter. Believers celebrate Jesus' entry into Jerusalem. Photo: Christians carry palm and olive branches during a Palm Sunday procession in Jerusalem on March 28, 2010. (UPI/Debbie Hill)

Rosh Hashanah is considered the eve of the Jewish New Year and falls on the seventh month of the Jewish calendar. Photo: Ultra-Orthodox Christians pray at the Western Wall in the Old City of Jerusalem on September 22, 2006. (UPI Photo/Debbie Hill)

Easter is a Christian holiday symbolizing the resurrection of Jesus Christ. In the photo: Russian Orthodox priest illuminates Easter cakes and eggs in the Peter and Paul Church in Moscow on April 3, 2010. (UPI Photo/Alex Natin)

World Youth Day – event catholic church, aimed at young people and organized by Pope John Paul II in 1986. Photo: Pope John Paul II waves to a crowd from a car in a Toronto plaza on July 25, 2002. Up to 300,000 pilgrims attended the event. (cc/cc/Christine Chew UPI)

State Educational Institution Pedagogical Academy

Scientific and Educational Center for Pedagogical Support

postgraduate education

Independent work No. 2

The main religious holidays and shrines of world religions.

Completed by: O. A. Postavneva

Primary school teacher

MBOU Lyceum No. 11

Checked by: S. V. Laine

Moscow 2012

The clergy in Russia has always had a special place in the history of the country and has always had significant political power, although this influence cannot always be attributed to the direct activities of the church. Religious holidays in Christian Russia have centuries-old traditions.

Christmas Christ's Nativity- this is the day when Jesus Christ entered the world with love. This is a day of forgiveness, bright feelings, a day when love triumphs.  Epiphany of the Lord Epiphany of the Lord is one of the most ancient and revered holidays among Christians. Jesus came to John the Baptist and asked to baptize him. But John disagreed, saying that “you must baptize me.” To which Jesus replied that this is the Will of God. After the baptism ceremony, the heavens opened, and God said that Jesus was his son, and a dove flew from heaven as confirmation. After this, it is believed that Jesus himself and his disciples went to preach the word of God in different cities and countries. And the rite of Baptism itself became not so much a rite of purification, but a rite of communion with the sacrament of the Holy Trinity, and everyone who received communion had to preach the Word of God throughout the countries and villages

 Palm Sunday On the last Sunday before Easter, Christians celebrate the Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem. The inhabitants of Jerusalem greeted Jesus as the King of heaven in human form. They greeted him with songs and palm branches. But since there are no palm trees in Russia, they were replaced with willow branches, which begin to bloom at this time. According to the evangelists - John, Luke, Matthew, Mark - the entry of the Lord into Jerusalem symbolizes the entry of Jesus onto the path of suffering, but in return bringing the Kingdom of Heaven and liberating man from slavery to sin

 Easter Christ is Risen! Truly He is Risen! Thus, with joy in their hearts and with a bright soul, Orthodox Christians greet each other on the greatest Christian holiday - Easter. Easter - Holy Resurrection of Christ! Easter is the hope of all Orthodox Christians for the resurrection and the eternal Kingdom of Heaven. Before Easter, Christians observe the longest - almost 50 days - and strict Lent. The meaning of Lent is the physical and spiritual cleansing of a Christian before Easter. For Easter, the date of celebration varies from year to year. The general rule for calculating the date for Easter is: “Easter is celebrated on the first Sunday after the first full moon of spring.”  Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary The Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary is a special holiday. The Word of God came true and the Son of God became a man in the womb of the Virgin Mary. Archangel Gabriel, who brought the good news to the Virgin Mary, first asked her consent to give birth to the Child of God. Having given her consent, the Virgin Mary became the savior of the world. That is why the veneration of the Most Holy Theotokos is so great. The Feast of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary is celebrated on April 7

 Honey Spas August 14 - first Spas, Honey Spas, Spas on the water. This is the first of three August holidays dedicated to the Savior, Jesus Christ, and the beginning of the Dormition Fast. The full church name of the first Savior is “The Origin of the Honest Trees of the Honest and Life-Giving Cross of the Lord.” The origin of this holiday is explained by the church as follows: due to the summer heat in August, Constantinople suffered from the spread of various diseases; Therefore, from ancient times, the custom was established to remove from the Church of St. Sophia a piece of the cross on which Jesus was crucified to consecrate the city and prevent epidemics. Apparently, initially the holiday was called not “origin”, but “pre-origin”, that is, removal. The first Spas was also called the honey one. It was believed that from this day on, bees stopped carrying honey from flowers. In addition, on August 14, religious processions to the water were held everywhere.

 Forgiveness Sunday Forgiveness Sunday is the last day of Maslenitsa. Lent begins the next day. On Forgiveness Sunday, Orthodox Christians repent of their sins and ask for forgiveness for their offenses to each other. This ritual is necessary in order to hold Lent with a pure soul, and then meet Holy holiday Resurrection of Christ - Easter.

 Radonitsa Radonitsa falls on the 9th day from Easter. It is also called parent's day. Radonitsa refers to special days of remembrance of the dead. It is on this day that you need to visit cemeteries where your parents or relatives are buried. And under no circumstances should you visit cemeteries on Easter, as many people do after listening to the stories of “educated” grandmothers. Easter is the joy of the resurrection of Christ, and Radonitsa is sadness for the departed, and at the same time the joy that they have acquired eternal life. The main thing in the ritual of visiting a cemetery is prayer for the souls of the departed. And there is no need to leave food or, especially, alcohol on the graves. Prayer is what you need to do in the cemetery

 Trinity Day of the Holy Trinity is celebrated on the 50th day from Easter. Therefore, it has a second name - Pentecost. On this day, Orthodox Christians remember the descent of the Holy Spirit on the apostles, who gathered at that time in the Zion Upper Room in Jerusalem. The Holy Spirit blessed the apostles for the priesthood and the building of the Church on earth. In addition, the Holy Spirit gave them strength and intelligence to preach the Word of God

 Maundy Thursday On Maundy or Maundy Thursday during Holy Week, Christians remember the Last Supper, at which all the apostles gathered, led by Jesus Christ. At the Last Supper, Christ, having washed the feet of his apostles, established the sacrament of the Eucharist or Holy Communion, thereby showing an example of humility and piety.

 Good Friday Friday of Holy Week is the saddest day for believers. On this day Jesus Christ was crucified on the cross and died. Thus, he atoned for human sins. On this day, believers remember the suffering of Christ and hold long services. All services are held in front of the Shroud in which the Savior was wrapped when he was taken down from the cross. Believers, praying and believing in the miraculous resurrection of Christ, observe strict fasting on this day.

 Maslenitsa is a fun holiday that lasts a whole week. After Maslenitsa, Lent begins, which ends only on Easter. Maslenitsa began depending on the date of Easter, from February 3 to March 14. Although we inherited Maslenitsa from paganism, it fits well into the Orthodox religious calendar. There is nothing wrong with having fun and overeating before the strict period of Lent. The most common food on Maslenitsa is pancakes. Round, ruddy, they symbolized the Sun, which appeared more and more often in the sky and shone ever warmer. Therefore, the second meaning of Maslenitsa is saying goodbye to winter and welcoming spring. The symbol of farewell to winter was the burning of an effigy of Winter.

It must be remembered that there are no exact dates for Muslim religious holidays according to the Gregorian calendar. This is due to the fact that Islam lives according to its own chronology - from the Hegira, and adheres to the lunar calendar, and therefore every year Muslim holidays are “shifted” by 11 days. Moreover, the onset of Muslim holidays may differ from country to country, i.e., in Egypt, for example, Ramadan may begin a day earlier or a day later than in United Arab Emirates, which is associated with different conditions observations (weather conditions, terrain) of celestial bodies.

Ramadan (Arabic رمضان‎‎, Abjadiya 1091) or Ramadan (Turkish Ramazan) is the ninth month of the Muslim (lunar) calendar. Fasting is also called “Ramadan”, as is the name of the month. The duration of fasting is one lunar month. From sunrise to sunset, Muslims abstain from food, drink, smoking, and other worldly pleasures and devote themselves entirely to prayers and good deeds. Representatives of other faiths must respect the religious feelings of Muslims and refrain from eating in public, smoking, noisy entertainment - everything that can disturb the peace of mind of a believer and offend him. Flagrant failure to comply with these basic rules may result in administrative or even criminal penalties. For a month, it is advisable to adhere to a conservative style of clothing: no bright colors, a loose-fitting and fairly closed dress. During Ramadan, restaurants and cafes are open where non-Muslims can calmly quench their hunger and thirst during the day, and smoke without attracting the attention of others. This is a sign of respect for guests of the city and all those whose religious views differ from the beliefs of local residents. This is a tactful call for mutual respect.

Eid Al Fitr The month-long fast ends with a three-day holiday of breaking the fast, Eid Al Fitr, better known in our country as “KURBAN BAYRAM”. This is a time for folk festivals, visiting relatives and cemeteries, distributing gifts to loved ones and donating to the poor.

EID AL ADHA is one of the most important Muslim holidays. Its celebration is associated with the Old Testament story, when the Prophet Ibrahim was ready to sacrifice his son Ismail to prove his devotion to the Almighty. God showed the father a lamb instead of a son, and since then it has been customary to sacrifice a pet as confirmation that the believer is ready to sacrifice everything in the name of God.

Laylat Al Qadr (Night of Destiny) is celebrated on one of the nights 10 days before the end of Ramadan. According to legend, on one of these nights the first revelations were sent down from above to the Prophet Mohammed Holy Quran. Muslims believe that on this night the person praying can achieve positive changes in his destiny. At other times, the Almighty can only be disturbed with requests for peace, health and peace of mind. The holiday is not official and is not celebrated in any special way.

Raz Al Sana is the Islamic New Year. Celebrated on the first day of the month of Muharram. On this day, the Prophet Mohammed left Mecca for Medina and marked the beginning of the Islamic chronology of Uraza Bayram - this is the holiday of the end of fasting. It falls on the beginning of the month following Ramadan, i.e. on the first of Shawwal - the tenth month of the Muslim lunar calendar and is called the holiday of Fitr. From the name of this holiday it follows that a devout Muslim, after the end of fasting, is obliged to make a fitr to a representative of the clergy - that is, an offering in kind or cash. Part of this offering is later distributed among the poor members of the community. The holiday lasts three days and is accompanied by visiting and refreshments. Kurban Bayram is the day of sacrifices, celebrated seventy days after the end of the fast. It is associated with the biblical legend about the prophet Ibrahim (Abraham), who wanted to sacrifice his son Ismail (Isaac) to God. At the last minute, God took pity on the unfortunate man and sent the Archangel Gabriel (Gabriel) with the lamb and saved Ibrahim’s son. In memory of this day, every Muslim is obliged to make a sacrifice (kurban), that is, to slaughter a sheep, cow, camel, horse while reading the appropriate prayer.. Mavlud is the birthday of Muhammad. This holiday is celebrated on the 12th of Rabi al-Awwal. It is accompanied by the reading of prayers and sermons in mosques and houses of believers, treats and offerings to the clergy. Friday is a day of rest for Muslims and has the same meaning for them as Sunday for Christians and Saturday for Jews. On Friday, large solemn midday services are held, people put on festive clothes. In addition to these main holidays, each nation in each region of the traditional spread of Islam has its own specific rites and rituals that are passed on from generation to generation.

JEWISH HOLIDAYS IN ISRAEL

Jewish holidays, which have their roots in ancient times, are widely celebrated in modern Israel in both traditional and modernized forms. They leave a serious imprint on all aspects of national and state life, their influence is felt everywhere: in the family, at school, in the army, in the synagogue. The holidays represent the time markers by which the people of Israel measure the cycles of the year.

Shabbat is a weekly Saturday day of rest, when the whole family gets together and the majority of the Israeli population spends their leisure time communicating with family and friends. Public transport there is no work on this day, all businesses and institutions are closed, the activities of the public service sector are limited to essential functions only, and a significant part of the soldiers are on leave. Many families use Saturday to relax on the seaside, walk in nature, and tour around the country. Religious citizens spend the Sabbath with their families and in the synagogue. They refrain from traveling or even walking outside their city or town, do not do any work and do not turn on (or turn off, if it was turned on) electricity.

Rosh Hashanah - the Jewish New Year, as a religious holiday consecrating the beginning of the year - is repentance on the eve of the approaching Day of Judgment and prayers for the coming year to be prosperous and fertile. The most solemn moment of the holiday is the blowing of the horn (shofar) during the synagogue service. According to established custom, they prepare for the New Year's meal special dishes. The Rosh Hashanah liturgy includes prayers of repentance. On government correspondence, newspapers, and radio broadcasts, the “Jewish date” appears first. New Year's greetings in Israel are also sent before Rosh Hashanah, and not in the last days of December, as is customary in Western countries.

Yom Kippur, which occurs 8 days after Rosh Hashanah, is the day of atonement for sins, Divine judgment and self-purification. This is the only day on which the Bible commands a person to do nothing except meditate on his misdeeds and sins. The entire people of Israel pray for forgiveness, long for reconciliation between man and God, and declare their desire to correct the bad deeds committed for the sake of peace and harmony between people. All activity and all movement in the country freezes for 25 hours; places of entertainment are closed; Neither television nor radio works - even news is not transmitted; all highways and roads are empty. All this involuntarily brings to mind the Yom Kippur War of 1973, when Egypt and Syria unexpectedly attacked Israel on Yom Kippur.

Five days later comes the holiday of Sukkot, known in the Bible as the Feast of Tabernacles. Sukkot is one of the three festivals of the ascension: until the year 70 AD. e. There was a Jerusalem Temple, and all the people climbed to it three times a year. The Bible orders that Sukkot be celebrated in memory of the time when the Jews who came out of Egypt (in the 13th century BC) lived in the desert in huts (tabernacles). Sukkot is also a time when people thank God for the bountiful harvest.

Hanukkah begins on the 25th of Kislev, which usually coincides with December. This holiday recalls the joy of the Jews in 164. BC e. who defeated the powerful Greek army under the leadership of the Macabees, but most importantly - about the triumph of the Jewish spirit over the idolatrous Hellenes.

Makha Pucha is one of the main holidays celebrated in memory of an event in the life of the Buddha, when 1250 followers of his teachings from different parts of the world - arahant (enlightened) monks, without agreement or being invited, simultaneously came to the Veluwat temple in India to listen to instructions Buddha. On this day, people especially try to do good deeds, help those in need, donate vestments, money and necessary items to monasteries.

Visakha Pucha (Vesak) is the birthday of Buddha. Formally, the date of Buddha’s birthday was established at the World Buddhist Conference only in 1950. Therefore, according to tradition, not only the birth of Buddha, but also his enlightenment and departure to nirvana are associated with this holiday. During the celebration ceremony, the 8 commandments of Buddhism are especially remembered: do not kill, do not steal, do not commit adultery, do not indulge in dirty speech, do not take harm into yourself (alcohol, dope), refrain from excessive gluttony, refrain from sensual temptations, refrain from excessive luxury. It is considered a special virtue on this day to bring joy to the unfortunate. Therefore, in addition to helping those in need and giving them gifts, an indispensable part of the ceremonies is the release of birds and animals from their cages.

Asalkha Pucha (Asanha) - celebrated in memory of the Buddha's preaching and the acquisition of the sacred Sangha (text of rules).

Pawarana - celebrated to mark the end of the rainy season in Southeast Asia. Tradition says that on this day Buddha taught the monks the art of silence and they all remained silent for three months. On this day, it is customary to ask for forgiveness from everyone who has been wronged and wronged during the long period of the wassa season (the rainy season, but not according to the real weather calendar, but according to the Buddhist calendar).

Anapanasati is the last major Buddhist festival of the year to commemorate the Buddha's exhortation to his disciples to embrace solitude and meditation.

Songkran. This holiday falls in mid-April and lasts 3-5 days. The holiday symbolizes the celebration of water as a pure element. According to tradition, people gather on the banks of rivers or on sea beaches and pour water on each other. These days, monks are presented with gifts with an indispensable gift - eau de toilette. The holiday atmosphere is characterized by unusual fun. Also, the central ceremony of the holiday is the release of fish into reservoirs for breeding.

Loy Krathong. Symbolizes the worship of the sacred footprints of Buddha left on the banks of the Namada River in India. The festival is one of the most colorful in Thailand. In the evening, specially made wreaths of flowers, decorated with lit candles, float across the water. Also, fiery lanterns flying upward are released into the sky. People also associate this festival as a holiday for lovers - many, floating krathongs (wreaths) on the water, wish upon their beloved and ask Buddha to send mutual love and fidelity.

Ulambana. This festival is more typical of countries with the Mahayana tradition, but is also celebrated in Burma and Thailand. It is believed that on this day the gates of hell are open and demons have the power to come out and descend to earth to tempt the righteous. Believers go to cemeteries and remember their dead, leaving food, flowers and lighted candles and incense. The Dalai Lama's birthday is celebrated in Tibet on July 6th.

Sagaalgan, New Year. The Chinese, Tibetans, Mongols, Vietnamese, Buryats and Tuvans celebrate the arrival of the New Year on the first spring new moon. lunar calendar. Because Lunar year shorter than Sunny by about a month, then the onset of the New Year does not have a fixed date and can fluctuate within a month and a half (from the end of January to the first ten days of March). This date is calculated in advance using astrological tables.

Noah's Ark of Humanity

Israel, Haifa This is the only place on Earth where the shrines of three world religions are located in close proximity to one another. And one of the few - where representatives of different cultures. It is here that you can see their “living life” with your own eyes, and not its reflection found in a museum exhibition.

To see it, you need to climb a modest mountain, from the top of which four thousand years of world history will be revealed to you at once. They will be revealed not in dead stone, but in the center of vibrant life. Jerusalem occupies a special place in the hearts of Jews, Muslims and Christians. The main shrines of Judaism are located here - the Western Wall and the Temple Mount; Christianity - Church of the Holy Sepulchre; Islam - Dome of the Rock and Al-Aqsa Mosque.

In the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist in the city of Turin, the center of the Italian province of Piermont (the city is also known for the FIAT plant and the Juventus football club). At the cathedral, the Chapel della Sacra Sindone - Chapel of the Holy Shroud - is open, and it is there that one of the most mysterious shrines of the Christian world is kept.

KAAB. In the Al-Haram Mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. The Kaaba - the main sanctuary of Islam - is now a cube of four stone walls (human height), into one of which is embedded an Eswad - “Black Stone” (16.5x20 cm), set in silver. There are lists inside the Kaaba

SANTA'S ROCK (Holy Staircase) A stone's throw from the Roman Cathedral of San Giovanni in Laterano. A rather steep staircase of 28 steps is located in the preserved part of the Lateran Palace; it leads to the Sancta Sanctorum (Holy of Holies), the papal chapel built in 1278.

PERSONAL ITEMS OF THE PROPHET MUHAMMEDA in Istanbul, in the treasury of the Topkapi Palace, in the Pavilion of the Holy Intercession. In addition to the personal belongings of the prophet, some other Islamic shrines are kept there. Main shrine Topkapi - the prophet's cloak (or cloak), which visitors can see only through open doors hallway - entry into the room is strictly prohibited. But two of Muhammad’s sabers, his tooth, a footprint and several hairs from his beard (!) can be seen from a closer distance.

EMERALD BUDDHA In the monastic complex of Wat Phra Kaew, located on the territory of the Royal Palace in Bangkok. The famous Emerald Buddha is small in size: its height is 66 cm, the distance between the knees is 48 cm. But the size does not matter here - anyway, this particular statue is considered the most sacred in Thailand. It is interesting that the Buddha is dressed up from season to season: in the summer he is dressed up in a crown and jewelry, in the cold - in a golden cape, and in the rainy season - in a golden monastic cloak.

WAITING WALL IN Jerusalem, near the Temple Mount. The Western Wall, also known as the Western Wall, also known as the Kotel of Maaravi, is the main Jewish shrine, the only surviving wall of the Second Jewish Temple. A rather impressive section of the visible part of the wall is 57 m long and 19 m high.

THE ASHES OF BUDDHA In the Chinese Temple of Famen, located literally some 117 kilometers from the ancient capital - Xi'an. The ashes of the Famen Buddha are a small phalanx bone, 4.03 cm long and weighing 16 grams.

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