Many people are afraid to speak in public, whether it's a speech, a toast at a friend's wedding, or in class at the blackboard. Fortunately, you can make public speaking less stressful for yourself with some of the tips in this article. This skill may never be your forte, but you will be less likely to drop your performance right in the middle in front of a lot of people.

Steps

Part 1

Preparing for a performance

1. Know the topic of your presentation. Integral part becoming a relaxed and dynamic speaker is a test that you know what you are talking about and know it well. Lack of knowledge can make you feel nervous and insecure during your performance, which your audience will quickly understand.

   • The key to success is advance preparation. Take the time to plan your speech so that it seems natural and logical. You should also make sure that you are able to play the speech in such a way as to emphasize your positive qualities as a speaker and muffle your shortcomings.
   • Even during public speaking sometimes you have to answer questions like in a lesson, so you definitely need to know the topic of your speech well. This will help you feel more confident, which will also create a good impression on your listeners.

2. Train your body. Even though public speaking is not a race, you need to make sure that your body listens to you well. This involves much more than just refraining from stomping from foot to foot during a performance (calm your toes and you will stop stomping). This also includes correct breathing so that you can plan and pronounce phrases correctly.

   • Speak from the diaphragm. This will help you sound clear and loud so that the audience can hear you without too much effort and shouting from your side. To practice, stand up straight and place your hand on your stomach. Inhale and exhale. Count to five as you inhale, and then to ten as you exhale. You will feel your stomach begin to relax. You need to learn how to breathe and speak in such a relaxed state.
   • Modulate your own tone of voice. Determine the pitch of your voice. Is she too tall? Too low? A relaxed state, a comfortable posture (standing) and proper breathing will help you find a more comfortable and pleasant tone of voice for your performance.
   • Avoid choking your breath and breathing in with your upper chest, as both can make you anxious and tense your throat. As a result, your voice will become more tense and constrained.

3. Know the structure of your own speech. Knowing your own speech is just as important as knowing the topic you will be talking about. There are various methods of giving a speech, so you need to choose the one that is most convenient for you.

   • To give a speech, you will need to prepare cards with abstracts or a speech plan. Or you can just remember the abstracts if you have good memory(don't try to do this from memory unless you're 100% sure you won't forget anything).
   • You don't want to write down every detail on the abstract cards (leave some space for improvisation), but it's a good idea to write helpful notes on them, such as "pause after this message" or "remember to take a breath" so you don't actually forget about these things.

4. Learn your own speech. You don't necessarily have to memorize your speech or its main points, but it can be a huge help in appearing more confident and knowledgeable about the topic of the speech. However, make sure you have enough time for this.

   • Rewrite your speech several times. This method helps to remember speech better. The more you write it, the easier it will be for you to remember it. After you have rewritten the speech many times, test yourself to see how well you remember it. If there are parts of your speech that you can't remember, rewrite them a few more times.
   • Divide the speech into smaller parts and memorize each of them separately. It can be really hard to remember the whole speech. In this case, for memorization, it would be better to divide it into small parts (start learning speech by memorizing the most important semantic part, and then move on to memorizing the remaining main parts, and so on).
   • For memorization, use the method of locations. Divide your speech into paragraphs and key points. Visualize in your mind a certain picture for each key moment (this is similar to imagining Harry Potter when saying the name of J.K. Rowling and discussing what a significant contribution she made to children's literature). Decide on a location for each key moment (e.g. Hogwarts for Rowling, Meadow for Stephenie Meyer, etc.). Now you just need to move between locations (for example, imagine that you are flying on a broomstick from Hogwarts to a meadow). If you have many things to talk about, then put them in special places around the main location (for example, take the main hall of Hogwarts to discuss the popularity of Harry Potter, or the Quidditch field to report on the writer's contribution to genre redefinition).

5. Get to know your audience. You need to know who you'll be speaking to, as certain speech techniques may suit one type of audience and be downright boring for other audiences, or even piss off certain groups of people. For example, you can't be informal during a business presentation, but you can use an informal style when communicating with college students.

   • Humor is a great way to take the pressure off yourself and your audience. There are usually certain jokes that are appropriate for most public situations (but not always!). It's a good idea to start with a little joke to lighten the mood and impress the audience with confidence. To do this, you can tell some funny (and true) story.
   • Understand what you are trying to convey to the audience. Do you want to give her new information? Rewording old information? Persuade people to do something? This will help you focus on what you are trying to achieve.

6. Practice speaking. This is extremely important if you want to perform well in public. It is not enough just to know the material that you are trying to convey to people. You need to practice giving a speech several times in order to start feeling comfortable during the speech. This is similar to breaking in shoes. When you put on a new pair of shoes for the first few times, you get blisters, but soon you start to feel comfortable in well-fitting shoes.

   • Try to visit the place where you will perform and practice there. This will allow you to become significantly more confident, as you will be more familiar with the place.
   • Record your rehearsal on video and identify the strengths and weaknesses of the performance. While watching a video of yourself speaking might seem like a daunting task, it's a great way to discover your strengths and weaknesses. You may notice your nervous tics (like shifting from foot to foot or stroking your hair with your hands) and you can work on eradicating or minimizing them.

   Part 2

   Working out the content of your speech

   1. Choose the right speaking style. There are three speaking styles: informative, persuasive, and entertaining. Although they may overlap, each of them has its own specific functions that it performs.

      • The main purpose of the informative speaking style is to communicate facts, details and examples. Even if you are trying to convince an audience of something, it is based on facts and information.
      • A persuasive speaking style is all about persuading the audience. In it, you can use facts to help, but you will also use emotions, logic, your own experience, and so on.
      • The purpose of an entertaining speaking style is to fulfill people's need for social interaction, but it often uses some aspect of informative speech (for example, in a wedding toast or in a thank you speech).

   2. Avoid a blurry intro. You must have heard speeches beginning with, "When I was asked to speak, I didn't know what to say..." Don't do it. This is one of the most boring ways to start your speech. He goes around and around the speaker's personal problems and is not at all attractive to listeners, as the speaker believes.

      • Start your talk by giving the main and overarching idea and three (or so) main facts that support it, so that you can talk about them in more detail later. Listeners will remember the introduction and conclusion of your speech better than you yourself will remember any of its parts.
      • From the very beginning, open up your presentation in a way that captures the audience's attention. This implies a message amazing facts or striking statistics, or asking a question and then answering it and dispelling any public doubt before it even arises.

   3. Have a clear structure for your speech. So that your speech does not constantly stumble over every word, you need to come up with a clear format for it. Remember, you are not trying to overwhelm the audience with facts and ideas.

      • Your speech should have one clear, overarching idea. Ask yourself what are you trying to convey to the public? What do you want people to take away from your speech? Why should they agree with what you say? For example, if you are preparing a lecture on trends in national literature, consider why your audience should care. You shouldn't just throw facts around.
      • You will need a few basic arguments that support your main idea or position. It's usually best to have three arguments. For example, if your main idea is that children's literature is getting more diverse, have one argument that argues for new trends, a second argument that shows readers' perceptions of this diversity, and a third argument that talks about why this diversity in children's literature matters. .

   4. Use the correct language. Language is extremely important in both written and spoken language. You need to refrain from using too many words that are too cumbersome and long, because no matter how smart your audience is, they will quickly lose interest in you if you constantly hit them on the head with a thick dictionary.

      • Use flashy adverbs and adjectives. You need to bring your own speech and audience to life. For example, instead of saying "children's literature presents a range of different perspectives," say "children's literature presents a new range of exciting and diverse perspectives."
      • Use figurative juxtaposition to awaken your audience and make them remember your thoughts. Winston Churchill often used the phrase "Iron Curtain" to describe secrecy. Soviet Union. Figurative juxtaposition tends to linger better in the minds of listeners (as can be seen from the fact that the "Iron Curtain" has become a catchphrase).
      • Replays also serve as a great way to remind your audience of the importance of your speech (think of Martin Luther King's "I have a dream..." speech). This emphasizes more of the main arguments and allows you to remember the main idea of ​​the speech.

   5. Keep it simple. It is necessary that the audience easily follow the course of your speech and continue to remember it after the end of your speech. Therefore, it should not only contain figurative comparisons and striking facts, but also be quite simple and close to the essence. If you wander through the swamp of little facts related to your performance, you will lose the interest of the audience.

      • Use short sentences and phrases. This can be done to create a special dramatic effect. For example, the phrase "never again" may be used. It is short, charged with meaning and has considerable power.
      • You can use short and meaningful quotes. very many famous people said something funny or meaningful in fairly short sentences. You can try to use a pre-prepared statement of one of them. For example, Franklin D. Roosevelt said: "Be sincere and brief, and immediately sit down after the speech."

   Part 3

   Public speaking

   1. Deal with anxiety. Almost every person gets a little nervous before they have to appear in front of people for a speech. The main thing is that at this stage your speech is already ready, and you know how to present it. And fortunately, there are some special methods for managing anxiety.

      • Before you stand in front of an audience and start talking, clench and unclench your fists a few times to deal with the adrenaline rush. Take three deep and slow breaths. This will clear your respiratory system and you will be ready to breathe properly while giving a speech.
      • Stand straight in a confident but relaxed posture with your feet shoulder-width apart. This will reassure your brain of your confidence, and it will be easier for you to give a speech.
   2. Speak slowly. One of the most common mistakes people make in public is trying to speak too fast. Your normal speaking speed is significantly faster than required for speaking in public. If you feel like you're talking too slowly, you're probably doing it right.
      • Take a sip of water if you start to choke on your own speech. This will give the audience some time to reflect on what has already been said and give you a chance to slow down.
      • If your friend or relative is in the audience, arrange for them to give you a signal if you start talking too fast. Keep an eye on the person during your speech periodically to make sure everything is going according to plan.

   3. Complete your speech correctly. People remember the beginning and end of a performance well, they rarely remember what happened in the middle. Therefore, you need to make sure that the conclusion of your speech is memorable.

      • Make sure the audience understands why your topic is important and why the information is useful to them. If you can, end your speech with a call to action. For example, if you were talking about the importance of art lessons in schools, end with an idea of ​​what exactly people can do in response to the fact that the hours of art lessons have been reduced.
      • End your speech with a story that illustrates main idea your performance. Again, people love stories. Talk about how the information you provided was useful to someone, or the dangers of not having this information, or how it is relevant to the public (people are more interested in what is directly related to them).
   • Listen and watch great speakers, try to analyze what makes them successful.
   • Don't be ashamed of your shortcomings. Demosthenes was an outstanding orator of ancient Athens, even though he suffered from speech impediment. A good speaker can overcome these difficulties.
   • Try to make sure that the audience includes people you know. It will be even better if these people are the ones with whom you practiced your presentation. This will help you feel more comfortable and familiar.
   • When asking the public a question for the sake of maintaining interest, try to ask something that people can easily answer, and then validate and expand on their answer by clarifying their own opinions and thoughts.
   • Try practicing in front of a mirror!

   Warnings

   • Watch what you eat before performing in public. Dairy products and sugary foods can make it difficult to speak due to the resulting phlegm in the throat. Similarly, very fragrant foods (such as garlic or fish) should be avoided so that the smell does not bother people.

A speaker is an architect who creates slender, tall, low, long, short buildings from the ideas in the minds of his listeners. In any construction, everything starts with the foundation. It is the foundation of any building. The situation is similar in oratory. The beginning of a performance can be compared to the foundation. After all, every speech begins with it. A confident and unmistakable start is half the battle. When you step on stage, you grab the attention of the audience for a few seconds. But here's how to keep him in the next five minutes? And here the question arises of how to make a “strong foundation” out of the beginning of your speech. To do this, you need to have knowledge in this aspect. This is what the article will be devoted to.

Give a concrete example

Many novice speakers feel that the first step is to lay out general provisions. At a time when examples are easier to understand and more understandable to the audience. So why not start with them? Start your presentation with an example, capture the audience's attention and interest, and then proceed to give general remarks on your example. And that would be a good start.

Use any thing or object to attract the attention of the audience

It can be held in both hands, in one hand, in the palm of your hand, above your head, at waist level. All this is not very significant. However, it is important that your subject is related to the topic of your speech. Look at . He almost constantly holds a gadget in his hands at his presentations.

Start with shocking facts

For example, "Russia has the highest crime rate in the world." Is not a fact. But the fact that such a beginning will have an effect is clear.

Start with a Powerful Quote

The statements of a famous person invariably have an attractive force. Therefore, the right saying is one of the most successful ways to start oratory. How would you rate the opening of the personal success talk below: “No defeat is fatal, no success is final, what matters is the courage to keep going!” ()

This start has two advantages. First, the quote is interesting. Second, the quote brings you and your audience straight to the point.

Ask questions

This is not only an opportunity to establish contact with the audience through interactive. The question will help to pick up the key from the minds of the listeners, because it makes them think with the speaker, cooperate with him.

Excite Curiosity

This is important for capturing the attention of the audience. To do this, you can use from one phrase to several paragraphs. I know the story of a hunter who tied a sheet around himself and began to crawl back and forth, thus arousing the curiosity of animals and attracting them, his prey.

How Not to Start a Speech

Don't start with funny stories. There is nothing more difficult in public speaking than making your audience laugh. Humor is a very subtle thing. Keep in mind that stories aren't always funny on their own. In many ways, the speaker's charisma plays a role here. The vast majority of storytellers will fail with the jokes of famous speakers such as Mark Twain. The author himself once got into trouble at a public speaking championship by telling a funny story. However, the reader may turn out to be a person with a great sense of humor. In this case, the flag is in your hands.

Don't start with an apology: "I'm not a good speaker... I'm not well prepared... I have nothing to say." The other one won't understand.

Despite all the advice in this article, a lot will inevitably depend on yourself, on the audience, the subject of the speech, the prepared material. Nevertheless, the author hopes that the tips given in this article will be useful.

Sooner or later, everyone has to perform in front of an audience. And since the latter is very selfish, this activity can cause a lot of trouble. But as Mark Twain said: “The public initially does not expect anything from you,” so do not be nervous, but it would be nice to use a few useful tips and review examples of public speaking.

Where to begin?

Any example of public speaking begins with the correct preparation of the speech. No matter how wonderful the speaker's text may seem, you need to understand that behind it is remarkable work and long hours of practice.

Every successful example of public speaking begins with the preparation of a speech. Mark Twain at one time knowingly said that it takes about three weeks to prepare an impromptu. Any performance, regardless of its type and the goal pursued, must be prepared in advance. First you need to make the so-called "skeleton" of the performance. To do this, you need to decide on the following positions:

• Understand the motivation of people who came to listen to the speech.
• Determine the main idea of ​​the speech.
• Divide this idea into several component parts (subheadings).
• Designate keywords. They will need to be repeated several times in the speech so that the listeners better remember what, in fact, it is about.
• Each speech should have a clear plan and structure. The speech should consist of an introduction, main body and conclusions.

muscles

When the speaker has decided on the basic structure of his speech, it is necessary to build up “muscles” on this “skeleton”. What can they be made of?

• You can use vivid examples from life or literature, the main thing is that they correspond to the main topic.
• To help the listener visually consolidate the information received, it is worth preparing graphs, slides, pictures, videos, etc.
• The audience can be approached with a question during the speech, this will help keep the audience's attention on the main topic.

Introductory part

Particular attention should be paid to the beginning and end of the speech. It is they who play the main role in the communication between the speaker and the listener. The introduction helps to form a first impression of the speaker, and the debriefing allows the audience to consolidate the information received.

During the preparation of the presentation, many questions may arise. For example, how to start a public speaking? The main thing here is to interest the audience from the very beginning. The first impression of the speaker will accompany him throughout the speech, and if you make a mistake, it will be difficult to correct it later.

For example, the introduction to a public speech might be a witty joke or some kind of interesting fact. You can puzzle the audience with a question or intrigue with a pause. The main thing is to draw attention to yourself. Just do not start apologizing for the fact that the voice is hoarse, this is the first speech, etc. The speaker should always be self-confident, and turn every trouble to his aid. For example, if the speaker is really ill, you should not apologize, but say that due to such and such circumstances I ask everyone to sit closer so that I can be heard.

End of speech

As for the end, it is important to summarize the entire speech, highlight the main thoughts and recall the issues raised. The last phrases should have a certain emotional message and be expressive, only in this way the listener can not only reward the speaker with applause, but also become an adherent of his ideas. Although, no matter how much you talk about the correct construction of a speech, it will be easier to consider examples of public speaking.

Types of public speaking

Examples of public speaking are divided into several types:

• Informational. For the most part, these are reports, lectures, oral answers.
• Protocol and etiquette. Such speeches are used when meeting important guests, making toasts, mourning speeches, or opening a new institution.
• Entertaining. Usually they are used for a pleasant pastime, they have an entertaining context, but at the same time convey information. As an example, we can cite the performances of Russian pop comedians E. Petrosyan, E. Stepanenko, M. Zadornov and others.
• Persuasive speech. Such a report should have indisputable facts and evidence that will incline the audience to your side. Examples include speeches by well-known politicians. For example, Abraham Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address in 1863, where he assured citizens that not a single soldier died in vain, and this is a necessary sacrifice on the path to freedom.

Get it done in three minutes

In general, the attention of the audience lasts only 15-20 minutes, this is due to psycho-physiological reasons. Depending on the variety, oral presentations can last from a few minutes to 1-2 hours. However, there are some speeches that need to be delivered in 3 minutes. In most cases, these performances are wedding toasts or press conferences. In total, the length of the speech should be between 200 and 405 words. Here is an example of a public speaking for 3 minutes:

“Today, for the first time, the Dalai Lama gave a unique interview to a Russian blogger. For his YouTube channel, business blogger Dmitry Portnyagin was the first in the CIS to interview the Dalai Lama. Communication with a famous Buddhist took place in a Delhi hotel, where the monk often stays with his followers. The premises were double-checked before the conversation began, first by Indian guards led by a Sikh, and then by His Holiness's personal guards.

The interview only lasted an hour. During this time, the participants of the conversation managed to discuss political problems, including questions of competence of Gorbachev, Yeltsin and Putin. Predict the future of Russia, talk about material and spiritual values, mutual understanding between people and the secrets of success. Each question received a detailed answer. The Dalai Lama spoke openly and with humor. At the end, he gave some tips for entrepreneurs and talked about personal safety.

Dmitry Portnyagin did not remain indifferent during the conversation. He showed the Dalai Lama a photograph of his grandfather, said that in his office there was always a photograph of the supreme head of Tibet, so he also became interested in this topic. Saying goodbye to His Holiness, Dmitry presented the Dalai Lama with a hat with earflaps as a keepsake. The monk immediately put on a new thing and appeared in this form in front of the camera lenses. The full version of the interview can be viewed on the Transformer channel.

Suitable or not?

This example of public speaking text complies with all the rules. Such a short speech fully reveals the theme of the presentation of the video on the YouTube channel. It tells about the participants, the location of the interview, the questions that were raised and the general mood that was present during the conversation.

At the end of the press release, the speaker invites listeners to watch the full version of the video. Although the ending can be supplemented with one more two sentences, saying that the interview turned out to be successful and informative for everyone.

Alexander I

To be effective, speech must be precise and expressive. And it may not always be large volumes of text. You can convey your idea with a few strong sentences and vivid comparisons. For example, the public speech of Alexander I to the French ambassadors even before the start of the war was as follows:

“Here is a little Europe, and this big Russia(all this he shows on the map). In case of failure, you can only retreat as far as Paris, and I can run to the edge of Kamchatka! But at the same time, every meter of this land will be hostile to you, even the women will not stop fighting. Russia may lose some battles, but she will never be defeated.”

To say that the ambassadors left impressed would be an understatement. An example of the text of the public speech of Tsar Alexander I amazes readers today. There is not a drop of arrogance here, solid facts, filed under the right "sauce".

Steve Jobs

Steve Jobs' speeches can serve as a striking example of modern oratory. Oratory was definitely not his forte - it's just a hobby, but he began every presentation of a new product with his own speech. Examples in its execution are as follows:

These are just small fragments of one of his speeches. But how a person motivates!

Correct solution

You can speak on any topic. Examples of public speaking are easy to find in print and other media. Speakers usually touch on important social, political and economic problems. IN Lately it has become fashionable to give trainings on how to make money on the Web, present a variety of training programs or draw attention to advertising promotions. Sometimes speakers conduct psychological trainings, discuss religion or philosophy. But whatever the speaker is talking about, his main goal is to captivate the audience.

The speaker is not the person who professionally manipulates pathos speeches, but the one who is able to conduct a simultaneous dialogue with thousands of listeners. He must speak the language of the people who listen to him, understand their problems, find common ground and skillfully lead them to make the right decision.

business communication

It may seem that it is diverse and has no clear boundaries, this public speech. The examples of speeches presented above give a false impression that the texts of the speakers have nothing in common. In fact, they all have the same goal: the listener must agree with the speaker's point of view. And this can be done by completely different methods, up to provocation. Although this method is used mainly in litigation.

The founder of the Russian advocacy, A.F. Koni, once defended a disabled hunchback. For many years a neighbor mocked him, and then one day, unable to stand it, the hunchback grabbed a stone and threw it at him, thereby causing serious bodily injury. In his public speech, A. F. Koni was original like no other. He, as expected, turned to the jury: "Gentlemen of the jury!" Then he paused and repeated this phrase four more times, making minute stops after each appeal. After the fourth appeal, one of the jurors could not stand it and furiously blurted out: “Are you kidding me?!” A.F. Koni did not lose his head, he expected such a reaction: “I addressed you politely and only 4 times, and you have already begun to get nervous. My client long years listened to insults in his direction. What must he have felt?

This performance achieved its goal - the defendant was acquitted.

Who feeds you, comrade judges?

History knows many cases with such original performances. Even in literature one can find good examples of oratory, which can be used to teach this art. So, in the novel by A. M. Gorky “Mother”, the convict Pavel Vlasov spoke at the court session. He was convicted under a political article and refused to carry out the escape, prepared by his comrades only in order to make a speech before the large people who had gathered at the trial.

His speech was full of refrains, where he spoke on behalf of the people, but the main "highlight" of the speech was the climax: "How can you destroy the workers, those who feed you, comrade judges?" It costs a lot to create such a speech.

Prosperity of the country

Finishing the article, I would like to give one more version of a public speech. An example of a text on the topic "Theft in Japan."

“Many human and economic factors influence the prosperity of a country. Among them there is one, almost insignificant fact, which will seem to us a fantastic absurdity.

In Japan, they don't steal. They don't steal at all. They don't steal at all. Never steal. People do not lock apartments and cars. Shops safely put trays of goods on the streets and safely forget about them. They know: no one will take someone else's.

In this country, you can forget anything, anywhere, and then come back for the loss a few days later. She will remain untouched. Every Japanese knows: if something is lost, it probably lies where it was lost, which means it will be found. Whether it's a mobile phone or a wallet, anyway, there is any thing.

Tips are not accepted in Japan. The seller or waiter will run after you for several blocks to give you change. Most residents of the capital move around on bicycles, and no one ties them up. Steal a bike?! It's funny!

Here they know: to take someone else's is a shame. After him, a person will no longer be trusted, he will never wash himself off from him.

And by the way, about the economy. Officials sacredly follow this rule: taking someone else's is taboo. Not so long ago, the Japanese minister hanged himself, who was suspected of free handling of finances. Not even stealing. Because of this story, the previous prime minister also resigned.

So, on what does the prosperity of the country depend? That's right, from theft, or, more precisely, from its absence.

The speaker is a kind of shooter. He either hits the target and makes everyone bow their heads before him, or misses, and then the discouraged crowd goes about their business, ignoring the words of the speaker. Therefore, before speaking to the public, you need to aim at a specific target. Examples of public speaking leaders will help.

Rules for making public statements
accessible to listeners

How to start a performance?

Start of the performance presents the greatest difficulty. At the same time, it is extremely important, because at this moment the mind of the listeners is fresh and relatively easy to impress. If you rely on chance, then this can lead to too serious consequences. The beginning of the speech should be carefully prepared in advance.

Introduction should be short and consist of no more than one or two sentences. You can often do without it altogether.

Get right down to the point of your speech, spending on this the minimum number of words. Nobody will object to this.

Don't start your speech with a humorous story. This is not always successful, especially for beginners. Only very few people can successfully tell a funny anecdote. More often than not, this attempt will confuse the audience instead of pleasuring it. The story should be on point, humor should be the icing on the cake, not the cake itself.

never apologize, as it usually annoys listeners. Say exactly what you are going to say, say it clearly, quickly, and sit in your seat.

Don't start your speech too formally. Do not show that you carefully prepared it. It should look free, unintentional, natural. This can be achieved by talking about what has just happened or what has just been said.

To grab the attention of the audience at the beginning of your speech, you can use the following techniques:

- arouse the curiosity of the listeners;

- to tell interesting story;

- start with a specific illustration;

- Ask a Question;

- start with some "amazing" quote or facts;

- show that the topic of the speech is related to the vital interests of the audience.

How do you make the meaning of your speech clear?

1. Make the unfamiliar understandable by linking it to familiar objects and phenomena.

2. Avoid technical terms in your speech. Express your thoughts in simple and understandable language.

3. Be sure that the subject you are about to speak about is as clear to you as sunlight at noon.

4. Use the visual perception of the listeners. When possible, use exhibits, pictures, illustrations. Be specific (don't use the word "dog" if you mean "white fox terrier with a black spot above the right eye").

5. Repeat your main points, but do not repeat or use the same phrases twice or thrice.

6. Make Your Abstract Statements Understandable by Accompanying General Categories concrete examples and occasions.

7. Don't try to raise too many questions. In a short talk, it is impossible to properly address more than one or two sections of a large topic.

8. Conclude your speech with a brief summary of the points you made.

9. If possible, use balanced sentences and contrasting ideas.

10. Interest is contagious. The audience will certainly be covered by it if the speaker himself is imbued with it.

How to end a speech?

The ending of a speech is indeed its most strategically important element. What is said at the end, listeners are likely to remember longer.

Don't end your presentation by saying, “That's about all I have to say about this. So I guess I'll end here." Finish, but don't talk about finishing.

Carefully prepare the ending of your speech, rehearse it in advance. Know almost word for word how you are going to end your presentation. Finish your speech smoothly. Don't leave it unfinished and broken like a jagged rock. Remember: good improvisation is well prepared improvisation.

- to summarize - to repeat again and briefly state the main points that you touched upon in your speech;

- call to action

- give the listeners an appropriate compliment;

- cause laughter;

- quote suitable poetic lines;

- use a vivid quote;

- create an emotional uplift.

When preparing the beginning and end of a speech, always link them together. Stop speaking before the audience wants it. Remember: after the peak of popularity, satiety sets in very soon.

Examples of public speaking.

In each of the above passages, those features of the text that are noted as having a positive impact on the audience are highlighted. All speeches are devoted to the problem of stimulating teachers to conduct methodological self-educational work.

1. “Dear colleagues! ( appeal). This is not the first time we are gathering this year on the issue of intensifying the work of methodological associations ( generality of cause). I express my gratitude (names are given, to whom it is addressed) to those who supported this line of work of the school ( pointing to positive examples). Yes, indeed, “another modernization” (nods towards the most dissatisfied listener) fell on our professional path ( recognition of the right of the audience to their own opinion). Methodological work is an integral part of all education, it is through it that modernization is possible ( emphasis).

I spoke more than once about the results of the analysis of the lessons attended ( reference to past experience of interaction). Their strict examination gives every reason to believe that we all have them without exception ( division of responsibility) are built in the same way. Only for open lesson we try to delve into the methodological literature ( frank admission of an unsightly fact). Yes, indeed, we have a small salary, we are overloaded with part-time jobs and part-time jobs, our families at home want to see us not only sitting at books and notebooks ( anticipation of objections).

I expressed my proposals for the development of methodological work at school at the last Methodical Council. I wrote the main directions of its activation on the board ( visual representation). There are five of them. I ask you to comment on them or contribute your own ( Willingness to interact with listeners)».

2. “Today we will talk about methodical work. But first I would like to tell a parable about a horse ( laughter) (intriguing opening). A man in the market praises his horse to the buyer, emphasizing that it runs fast. And he says to him: "Then you need to sell it cheaper." "Why so?" the man asks. “What if she runs fast, but in the wrong direction?” ( laughter).

Why am I doing this? I was the day before yesterday at a seminar in one school. There, a teacher speaks with the message “the use of NLP in mathematics lessons in primary school". Performs with enthusiasm, the directors all like it. And I ingenuously ask: “What linguistic - in mathematics? What kind of programming, if thinking has always been developed on mathematics? What is the scientific basis for this innovation? How will this affect children, now and in the future? Do you understand where this brisk teacher can run without a methodical watch? ( rhetorical questions).

Another example. My son began to prepare for a history session at the institute, sorting through his old notebooks. It also became interesting for me to remember how the material was given before. I open it: the biography of Chernomyrdin is given by the teacher on the full page in the notebook for the record ( laughter). Of course, there are no good history books and all that. Are there good teachers?.. As the horse ran along the ideological road, it cannot be stopped ( problematization through metaphor, reliance on examples from one's own life and work).

Dear my colleagues! Dear associates! ( pretentious appeal). You and I have passed more than one obstacle course, we will pass this one too ( emphasizing commonality with listeners, expressing confidence in their capacity). Tell me the words with which I can explain to each of you that no one will allow us to work like this today. Methodical work is our face, it is the level of our professionalism. Methodological work for a teacher is an appeal to new knowledge. Without it, our work is meaningless. I am for meaningful work. And you?.. ( publicity, appeal to listeners)».

3. “I agree with previous speakers that methodological work has great importance in the teacher's work link to previous speakers). Even when it is not paid for, and even when it is carried out at its own expense - I mean courses and methodological literature ( open, possibly oppositional, attitude to the problem). Imagine a pediatrician on a small salary who treats with the knowledge of his student days that ended thirty years ago. Will you argue with the fact that we are equally responsible for the growing person ( comparison)?

In my presentation, I focus on what makes methodical work vital for a teacher ( summary of the content of the speech).

The first thing to remember numbering of advanced arguments). The child we teach is changing before our eyes. This year's fifth grader cannot be taught the way we taught current fifth graders. We need to look for other methods, even explain in other words educational material (making obvious arguments).

Second. An educator doing methodical work, is a teacher respected by us, parents and students. In a situation where the prestige of our profession is falling, we are obliged (I emphasize - we are obliged) to ensure that our work is treated with respect ( appeal to values).

And third. We are what we leave behind. What will be left of us when we ourselves are gone? A stack of ironed duvet covers?.. If memory, then let us be remembered as brilliant professionals in our field. And even better - as the authors of "manuals", textbooks and articles in our professional journals, as delegates to congresses and conferences, as the best representatives our country ( appeal to higher meanings).

Thank you for the opportunity to say all this gratitude to the listeners)».

Efficiency business meeting held in the form public speaking, increases if the following characteristics are present:

Ø the accuracy of the information provided, the verifiability of the actual material;

Ø showing confidence in the audience, including their professional and life situation in the context of the speaker's speech;

Ø examples from own experience and from the experience of listeners;

Ø emphasizing the significance, prestige of what is said in the speech;

Ø emphasizing common interests and goals with the audience;

Ø well-thought-out structure of the text, its emotional and figurative expressiveness;

Ø sensitive response to the mood of the audience;

Ø friendliness, ease of communication;

Ø providing listeners with the opportunity to choose their attitude to the perceived material, the absence of coercion and categoricalness;

Ø Established feedback from the audience (this will be discussed in detail below).

The situation of public speaking allows you to determine what type of speaking, monologue (dominant, authoritarian) or dialogic, the speaker adheres to the most. These two types are compared according to several indicators given in the table.

Having to give a speech in a class, meeting, or work presentation can be exciting for anyone. Working on the text of the speech will strengthen your self-confidence. Thoughtfulness and attention to detail will create an informative, persuasive, motivating or entertaining speech! Give the work the necessary amount of time and practice speaking.

Steps

How to write a draft

Study the topic well. Writing an informative or persuasive speech requires deep research! This approach will allow you to write a reliable and convincing text. Look for information and arguments in reliable sources - books, scientific journals, newspaper articles and government websites.

• If you need to write a speech for a lesson, check with your teacher for the number and types of sources allowed.

1. Consider abstracts in a logical order. Once you are familiar with the topic and context, immediately jump to the abstract. State each statement clearly and provide supporting information, facts, evidence, and statistics to support each statement. It should be based on the calculation of 1 paragraph per aspect.

   • For example, when it comes to testing cosmetics on animals, first talk about how cruel it is, then explain the inappropriateness and discuss alternatives.

2. Bring up new topics and summarize previously discussed material. Another way to help listeners make sense of the abstract is to offer a 1-2 sentence overview before moving on to a new topic, and briefly summarize the material in 1-2 sentences after the explanation. Use for introductions and resumes simple words to help you communicate your ideas.

   • For example, if you want to look at delayed muscle pain syndrome (also known as krepatura), first briefly explain the concept, then go into details and say how it relates to the topic, and end this part of the speech with a short conclusion on the main thesis.

3. Use transitions to make things easier to understand. Transitions improve the flow of speech and also help you see the connection between the points. Transitions are not always noticeable when you read and write texts, but their absence is immediately evident. Make sure you use different transitions in your speech. Examples:

   • Further;
   • then;
   • previously;
   • subsequently;
   • at first;
   • Secondly;
   • at present;
   • next week.
4. • For example, if you described the influence global warming on the number of polar bears, then finish the speech with a story about those non-profit organizations who are in charge of protecting environment and polar bear populations.
   • If you've shared your motivational weight loss story, tell me where to start and what helpful resources to use.

   How to make a speech interesting and engaging

   1. Use short and simple words and sentences. Cumbersome words instead of equivalent simple synonyms can scare off listeners. Long and complex sentences can be confusing and confusing. In most cases, plain language should be used. So, the only exception will be situations where a thought or idea simply cannot be expressed otherwise.

      Do not replace nouns with pronouns for the sake of clarity. Of course, sometimes you can use a pronoun, especially in an attempt to avoid repetition. Still too a large number of pronouns will prevent listeners from following your arguments. Whenever possible, give preference to proper names (names of places or things, names) and do not overuse pronouns. Examples of common pronouns:

   2. Repeat words and phrases several times. Repetition is an effective technique in any speech. If repeated repetitions different words can be distracting, repeating a particular word or phrase several times will help shape your argument and engage your audience.

      • For example, if you are giving a speech to a group of sales representatives who want to increase sales of a new product called "Synergy", you can repeat a simple phrase like "Tell your customers about "Synergy"" or say the word "Synergy" several times throughout the speech to remind listeners about the product.
      • In a motivational speech about how running helps overcome emotional difficulties, repeat a few times a phrase that emphasizes this idea: "Overcome pain through running."