Central Black Earth State Natural biosphere reserve named after Professor V.V. Alekhin - located on the territory Kursk region. Its boundaries have changed several times.

The Central Black Earth Reserve is located in the southwestern part of the Central Russian Upland within the middle zone of the forest-steppe zone, on the territory of the Medvensky, Manturovsky, Gorshechensky districts of the Kursk region. Area - 5287.4 hectares.

Number of clusters:

• 6 (Streletsky plot with an area of ​​2046 hectares,
• Cossack plot with an area of ​​1638 hectares,
• Barkalovka (2 plots) - 368 hectares,
• Bukreevy Barmy (2 plots) - 259 hectares,
• Zorinsky - 495.1,
• Floodplain of the river Psel (2 plots) - 481.3 hectares.

The territory of the present Kursk region at the end of the first - beginning of the second millennium was occupied by vast steppe expanses with ravines and ravines overgrown with forests. Huge herds of tarpans, aurochs, saigas, and kulans grazed here. There were countless small rodents and marmots. Such large birds as bustard and little bustard nested.
Being on the border of the “Wild Field” and Slavic settlements, the forest-steppe apparently experienced double pressure, both from the nomadic peoples and from the princely squads, the settled northern population of Posemye. In the 16th century, the main occupation of the residents of Kursk, which defended the southern borders of the Russian state, was agriculture.

The raids of the Crimean Tatars required more reliable cover southern border. The government began to recruit local and foreign people into the service; they accepted Don and Zaporozhye free Cossacks. The archers and gunners were heading here.
On June 1, 1626, according to a charter from Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, the steppes near Kursk were transferred to service people - the Cossacks and archers of the Kursk fortress exclusively for grazing and haymaking. Thus, the reserved, never plowed steppe was preserved.

"... In the summer of June 7124, on the 1st day, according to the Sovereign, Tsarev, and Grand Duke Mikhail Fedorovich of All Russia, a letter signed by clerk Mikhaila Danilov and on the investigation of the governor, Ivan Vasilyevich Volynskoy, gave an extract to the Kursk archers for their land, which was given to them as a city. .." "... yes, they were given to the archers in the Kursk district in the suburban camp behind the river behind the Family to hay Petrin Dubrova, and near that Petrina Dubrova there were nine oak trees, and now there are seven oak trees left. Petrin top and steep also bypassed Petrin Dubrova from the midnight side from the mixed lands to the river to Mlodat and up along Mlodat... and along the wild field and along the oak forest of Streltsy hayfields, the hay estimate is six thousand kopecks..."

- Central State Archive of Ancient Acts fund 1317 inventory 2 No. 10 sheet 47, sheet 10

According to Professor V.V. Alekhina, in the last 300-400 years, meadow-steppe vegetation on the modern territory of the Central Black Earth Reserve was formed under the influence of mowing and grazing, and in some cases in place of forest areas.

In the Streletskaya steppe, early spring grazing, haymaking, and autumn grazing on the remnants (grass regrown after mowing) alternated. Harrowing was periodically used, during which the moss cover was torn off and the turf of cereals was broken.
Burning was used to improve pastures. This is how I first saw these Kursk steppes in 1907. V.V. Alekhine, being a final year student at Moscow University.

In 1909, the first article by V.V. appeared. Alekhina “Essay on vegetation and its sequential shift in the Streletskaya steppe area near Kursk”, and in 1910 - “Cossack steppe of Kursk district in connection with the surrounding vegetation”, where he visited a year later.

In 1925, Professor V.N. Khitrovo in the book “Vegetation of the Oryol Province. Nature of the Oryol region" (the territory of the Central Black Earth Reserve was formerly part of this province) wrote:

“Looking at these last remnants of the colorful harmony of the region, an annoying thought arises: will we really not keep for ourselves, but plow up the last remnants of steppe vegetation, and our children will only read from books about the former beauty of our region, accessible to everyone to enjoy” .

In the same 1925, Moscow University professor V.V. Alekhin, whose name the Central Black Earth Reserve now bears, first raised the question of the urgent need to impose a ban on the exploitation of steppe areas in the vicinity of Kursk. The decision to establish the Central Black Earth Reserve was made 10 years later.

Central Black Earth state reserve them. prof. Alekhina was created on February 10, 1935 on the territory of the Kursk and Belgorod regions by a resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. The total area was established as "about 4536 hectares".
In the resolution of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee dated 10/II 1935 on the organization of the Central Chernobyl Zone, the following tasks were outlined: “Preservation of virgin steppe areas in their combination with forests of all types (oak groves, pine forests, aspen bushes) as complexes natural conditions northern steppes, to study steppe biocenoses, processes of formation of chernozem, the relationship between forest and steppe.
The influence of forests in the fight against drought, scientific substantiation of the most cost-effective use of the natural conditions of the steppes of the northern and central zone of the European part of the USSR for agriculture and forestry.”

The protective zone of the Central Black Earth Nature Reserve was formed by decision of the Executive Committee of the Kursk Regional Council of People's Deputies No. 380 dated July 2, 1971. In 1988 it was re-approved and expanded by 3 km (Decision of the Executive Committee of the Kursk Regional Council of People's Deputies No. 294 dated November 17, 1988).
Currently, the total area of ​​the protected zone is 28,662 hectares (according to the Regulations on the Federal government agency“Central Black Earth State Natural Biosphere Reserve named after. V.V. Alyokhin”, approved by Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia No. 530 of June 10, 2003).

The Central Black Earth Nature Reserve was awarded a diploma from the Council of Europe.

Polovtsian statue (stone woman) in the Streletskaya steppe

Activities of the Central Black Earth Reserve

The Central Black Earth Reserve became one of the first biosphere reserves in the USSR (1978). It studies the natural course of processes in the natural complexes of virgin meadow-steppe, forest-steppe oak forests and their contact zone on the Russian Plain, as well as the influence of the anthropogenic factor on these complexes, and develops measures that contribute to the preservation and restoration of indigenous biogeocenoses (natural communities).

One of the objects of protection and study is chernozem. Its humus horizon of a lumpy-granular structure, penetrated in the upper part by grass rhizomes, reaches 90 cm. Typical chernozems that have not been plowed are now extremely rare. These are standards that can be used for comparison when studying the impact of modern Agriculture. Since 1975, the Central Black Earth Reserve has been used to develop technologies for photographing natural objects from space.

Flora of the Central Black Earth Reserve

The main wealth of the Central Black Earth Reserve is virgin meadow steppes, representing the indigenous zonal type of herbaceous vegetation.

The steppes of the Central Chernozem Reserve belong to the type of northern meadow steppes and differ sharply from the dry steppes of the south: the vegetation turns green and develops throughout the summer and does not have a dormant period.

Plants such as:

• coastal fire,
• ground brine,
• a boneless fire,
• timothy grass and others.

Also in the Central Chernozem Reserve you can meet:

• chalky gullet,
• chalk thyme,
• the simplest onosma,
• coin-leaved sunflower,
• istod (hybrid and Siberian),
• Russian cornflower,
• meadow cornflower,
• yellow flax,
• Ukrainian flax,
• common mordovnik,
• we rock tall and paniculate,
• chalk bedstraw.

Very noteworthy are Shiverekia Podolskaya (a relict of the Tertiary period), as well as Yulia's wolfberry - a very rare relict species growing on the chalk hills.

In meadow-steppe communities there are also true steppe shrubs (steppe cherry, Russian broom, blackthorn) and subshrubs in which the lower parts of the stems do not die off for the winter (Marshall thyme, yellow flax).

Of particular value is the vegetation of meadow steppes on the chalk outcrops in three areas of the Central Black Earth Reserve - Barkalovka, Bukreev Barmakh and Yamsky.

The basis of the grass stand is:

• low sedge,
• feather feather grass,
• fescue,
• desert sheep,
• chalk thyme,
• onosma protozoa,
• crescent-shaped volodushka,
• sunflower coinifolia.

In the Central Black Earth Reserve, there are also endemic species of the central part of the Central Russian Upland - Kozo-Polyansky's breaker, multiveined volodushka, ephedra bispica, Yulia's wolfberry, Podolsk shiverekia, Zavadsky's dendranthem.

Fauna of the Central Black Earth Reserve

The fauna of the Central Black Earth Reserve is represented by 38 species of mammals from 6 orders:

• 17 species of rodents,
• 10 - predators,
• 5 - insectivores,
• 3 - ungulates,
• 2 - bats and,
• 1 species of lagomorphs.

Of the insectivores, the Central Black Earth Reserve is home to:

• common and small shrew,
• kutora,

The forest mouse hunts in the oak forests of the Central Black Earth Nature Reserve. Its main food is the seeds of trees and shrubs, especially pears and apples. Also adjacent to it are yellow-throated, field and house mice.

IN large quantities The brown hare lives in the Central Black Earth Nature Reserve, since the conditions of the forest-steppe are optimal for its habitat. But, unfortunately for the hare, there are also predatory foxes and wolves.

Among the representatives of ungulates, elk, roe deer and wild boar have settled in the Central Black Earth Reserve. The Central Black Earth Reserve is also rich in representatives of the bird kingdom. 177 bird species of 15 orders, 20 families, 54 genera are found here. Nuthatch, black-headed warbler, warbler, great tit, robin, warbler, stonechat, skylark, yellow wagtail, rook, common wheatear, starling, goldfinch, hennet, shrike, swift - that's far from full list birds that have chosen these places.

The fauna of the Central Black Earth Reserve is extremely rich in all kinds of beetles.

Here you can meet:

• ground beetles,
• Khrushchev,
• darkling beetle,
• leaf beetles,
• weevils,
• barbel

The Central Black Earth Reserve is located in the forest-steppe on the Central Russian Upland within the Kursk region. The amazing diversity of plants and standard virgin chernozems served as the basis for the creation here in 1935 of the Central Black Earth State Reserve named after Professor V.V. Alekhina (CCZ).

Central Black Earth Reserve

The main goal of the reserve is to preserve virgin steppe areas in combination with forests various types as complexes of natural conditions of the northern steppes for the study of steppe biogeocenoses, the process of formation of chernozem, the relationship between forest and steppe.

The Central Black Earth Reserve is located in the southwestern part of the Central Russian Upland, within the middle zone of the forest-steppe zone, and consists of six separate and different-sized areas: Streletsky (2046.0 hectares), Kazatsky (1638.0 hectares), Barkalovka (368.0 hectares), Bukreevsky Barm (259.0 ha), Zorinsky (495.1 ha) and Poima Psla (481.3 ha). The total area of ​​the reserve is 5287.4 hectares.

The Central Black Earth Reserve has received wide recognition in scientific circles in Russia and abroad.

Since 1979, it has been part of the system of biosphere reserves of the UNESCO world network.

In 1998 he became the holder of a diploma from the Council of Europe and entered the Association of Specially Protected Persons natural areas Central Black Earth Region of Russia.

Since 2012, it has been a member of the Emerald Network of Europe.

The reserve consists of a natural core and a three-kilometer protective zone surrounding it along the perimeter. The following ecosystems are represented on its territory:

• steppe and meadow – 49%
• forest - 36%
• wetlands – 8%
• other – 7% of the area

The Central Black Earth Reserve is located in a temperate continental climate zone with an average annual air temperature of +5.8°C. The coldest months are January, February. The annual precipitation (570 mm) exceeds the annual evaporation (408 mm).

The Central Black Earth Reserve is located within the Voronezh crystalline shield. The most ancient bedrocks that lie close to the surface are Upper Cretaceous deposits, represented by marls, chalk and opoka, as well as Paleogene sand deposits.

The reserve's soils are of particular value. In terms of nutrient reserves, local chernozems have no equal in Europe. Under the steppes of the reserve, the thickness of the humus layer reaches 1 meter or even more.

For several centuries, the virgin steppe areas of the reserve were in communal use (haymaking and grazing), thanks to which they have been preserved to this day in their original form. Neither the plow nor the ploughshare of a modern plow have ever touched the steppe black soils.

There is no place with such a natural landscape anywhere on the globe. It is generally accepted that chernozems are formed in the steppe and forest-steppe zones, mainly under herbaceous vegetation. A special feature of the Central Black Earth Reserve is the black soil under forests.

Thick typical chernozems are found only on flat areas of watersheds, watershed and ravine slopes, occupying 50-55% of the area. They consist of three horizons - humus, transitional in humus and carbonate. The humus horizon reaches 80-100 cm. The upper half-meter layer of the humus horizon is densely penetrated by grass roots.

The humus transition horizon is 20-40 cm, the humus content decreases to 1-2%. This horizon differs in color from the humus and underlying carbonate horizons. The carbonate horizon is 1.5 m or more, its lower boundary lies at a depth of about 2.5 m, and sometimes deeper and coincides with the lower boundary of the soil profile. The depth of the upper boundary of the carbonate horizon is variable and subject to seasonal movements. The humus content in the carbonate horizon decreases to 0.4-0.6%.

The main wealth of the Central Black Earth Reserve is virgin meadow steppes, representing the indigenous zonal type of herbaceous vegetation. The steppes of the reserve belong to the type of northern meadow steppes and differ sharply from the dry steppes of the south: the vegetation turns green and develops throughout the summer and has no dormant period. Plants such as coastal brome, ground reed grass, awnless brome, steppe timothy and others are very typical for the reserve.

Also in the reserve you can meet chalk thyme, chalk thyme, protozoan onosma, monetifolia sunflower, istod (hybrid and Siberian), Russian cornflower, meadow cornflower, yellow flax, Ukrainian flax, common Echinacea, high and paniculata, and Cretaceous bedstraw. Very noteworthy are Shiverekia Podolskaya (a relict of the Tertiary period), as well as Yulia's wolfberry - a very rare relict species growing on the chalk hills.

In meadow-steppe communities there are those true steppe shrubs (steppe cherry, Russian broom, blackthorn) and subshrubs in which the lower parts of the stems do not die off for the winter (Marshall thyme, yellow flax). Of particular value is the vegetation of meadow steppes on the chalk outcrops in three sections of the reserve - Barkalovka, Bukreev Barmakh and Yamsky.

The basis of the herbage consists of low sedge, feather feather grass, fescue, desert sheep, chalk thyme, protozoan onosma, crescent grass, and coin-leaved sunflower. Here you can also find endemics of the central part of the Central Russian Upland - Kozo-Polyansky's axe, multi-veined clam, ephedra two-spikelet, Yulia's wolfberry, shiverekiapodolskaya, Zavadsky's dendranthem.

The fauna of the Central Black Earth Reserve is represented by 50 species of mammals, which is about 70% of the theriofauna of the Kursk region. The following are common in the protected area: wild boar, roe deer, elk, fox, badger. The common mole rat is numerous in steppe biotopes. Only in the Central Black Earth Nature Reserve is such a species found, the dark mouse mouse.

Among the insectivores, the reserve is inhabited by common and small shrews, shrews, and hedgehogs. The forest mouse hunts in the oak groves of the reserve. Its main food is the seeds of trees and shrubs, especially pears and apples. Also adjacent to it are yellow-throated, field and house mice.

The brown hare is found in large numbers in the reserve, since the conditions of the forest-steppe are optimal for its habitat. But, unfortunately for the hare, there are also predatory foxes and wolves. Among the representatives of ungulates, elk, roe deer and wild boar have settled in the reserve.

The Central Black Earth Reserve is also rich in representatives of the bird kingdom. There are 227 species of birds found here. The most fully represented are passerines (102 species) and Falconiformes (26 species). . Nuthatch, black-headed warbler, warbler, great tit, robin, warbler, stonechat, skylark, yellow wagtail, rook, wheatear, starling, goldfinch, hennet, shrike, swift - this is not a complete list of birds that have chosen these places.

The black kite, common buzzard, and common kestrel nest in the oak forests of all five sections of the reserve. The goshawk does not nest only in the Yamsky area, the Hobby nests in all areas, but in the oak forests of the Bukreevy Barmy area - irregularly. The falcon nests irregularly. There are few natural cavities for owls in the reserve, but they successfully use the nests of corvids.

There are 5 species of reptiles in the reserve: fast and viviparous lizards, spindle, common grass snake and steppe viper. Reptiles are more numerous than amphibians, and their numbers are more constant. This is due to the fact that 3 species - the steppe viper, the spindle and the viviparous lizard - are viviparous and the development of their eggs is practically independent of weather conditions. The sand lizard and the common grass snake lay their eggs in the soil, in moist, well-warmed places, and in cold rainy summer eggs may die due to the lack of necessary conditions for incubation.

The most numerous are the steppe viper and the sand lizard; the viviparous lizard and the spindle are less common. The legless spindle lizard is called the smoothie or copperhead by the local population for its tight-fitting, smooth scaly cover and is usually considered poisonous snake. The common one is rarely found, only near the cordon in the Gorodny tract, in Barkalovka.

There are 10 species of amphibians: green toad, common spadefoot, sharp-faced, lake, pond and edible frogs, red-bellied toad, crested and common newts. There are almost no natural water sources in the reserve, and groundwater is deep. Only the swamp in the Barkalovka tract, three ponds in the Streletsky area and a reservoir in the protected zone of the Yamsky area do not dry out.

Of the invertebrates in the reserve, there are only about 4 thousand species of insects. The fauna of the reserve is extremely rich in all kinds of beetles - 2039 species, butterflies - more than 856, Diptera - 519, Hymenoptera - 289 and bedbugs - 190 species. Here you can meet ground beetles, beetles, darkling beetles, leaf beetles, weevils, longhorned beetles, lemongrass, urticaria, mourning beetles, swallowtails, hawk moths and a huge number of other representatives.

Of insects, 19 species are listed in the Red Book of Russia. The entomofauna of the reserve is not just a mixture of forest and steppe species. Many insects are common only in the forest-steppe. About 200 species of spiders have been reported from areas of the reserve.

In 2003, on the territory of the central estate in the village. The reserve opened an Ecological Information Center with an area of ​​128 square meters. m. It contains a study room, a library, a kitchen and sanitary unit. Various environmental and educational events are held at the Ecocenter: video lectures, seminars, thematic lessons for local schoolchildren, environmental clubs, and the Ecocenter library is replenished with methodological and environmental-biological literature, videos, photographs, which are used by students and schoolchildren. About 1 thousand people visit the Ecocenter every year.

Excursion trail No. 1 “Streletskaya Steppe”.
Ecological trail 0.5 km long. On the eco-trail, a panorama of the virgin steppe opens before the eyes of visitors. The guide introduces visitors to the rules of behavior on the trail, various steppe conservation regimes, and the species composition of plants.

In the middle of the route along the path, against the backdrop of a Scythian mound located in a protected zone, there is a cultural monument of the 11th century - a stone sculpture, the so-called “stone woman”, made a thousand years ago by the Polovtsians, the route passes along the border of the mowed and unmown sections of the steppe, where the differences are visible between them grows a species listed in the Red Book of Russia - thin-leaved peony.

Excursion trail No. 2 “Reserved oak grove”.
The ecological trail is 2.0 km long and circular. Starts from the village. Reserved and follows the forest road of the Dubroshina tract, which opens onto a forest clearing between blocks No. 21 and No. 22, along which tourists return back. At the beginning of the eco-trail there is a story about different types of forest, about coppice oak forests, about the species composition of trees, shrubs and herbaceous vegetation, about the animal world and traces of its vital activity.

After 200 meters there is a soil section with standard thick typical chernozems, where excursionists get acquainted with the characteristic features of the structure of these soils. In the middle of the route the trail comes out into a clearing and visitors get acquainted with military history Dubroshin tract, where the guards tank unit was stationed, before entering its last battle on the lines of the fiery Kursk Bulge. At the end of the route, visitors are shown scientific stations.

Six small islands of untouched marvelous nature in the Kursk region are our wealth and pride.

Reception hours for tourists: from 8:00 to 16:00 daily.

Photos of the Central Chernozem Reserve

State nature reserves are territories (water areas) of particular importance for conservation or restoration natural complexes or their components and maintaining environmental balance.

At the beginning of 2008 in Russian Federation There were 69 state natural reserves of federal significance (total area 12.7 million hectares, land area - 9.6 million hectares, sea area - 2.9 million hectares). State natural reserves of federal significance located on the territory of the Central Chernobyl Region are presented in Table 9.

Table 9.

State natural reserves of federal significance located in the Central Chernobyl Region

An important component of the protected areas of the Central Black Earth Region are state natural reserves of regional significance. There are more than 40 of them in the region.

Government decree Belgorod region dated March 28, 2011 N113-pp, state regional zoological (hunting) reserves were approved in the region:

ü for the conservation of ungulates “Arkhangelsk” with an area of ​​7 thousand hectares;

ü for the conservation of the European marmot “Bykovsky” with an area of ​​14.2 thousand hectares; "Gubkinsky" with an area of ​​21.1 thousand hectares; "Kazinsky" with an area of ​​15.5 thousand hectares

ü for the conservation of the brown hare “Veydelevsky” with an area of ​​10 thousand hectares; "Rovensky" with an area of ​​9.8 thousand hectares

ü for the conservation of European elk and roe deer “Dmitrievsky” with an area of ​​25.6 thousand hectares

ü complex zoological (hunting) reserve “Krasnoyaruzhsky” with an area of ​​10.648 thousand hectares; “Pogromsky” with an area of ​​15.5 thousand hectares; "Teterevino" with an area of ​​9.78948 thousand hectares

ü for the conservation of elk and European deer “Mandrovsky” with an area of ​​56.6 thousand hectares; “Pokrovsky” with an area of ​​15.0 thousand hectares; "Ugrimsky" with an area of ​​18.4 thousand hectares

ü for the conservation of the European roe deer “Prilepinsky” with an area of ​​17.6 thousand hectares

ü for the conservation of the European beaver “Trirechye” with an area of ​​12 thousand hectares

By decree of the governor Kursk region dated February 20, 2001 N 178 (as amended on October 28, 2005) 9 state hunting reserves were created in the region:

ü hunting reserves “Pustosh-Koren” with an area of ​​4.5 thousand hectares; “Pristensky” with an area of ​​8.75 thousand hectares; “Lesnoy” with an area of ​​9.813 thousand hectares;

ü fur hunting reserves “Nikolsky” with an area of ​​15.312 thousand hectares; "Guevsky" with an area of ​​6.5 thousand hectares; “Bushmeno” with an area of ​​4.5 thousand hectares; “Glubokoye” with an area of ​​11.5 thousand hectares; “Zhernovetskaya Dacha” with an area of ​​20 thousand hectares;

ü beaver-muskrat hunting reserve “Malino-Lezvino” with an area of ​​12,000 hectares.

In the territory Lipetsk region 10 landscape and 7 zoological reserves of regional significance were organized on a total area of ​​more than 140 thousand hectares:

ü Zoological reserves: Lipetsk, Yamansky, Pervomaisky, Kolodetsky, Usmansky, Donskoy, Zadonsky.

ü Landscape reserves: Eletsky, Krasninsky, Lipetsk, Zadonsky, Dobrovsky, Dolgovsky, Bityug River Valley, Khomutovsky, Upper reaches of the Matyrsky reservoir, Dobrovsko-Filatovskaya floodplain of the Voronezh River.

Landscape reserves are intended for the preservation and restoration of unique or typical natural landscapes, and zoological reserves are intended for the conservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of animals, as well as species valuable in economic, scientific and cultural terms.

In accordance with the Administration Decree Tambov region dated December 29, 2007, No. 1505, biological reserves were organized:

ü "Morshansky" with an area of ​​45.3 thousand hectares (protected species - brown hare and marmot);

ü “Polnovsky” with an area of ​​9.7 thousand hectares (protected species: muskrat, brown hare, gray partridge).

Regional reserves are important for the conservation and restoration of forest and steppe ecosystems, landscape natural complexes, conservation of biodiversity, maintenance of water protection and environment-forming functions natural environment.

Except federal laws, in legislation on protection environment other regulatory acts of the Russian Federation are also included - decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation, regulatory acts of other federal executive bodies issued by these bodies within their competence. By-laws cannot contradict federal laws.

The regional level of environmental legislation consists of regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Environmental legislation subjects of the Russian Federation is currently in its infancy and in each region the level of development of such legislation is different.

Local government bodies, in accordance with current legislation, are vested with the right to adopt regulations to ensure environmental safety and rational use natural resources in accordance with the environmental problems of the region. The powers of local self-government bodies are presented in the Law on Local Self-Government. In particular, local government bodies carry out on their territory: organizing the improvement and landscaping of the territory of the settlement, the use, protection, protection, reproduction of urban forests, forests of specially protected natural areas located within the boundaries settlements settlements (municipal district, urban district); organization of environmental protection measures on the territory municipality; organization of collection, removal, disposal and processing of household and industrial waste; implementation of municipal forest and land control and supervision.

For solutions environmental problems In the Lipetsk region, the Department of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Lipetsk region has developed a regional target program “Protection of the natural environment of the Lipetsk region for 2009–2012”. Within the framework of this Program, measures were taken to improve the quality of the natural environment, develop a system of specially protected natural areas, preserve rare and endangered species of animals and plants, and improve the ecological culture of the population. As part of the implementation of the program “Regulation of the quality of the natural environment”, measures were taken to protect atmospheric air and protect water resources.

The administration of the Tambov region is implementing the program “Rational use and protection of water resources in the Tambov region for 2011-2013.” The main indicators of the program are the clearing of 50 km of rivers and the overhaul of more than 30 hydraulic structures.

Implementation of the target program “Providing the population with quality food” in the Voronezh region drinking water and organization of water disposal in the Voronezh region for 2006 - 2010" made it possible to reduce the share drinking water, which does not meet hygienic standards for sanitary and chemical indicators, in Voronezh from 10.2% in 1999 to 8.5% in 2008, and the concentration of manganese and iron - 2 times. For more than 10 years (since 1997), there has been a ban on the use of leaded gasoline in the Voronezh region (Decree of the administration of the Voronezh region “On the gradual transition to the sale of unleaded gasoline in the Voronezh region”, 1997), which has significantly reduced the concentration of lead in the atmosphere of the region ( the decrease over 10 years in the proportion of air samples that do not meet the hygienic standard for lead ranged from 8.5% to 0.05%).

On December 12, 2012, the XVI International scientific-practical conference « Problems of ecology and environmental safety of the Central Black Earth Region of the Russian Federation ", as a result of which it was decided

ü for the implementation of targeted programs for environmental protection in the regions of the Central Black Earth Region for 2013-2020, develop programs for monitoring the population's assessment of the effectiveness of the implementation of environmental protection measures carried out in the regions;

ü to intensify work on environmental education in the Central Black Earth Region, develop, together with the regional environmental departments, a program of activities for 2013-2015;

ü in accordance with the regional laws on innovation activity, targeted comprehensive programs for the development of innovative activity and administrative decisions on approval of the procedure for providing subsidies in accordance with regional targeted comprehensive programs for the development of innovative activity to business entities engaged in innovative activity in the field of ecology, recycling and waste disposal, state support is provided in the form of subsidies;

ü to find solutions to environmental problems in the regions of the Central Black Earth Region, it is advisable to create virtual information platforms for interaction between regional enterprises and scientific organizations;

ü in order to reduce the risks of future periods when locating industrial enterprises in the territories of the Central Black Earth Region, consider the possibility of implementing research projects on optimal models for locating industrial production in regional territories, taking into account the factor of maximum technogenic load in the conditions of a health-saving concept for the development of the region's population.

The Central Black Earth State Reserve, located in the forest-steppe on the Central Russian Upland, was created on February 10, 1935 by the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR on the initiative of Professor Moskovsky state university Vasily Alekhina. It included 4 sections: Streletskaya and Cossack steppes (Kursk region), Yamskaya steppe (Belgorod region) and Khrenovskaya steppe (Voronezh region). In 1936, the Khrenovskaya steppe (33 hectares) was excluded from the reserve.

In 1969, the reserve included the Barkalovka (Gorshechensky district) and Bukreevy Barmy (Manturovo district) sections. At the initiative of UNESCO in 1979, the reserve was included in the world of biosphere reserves. In 1993, the Bald Mountains site (Belgorod region) with an area of ​​170 hectares was organized, and the Stenki-Izgorya site was formed - 267 hectares (Belgorod region). In 1998, the Zorinsky section (Oboyansky and Pristensky districts) and the Poima Psla section (Oboyansky district) were organized.

In 1999, the reserve was reorganized; three areas located on the territory of the Belgorod region - Yamskaya, Lysye Gory and Stenki-Izgorya - were transferred to the Belogorye reserve in the Belgorod region, created on the basis of the Forest on Vorskla reserve.

Currently, the Central Chernobyl Zone consists of 6 sections: Streletsky (2046.0 hectares), Kazatsky (1638.0 hectares), Bukreevy Barmy (259.0 hectares), Barkalovka (368.0 hectares), Zorinsky (495.1 hectares), Psla floodplain (481.3 hectares) within the Kursk region. The total area of ​​the reserve is 5287.4 hectares.

The climate in the area where the reserve is located is temperate continental with an average annual temperature of + 5.7°C. The average annual precipitation for the period 1947-2011 was 570 mm. The amount of precipitation in individual years can vary from 339 mm in 2010 to 744 mm in 1997. The relief is erosive. The soil cover is dominated by thick typical chernozems that have never been plowed (virgin soils).

The reserve consists of a natural core and a three-kilometer protective zone surrounding it along the perimeter. The following ecosystems are represented on its territory: steppe and meadow - 49%, forest - 36%, wetlands - 8%, other - 7% of the area.

The special value of the reserve is its soils. The virgin rich chernozems of the reserve serve as a standard, in comparison with which the degree of degradation of the surrounding arable lands is determined, and are of great scientific interest.

In the Central Chernobyl Zone, 1290 species of higher plants are known, and this is more than 70% of the flora of the Kursk region, of which 1145 are vascular and 145 are bryophytes.

110 rare species of vascular plants are taken under special protection, of which 13 species are listed in the Red Book of Russia: wolfberry (V. Yulia), Kozo-Polyansky, feather grass, feather-leaved feather grass, feather grass, beautiful feather grass, Zalessky feather grass, lady's slipper, peony thin-leaved, Russian hazel grouse, checkered hazel grouse, leafless iris, Alauan cotoneaster and Loesel's elk.

More than 200 species of algae, 188 species of lichens and about 950 species of mushrooms are registered in the reserve, two of which (Grifola umbellata and tinder fungus) are listed in the Red Book of Russia.

The small territory of the reserve is home to 50 species of mammals; wild boar, roe deer, elk, fox, and badger are common. 225 bird species have been recorded. In the meadow steppes there are many partridges, quails, larks, and harriers. The following breed in the oak forests of the reserve: the common buzzard, the black kite, the common kestrel, the goshawk, and the hobby.

5 species of reptiles have been registered: sandy and viviparous lizards, spindle snake, common snake, steppe viper; 10 species of amphibians, about 30 species of fish, about four thousand species of insects (19 of them are listed in the Red Book of Russia) and more than 200 species of spiders.

Streletskaya and Cossack steppe belong to meadows and are distinguished by exceptional floristic richness (87 plant species per 1 m2). There are practically no such steppes left.

The areas are dominated by virgin typical chernozems; only in the Streletskaya steppe can one find soils with a meter thick fertile humus layer.

In the relatively small territory of the Streletsky site, 860 species of various grasses, shrubs and trees grow - 739 species. There are 7 species of plants listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation (fine-leaved peony, leafless iris, Russian and chess grouse, Zalessky feather grass, pinnate, pubescent-leaved and beautiful).

The steppe is separated from the forest by a forest-steppe profile 500 m wide, where the relationship between forest and steppe has been studied for many years and so far the forest is winning: this area is gradually overgrown with trees and shrubs.

The combination of open steppe spaces and forests in complex terrain, rich soils, highly productive vegetation and optimal heat and moisture conditions contribute to the diversity of the animal world: about 200 species of spiders, more than 4000 species of insects (including 850 species of butterflies), 7 species of amphibians, reptiles - 5 species, birds - 189 species, mammals - 40 species.

On the chalk hills of the Barkstovka and Bukreevy Barmy areas, relict plants have been preserved - witnesses of the last glaciation - the boron wolfberry and the Kozo-Polyansky prolomnik. In prehistoric times, the glacier practically bypassed the current Kursk region, capturing only a small part from the west and east. When it melted, most of the region's territory was covered with melt water. Already in our time, loess loams deposited by glacial waters were discovered under a layer of chernozem. Barkalovka and Bukreevy Barmy are places where dry “shelters” of periglacial alpine-tundra vegetation have survived. It is here, on the inconspicuous chalk hills and nearby, in the delta of the Kalinovoy Log, that you can see silky wormwood, desert sheep, low squat rosettes of chalk thyme and low sedge. Back in the 30s, the famous botanist B.P. figuratively called Barkalovka and Bukreev Barmy “the country of living fossils.” Kozo-Polyansky.

On the Bukreevy Barmy site, 524 species of vascular plants grow, of which 8 species (uporous wolfberry, Kozo-Polyansky borer, lady's slipper, leafless iris, Alauan cotoneaster, Russian hazel grouse, feather feather and beautiful feather grass) are listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation.

On the Barkalovka site there are 652 species of vascular plants, of which 5 species (upland wolfberry (V. Yulia), leafless iris, Russian hazel grouse, feather feather and beautiful feather grass) are listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation.

Animal world areas: amphibians - 7 species; reptiles 5 species; 34 species of mammals: many wild boars, roe deer, elk, wolf, fox, brown hare, stone and pine marten, ermine, weasel, steppe polecat, badger, American mink. 165 bird species have been recorded.

The Poima Psla site is located 60 km from the estate in the Oboyansky district, half a kilometer from the Zorinsky site and is a floodplain complex of the Psel River. It consists of three tracts (Plavni, Lutov forest and Zapseletskie swamps) and was formed in 1998. Reservoirs occupy 2% of the area, and swamps - almost half of the area. About 24 species of fish live in the Psel River: bream, silver bream, chub, asp, ide, roach, rudd, carp, tench, golden crucian carp, silver crucian carp and others.

About 600 species of vascular plants grow on the site, 15 species are listed in the Red Books of the Russian Federation and the Kursk Region. There are habitats of rare plant species, such as meat-red and bloody fingerroot and snow-white water lily. Here are the oxbow lakes, where the smallest flowering plant in the world - rootless wolfia, not found in other areas of the Kursk region, first noted by academician V.N. Sukachev. The forest areas of the Poima Psla area are represented by alder, willow and oak groves.

It is home to European mink, otter, muskrat and a large colony of gray heron.

The Zorinsky site consists of the forest tract Rasstelishche of the Pristensky district with an area of ​​115 hectares and the Zorinsky swamps, located northeast of the village. Zorino, 8-9 km from the city of Oboyan between two rivers - Psel and Pselets and consisting of a large group of separate swamps with a diameter of 5 to 75 m, having different outlines. The surface of the territory on which they are located is hilly, in some places flat, the swamps lie in depressions.

The Zorin swamps have vegetation of the northern, boreal type, which is in little harmony with the surrounding steppes and deciduous forests. A carpet of sphagnum mosses, which constantly grows, creates a large underlying layer of peat, which determines the growth of special plant communities. They include round-leaved sundew, swampy Scheuchzeria, three-leaved wachtweed, slender swordweed, leafless iris, slender cotton grass, one-sided ortilia and other plants rare for the region.

In total, 794 species of vascular plants grow on the Zorinsky site. The moss flora of the Zorinsky site is very diverse; more than 100 species have been recorded here, 9 of which are listed in the Red Book of the Kursk Region. About 250 species of mushrooms have been recorded and are common rare view- giant raincoat; 47 species of freshwater algae.

The forests of the site are divided into two large categories: continuous forested areas, represented mainly by oak forests, and, confined to depressions and swamps, small island areas of forest (birch and aspen forests), surrounded by fallow lands and meadows.

CCHZ has received wide recognition in scientific circles in Russia and abroad. The main objectives of the reserve: protection of natural areas, Scientific research and environmental education.

Since 1979, the Central Black Earth State Natural Biosphere Reserve named after Professor V.V. Alyokhin has been part of the international network biosphere reserves of UNESCO, since 1998 has been the holder of the Diploma of the Council of Europe, and in 2012 entered the Emerald Network of Europe.