Dangerous animals of the Transbaikal region. Advances of modern natural science. Flora of the Trans-Baikal Territory
Thanks to the works of these and other researchers, by the beginning of the twentieth century. faunal lists were clarified, species new to science, their distribution and economic significance were described.
In the 20th century A network of research institutions is being created to systematically study the fauna of the region. Currently, the main centers of zoological research in the Chita region are the Institute natural resources, ecology and cryology (), Sokhondinsky and nature reserves, Chita anti-plague station , Chita Regional Museum of Local Lore .
Large area, complex terrain, the presence of a global watershed, location at the junction of various natural areas determined the diversity of the fauna of the Chita region. Here you can meet inhabitants of various natural zones: steppe, forest-steppe, various types forests and alpine tundra. The composition of the animal world is influenced by a number of faunas: European-Siberian, mountainous East Siberian (Angarsk), Daurian-Mongolian, there are elements of Manchurian and even Chinese-Himalayan. On the one hand, Transbaikalia was inhabited by species of northern origin: Amur lemming, elk, hare, snowy owl, ptarmigan, taimen , grayling , ; on the other - southern steppe species: Mongolian marmot, Daurian, steppe ferret, , , Mongolian foot-and-mouth disease (lizards), Mongolian. Representatives of the Far Eastern fauna penetrated the river valleys of the Amur basin: Amur tiger, mandarin duck, black mallard, Far Eastern, , . Alpine fauna is represented by bighorn sheep , black-capped marmot etc.
From the west, Transbaikalia was inhabited by species of European-Siberian fauna - wild boar, Siberian lizard, viviparous lizard. There are significant differences between the species composition of the fauna of Transbaikalia and more western regions, partly related to the influence of the lake. Baikal and adjacent ridges. It is here that the western border of the settlement of some Transbaikal species. Within similar biotopes they can occur different types animals. Thus, in the eastern regions of Transbaikalia there are more inhabitants of the Far Eastern fauna, in the southern regions there are more Mongolian fauna.
Over the years, the introduction (artificial settlement) of some mainly commercial animal species, such as the brown hare, American hare, white and bighead carp, was also carried out. , etc.
In the Chita region. there are five main types of fauna characteristic of natural complexes Transbaikalia: highlands, taiga, forest-steppe, steppe and reservoirs.
Animals of the highlands. Animal world highlands are characterized by a poor species composition, which is explained by the harsh climatic conditions. The scarcity of food supply led to the dominance of rodents and ungulates. The inhabitants of the high-mountain tundra are reindeer and bighorn sheep, and the numbers of these species are small. Of the small mammals, the most typical is the alpine pika, which inhabits stone placers. In thickets of dwarf cedar (see Stlantsy) the Asian species is common. In the north of Transbaikalia (Kodar and Udokan ranges), the black-capped marmot is occasionally found (see Marmots). A few species of predators are represented by , , . The species composition of birds is not rich. In the highlands you can find tundra partridge (see), horned lark, mountain pipit, mountain wagtail, nutcracker. Low temperatures prevent the penetration of amphibians and reptiles into the Transbaikal highlands. The fish fauna is represented by cold-loving species: , taimen, grayling, whitefish are found in the deep-water lakes of the north of Transbaikalia. Davatchan, a special subspecies of Arctic char, is endemic to the Northern Transbaikalia and is under protection.
The species composition of insects is specific, mainly small and dark-colored forms predominate, which allows them to survive in conditions of low temperatures and short summer. Among the beetles, rove beetles and pillbugs predominate. Daytime butterflies are represented mainly by mountain species of pearlworts (see), and jaundices (see). Diptera are numerous: mosquitoes (see), horseflies, midges, combined popular name"vile".
Animals of the taiga. The taiga zone occupies a significant part of the region's territory, largely determining the uniqueness of the animal world. The poverty of the fauna of the northern regions of the taiga is associated with the monotony of landscapes, more severe climatic conditions, and an insufficient food supply for many species of animals. The southern taiga has the richest fauna. This is largely due to the presence of several layers in the forest canopy. Some of the inhabitants of the taiga move into the underlying tiers, where they can find food, for example, seeds of the Siberian pine trees(cedar), the harvest of which in some years can be significant. The fauna of the pine forest is especially diverse because pine nuts serve as important food for many species of mammals and birds. Among mammals, the most common are representatives of the orders of ungulates, rodents and carnivores. A typical inhabitant of the Siberian taiga is the eastern subspecies of red deer () - one of the objects of hunting. In addition, young deer antlers (antlers), used in medicine, are valued. Most large inhabitant taiga - elk. The weight of large males reaches 570 kg. The number of moose is highest in flat areas, near the shores of standing reservoirs, swamps, and lakes, where they can eat aquatic vegetation.
Winters with little snow allow species such as the Siberian roe deer to enter the forest zone from the forest-steppe. It is widespread in the southern regions of the taiga, especially characteristic of cedar forests and mixed forests. The smallest ungulate is, its weight does not exceed 8-10 kg. Typically, musk deer prefer steep rocky slopes, where they hide from predators and find food (lichens). Musk deer are an important target of fishing, including poaching, because of the so-called “musk deer stream” - the musk gland of males, used in perfumery and oriental medicine. Among lagomorphs, the white hare is widespread in the taiga, and the northern pika is found on rocky slopes. The most numerous object of the fur trade is the squirrel, and its numbers can increase significantly in some years. Among rodents, the most typical inhabitants of the taiga are the Asian chipmunk, the red, red-gray and Ungur, East Asian forest chipmunk. The abundance of small rodents favors the reproduction of sable, one of most valuable inhabitants taiga Sable is most numerous in cedar forests. The mustelid family (except sable) is represented by ermine, weasel, and weasel. Found everywhere (but rarely).
The owner of the taiga is considered Brown bear, preferring places rich in berries and pine nuts.
One of the important species that regulates the number of large mammals, especially ungulates, is the wolf, which is widespread in the taiga zone. The wolf population must be constantly monitored, since when it reproduces en masse it can cause significant damage to agriculture. Of the cats, it is more common, preferring sparse areas of dark coniferous taiga.
The species composition of taiga birds is not rich. The most widely represented species are grouse, woodpeckers, corvids and raptors. It is common among grouse, living in pine and cedar forests with undergrowth. Widely distributed, which are often found along the banks of rivers and streams where there are berry fields. In the northern regions of the taiga, white partridge is found. Grouse are common in forest clearings, edges, and burnt areas. A characteristic bird of the coniferous taiga is the nutcracker, famous for that, which by storing seeds (nuts) contributes to the regeneration of Siberian cedar. Owls and eagle owls are quite widespread. The most common of birds of prey goshawk .
Reptiles in the taiga are few in number; the common and viviparous lizards are noted.
Among the xylophages that feed on wood, the most important are numerous species of woodcutting beetles (black longhorned beetles, leptura, vale, etc.) and bark beetles.
Gall formers are common in the forest zone, among which gall midges predominate. The chemical action of an insect or its larva leads to the growth of plant tissue. The resulting gall provides the larva with food and at the same time serves as a refuge from enemies.
The larvae of some small insect species are able to settle in the tissues of leaves or needles, feeding on their contents. At the same time, a light winding trace (“mine”) is noticeable on the surface of the leaf, at one end of which you can see a larva—“miner.”
Important component forest ecosystems- ants, especially those belonging to the forest genus - formica. Ants make up a significant part of the biomass of taiga ecosystems and regulate the numbers of many invertebrate species. Other important functions of ants include loosening the soil and enriching it with organic and mineral components, destroying wood, and distributing seeds of some plant species. Bloodsuckers are common and numerous in the forest zone - horseflies, mosquitoes, midges, biting midges, and bloodsucking flies. Among the arachnids of the taiga, ticks of the ixodid family are common. Some of their species are not only carriers, but also reservoirs of pathogens of a number of dangerous human diseases. The taiga tick, a carrier of the causative agent of spring-summer encephalitis, and species of the genus Dermacentor, carriers of tularemia, tick-borne typhus and brucellosis, are widespread. Interesting feature Trans-Baikal forests - the penetration into this zone of more southern steppe species of insect origin: some species of butterflies - white butterflies and marigolds, as well as locusts.
Fauna of the forest-steppe and steppe zones. In Transbaikalia, the Siberian taiga and the Mongolian steppes touch and penetrate far into each other, which largely determines the uniqueness of the animal world. Characteristics natural complexes - their very high dynamism and instability. During the alternation of dry and wet climatic periods, the habitats of animals change radically. Steppe lakes either fill up or dry up, and in their place bare saline areas are formed. Accordingly, the vegetation and animal population change almost completely. Rodents and ungulates find the most optimal conditions in the forest-steppe. Among rodents, the most common are long-tailed and Daurian ground squirrels, Djungarian and Daurian hamsters, and Brandt's vole. The jumping jerboa is found in the south of the zone. An interesting specialized species is the Daurian zokor, which leads an underground lifestyle. The largest species of rodent is the Mongolian marmot (tarbagan), previously widespread in the steppe zone. In recent decades, due to poaching, the number of this interesting looking decreased sharply. A very rare species of the steppes is the Daurian hedgehog, which belongs to the order of insectivores. The hares have adapted well to life in the steppes. tolay and the related Daurian pika (order of lagomorphs). A characteristic forest-steppe species is the Siberian roe deer, which nowadays, due to intensive fishing, prefers to stick to forest stakes and pine forests. A typical steppe species is the gazelle antelope, which not so long ago was widespread throughout the steppe zone, but now periodically enters the Chita region. from the steppes of Mongolia.
The famous scientist P. S. Pallas during a trip to the South. Transbaikalia noted encounters of such species of ungulates as the wild ass and the argali sheep. A very rare steppe cat, the manul, lives in the rocks, leading a secretive lifestyle. Of the predators, wolves are of greatest practical importance, the number of which increased significantly in the 1990s. A valuable fur-bearing animal in the forest-steppe is the fox, and in the steppe it is the corsac dog. In the southern steppe regions of the region, the steppe polecat settles in the burrows of the tarbagan.
During wet periods within the Torey Basin in the Southeast. Transbaikalia forms more than 1,500 medium and small lakes, tens of thousands of waterfowl and semi-aquatic birds nest on them, and during the migration period millions of birds stop to rest. During dry climatic periods, the number of waterfowl and semi-aquatic birds in the region sharply decreases, but the number of some semi-desert species, such as the Mongolian groundbird, increases.
Among the most common bird predators are the long-legged buzzard and the buzzard. common, steppe kestrel, very rarely - steppe eagle (see). Among the crane-like species there are the crane- and gray crane, the Daurian is more rare. Black (monk) and white (Siberian crane) cranes are observed on migration, young individuals of which can stay on steppe lakes throughout the summer. A large endangered species of the crane-like order -. Skylarks, lesser larks, gray larks and Mongolian larks are widespread and numerous. Quails are occasionally seen. Daurian partridge is of commercial importance. Reptiles are rare and are usually represented by the copperhead Pallas and Mongolian foot-and-mouth disease.
The insect fauna of the steppe and forest-steppe is quite rich - these include both open-living species and those living in the soil and grass litter.
The basis of steppe biocenoses is herbaceous vegetation, which determines the abundance of leaf-eating insect species. In the steppe there are numerous locusts, beetles, butterfly caterpillars, and sawfly larvae. Among Lepidoptera, representatives of many families of diurnal butterflies, such as nymphalids, , are common. Of the large and brightly colored species, butterflies of the family stand out: nomion - a typically steppe species of the Daurian-Mongolian fauna and the swallowtail, widespread in all biotopes, including steppe ones. Among the leaf beetles there are numerous small and often brightly colored species of crypted beetles.
Actively flying insects are represented in the steppe, in addition to lepidoptera, by various species of dragonflies, mosquitoes, midges, which fly far into the steppe from reservoirs (places of development of larvae). Dragonflies and predatory blackbird flies occupy a niche among invertebrates as large daytime predators that hunt in flight.
The abundance of flowering plants in the mixed-grass steppe attracts many pollinators: Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Coleoptera.
The soil entomofauna is represented by numerous species of predatory and herbivorous ground beetles, darkling beetles, and their larvae. The underground parts of plants are damaged by the larvae of some beetles and root beetles. The usual inhabitants of the upper soil layer are formicas, myrmicas, etc. During the dry season of the year, one can observe such an interesting phenomenon as the summer dormant period. At this time, under stones and cakes of dried manure hide not only typical soil inhabitants (ants, darkling beetles, ground beetles), but also leaf beetles, longhorned beetles, other insects, etc.
Fauna of reservoirs. Chita region has a significant fund of rivers and lakes that are of fishery importance and allow for the rational use of the raw materials of reservoirs.
The diversity and originality of the composition of the ichthyofauna of Transbaikalia is due to the location of this territory on the watershed of three large basins - Baikal, Lena and Amur.
Ichthyofauna of the Upper basin. Amur is represented by 40 species of fish, which belong to 13 families. Its modern appearance was formed already in the middle Quaternary period. It is of a mixed nature, since, in terms of their origin and biological characteristics, the species composing it belong to six different faunal complexes.
The boreal-plain complex is represented by Amur pike, Amur chebak, silver crucian carp, Amur sturgeon, lake minnow, common Amur gudgeon, and spined loach. The fish of this complex mainly live in the thickets of floodplain reservoirs and river beds. All of them can withstand significant fluctuations in oxygen in the water; by the nature of their diet, they are benthophages, i.e. feed on bottom organisms. Amur chebak is a widespread species of the Top. Amur and is confined mainly to large rivers - Shilka, Arguni, Onon, Ingoda. Numerous in lakes Kenon, Nikolaevskoye, Arey. It feeds on vegetation, so it is the main consumer of this food. One of the most valuable fish of the Amur is, however, at present it is a small species that needs protection.
The boreal-foothill complex includes taimen , , grayling, , , Amur broadhead, spotted sculpin. These species are adapted to life in fast-flowing rivers, clear water, rich in oxygen, with a rocky bottom. By the nature of their diet, most of them are benthophages and consumers of aerial insects. Spawning occurs in spring at low temperatures.
The ancient Upper Tertiary complex includes the Amur flathead asp, kaluga, carp, Amur catfish, lamprey, minnow, and Amur loach. The latter is adapted to life in bodies of water with a small amount of oxygen, since it has additional respiratory organs. A number of species (kaluga, Amur catfish, flat-headed asp) are predators, others feed on benthos. Kaluga is an endemic of the Amur ichthyofauna. In Transbaikalia it is found in Shilka, Arguni, and the lower reaches of the Onon. It lives in the deepest places of river channels. Great migrations does not commit. There are only isolated reports of the capture of kaluga. Feeds on young guar horses and chebak , minnow Reaches sexual maturity at 16-17 years of age.
The Chinese faunal complex includes the grouse horse, the Amur chebak, the chebak-shaped gudgeon, the Khanka gudgeon and the eight-whiskered gudgeon. These species are very demanding on the presence of oxygen in water, therefore they live in river beds and only when the water level rises, they enter floodplain reservoirs. Spawning time is late spring and summer, when water temperatures rise significantly. The fish are small in size, except for the guar horse.
The Indian complex is represented by one family - killer whales. Representatives of this family are characteristic of the ichthyofauna of India, China and other Southeast countries. Asia. On the territory of the Chita region. their distribution is limited to the Shilka, Argun, and Onon basins. Transbaikalia is the northernmost part of the family's range.
The Arctic complex has only two species - burbot and whitefish, which prefer waters saturated with oxygen. The only representative of the cod family, burbot, is a predator and partly eats benthos.
A serious problem has become the depletion of the species composition of fish living in reservoirs. The endemics of the Amur basin (kaluga, Amur sturgeon, whitefish) have practically disappeared. The number of valuable fish species (taimen, lenok, grayling) has decreased. Guar horse, Amur catfish and carp have become rare.
The watercourses of the Chikoya and Khilka basins belong to the mountain and foothill types and are characterized by a rather poor and uniform composition of ichthyofauna - 5-15 species, among which salmon, grayling and carp predominate.
Features of the mountain fish community of the river. Chikoy has a very large share of salmon and grayling (84%) in the total ichthyomass. Lenok predominates (50%). Black Baikal grayling, Baikal whitefish and perch are also found here. Five species of fish in the Baikal basin are officially listed as endangered, therefore populations of lenok, grayling, whitefish, monitoring of which is possible on the Chikoy and Khilok rivers, should be used as indicators of the state of well-being or degradation of aquatic ecosystems.
The biosphere and economic significance of the reservoirs of the north of Transbaikalia is very significant. Due to the intensive economic development of the territory, significant changes have occurred in the composition of the fish fauna: there has been a decrease in the number of valuable fish species, a decrease in growth rates and fertility.
There are 442 fresh lakes in the region. They are located mainly in groups in pools large rivers or confined to tectonic depressions. Deep-water lakes Bol. and Mal. Leprindo, Leprindokan, Davatchan, Nichatka are characterized by low productivity and low temperatures. Grayling, whitefish, lenok, burbot, as well as the rare relict species Arctic char, or davatchan, live here. All lakes of the Chkalov and Ivano-Arakhlei groups are inhabited by perch, crucian carp, and roach. In lakes Arakhley, Shaksha, and Ivan, pike is also common, and non-commercial species include spined loach and minnows. The fish of the Torey lakes are mainly represented by silver carp and loach. However, the water regime of these lakes is unstable, and they are not of great fishery importance.
The invertebrate fauna in the rivers and lakes of the region is rich and diverse. Benthos (bottom inhabitants) of the rivers of the Upper Amur basin, Chikoya and Khilka are represented mainly by the larvae of caddisflies, mayflies, stoneflies, midges, horseflies, beetles, and mosquitoes. Most fish feed on these abundant species of invertebrates. The lakes of the Ivano-Arakhlei group are inhabited by bottom animals that are widespread in fresh water bodies. The following groups were found: polychaete worms (oligochaetes), leeches, mollusks, crustaceans, bedbugs, larvae of bell mosquitoes (chironomids), mayflies, caddis flies, dragonflies, beetles, water beetles, lepidoptera (more than 100 species in total). The zoobenthos of many lakes is dominated by chironomids and mollusks. The greatest species diversity of chironomids (50 species) was noted in Lake. . Basically, they are characteristic of all lakes, but each body of water is characterized by a specific combination of dominant species. Being the main filter feeders in water bodies, zooplankton organisms play a huge role in the self-purification of water. Many species of animals living in Transbaikalia need protection. Thus, 25 species of mammals, 57 of birds, 4 of reptiles, 1 of amphibians, 7 of fish, 2 of mollusks, 68 of insects are included in the Red Book of the Chita Region and the Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug. The distribution of some of them is shown on the map of rare animal species.
Lit.: Pavlov E. I. Birds and animals of the Chita region. Chita, 1948; aka. Game animals of the Chita region. Chita, 1949; aka. Notes of a naturalist from observations of seasonal natural phenomena in the Chita region. Chita, 1959; Geller S. Yu., Grebenshchikov O. S., Dzerdzeevsky O. S. and others. Cisbaikalia and Transbaikalia. - M., 1965; Izmailov I. V. Birds of the Vitim Plateau. Ulan-Ude, 1967; Kurentsov A. I. Entomofauna of mountain areas Far East THE USSR. M., 1967; Kurentsov A. I. Club-bearded Lepidoptera of the Far East of the USSR. L., 1970; Izmailov I. V., Borovitskaya G. K. Birds of southwestern Transbaikalia. Vladimir, 1973; Kuznetsov B. A. Key to vertebrate animals of the fauna of the USSR. M., vol. 1, 1974; vol.2, 1974; vol.3, 1975; Shkatulova A. P., Karasev G. L., Khundanov L. E. Amphibians and reptiles of Transbaikalia. Ulan-Ude, 1978; Catalog of mammals of the USSR. L., 1981; Red Book of the USSR (edited by A. M. Borodin, A. G. Bannikov and others). M., 1984; Red Book of the RSFSR (edited by A. G. Bannikov, R. L. Boehme and others). M., 1985; Zatravkin M. N., Bogatov V. V. Large bivalves fresh and brackish waters Far East of the USSR. Vladivostok, 1987; Karasev G. L. Fishes of Transbaikalia. Novosibirsk, 1987; Afonin A. V., Vakhrusheva Z. P., Vershinin N. M., Isakova T. T., Kardash A. I., Korsun O. V., Krivenkova I. F., Markova L. P., Mironova V. . E., Nazarova E. I., Ogorodnikova L. I., Romanova N. G., Sklyarova L. P., Khamaganov S. A. Fauna of Eastern Transbaikalia. Tutorial. - Chita, 1997.
Elk - Number approximately 7,000 – 9,000 individuals. The main livestock is in the Tungokochinsky and Tungiroolekmensky regions. Density – 1 – 2 individuals per 1000 hectares. In general, there is less than one animal per 1000 hectares in the region. The southern border is not taken into account. The largest of the deer. Range length. body up to 3 m. Weight up to 570 – 600 kg. The legs are very long. The head is massive, hook-nosed, with large ears, the neck is short, thick with a standing mane, a fold of skin hangs under the larynx and lower lip - an “earring”. The horns are wide, spade-shaped with a span of 1.5 m. The hooves are large and long. The body color is dark brown, the legs are light gray to white. The antlers fall off at the end of November-December and begin to grow in March-April. Lives in forest and forest-steppe zones. In winter it lives in thickets and burnt areas, in summer it lives in clearings and swampy places. During the day it grazes and rests several times. In winter it feeds during the day, in summer it feeds at night, usually at dawn. Uses up to 350 species of plants for food, incl. Many tree and shrub species. It eats 12–20 kg of food per day. In summer they visit salt licks. Red deer - Number 20 - 25 thousand heads. The numbers are generally stable. Density 1-2 individuals per 1000 ha. Only in the Khiloksky district the number has decreased. 2–3% of the total livestock is harvested annually. This is a subspecies of red deer with a very slender build. Quite a large animal, body length 2.3 - 2.5 m, weight - 250 - 300 kg. Males have branched antlers that change annually. The ears are large, the tail is short. The coat color is brown or reddish in summer, gray in winter. Near the tail, the spot (“mirror”) is large, from white to rusty. The antlers fall off in March-April and within a few days new ones, the so-called “antlers,” begin to grow. Inhabits lowland and mountainous, mixed and coniferous forests. Loves to graze in clearings and burnt areas. For normal habitat, watering places and salt licks are required. In summer they feed in the morning and evening, in winter - around the clock. Hearing and smell are well developed, vision is weak. It uses about 300 plant species for nutrition. In summer it feeds on forbs, leaves, in autumn – on fruits, in winter – on shoots, bark, dry grass and leaves. They are of great commercial importance. The most valuable are antlers, from which a tonic medicine, pantocrine, is made. The meat is of good quality. Skin and horns are used for various crafts. Wolves cause great harm to deer, less often - bears, lynxes and wolverines. Wild reindeer Deer family. A large animal, body length up to 2.0 m, height at the withers up to 1 m, weighing up to 100 kg. Compared to the wapiti, it is squat and has short legs. The hooves are large and can move apart. The tail is short, the ears are also short. The rods of the horns are arched, spatulately widened at the ends. In winter they are gray in color, in summer with a brown tint. They feed on lichens, herbaceous and shrub plants, eat mushrooms, and visit salt licks. The main enemies of deer: wolves, bears, lynxes, wolverines. In Kalarsky, Tungokochinsky and Tungiro-Olyokmensky districts. The number is from 7,000 to 10,000 individuals. Continues to shrink. Need protection. Wild boar Absent from three steppe regions. Number of approximately 6000 individuals. The number has decreased in Sretinsky, Akshinsky, Khiloksky and Chita regions. This is a large forest animal with a massive body on short legs. The front of the body is higher than the back. The muzzle is elongated into a long snout with a “piglet” at the end. The fangs grow throughout their lives up to 8–10 cm. They are covered with thick, hard brown bristles and have a mane on the ridge and back. Body length up to 200 cm, tail – 30 cm, body weight 150 kg. The legs are short, with rounded black hooves. The habitat is very diverse: taiga, forest-steppe, high in the mountains. They settle in dense thickets, near swamps and ponds. They live in herds, especially in winter and autumn during the fattening period. Wild boars are active at night and rest in the thickets during the day. For winter resting places they drag a lot of grass and reeds, and rake the litter into large heaps. In summer they rest on top, and in winter they burrow inside. In summer it lives near water bodies, where it takes mud baths. P The food is varied. They eat tubers, rhizomes, grasses, carrion, mice, chicks, as well as cultivated plants (potatoes, corn, oats). Gives birth to 4-5, sometimes up to 12 striped piglets. Lives up to 30 years. The main enemy is the wolf. In the forest it does both harm and benefit, loosening the soil and promoting forest regeneration. The number is declining. Roe deer Lives in all areas. Number of more than 30 thousand individuals. The most widespread species of the deer family. The number is relatively stable. Adapts well to the conditions of the anthropogenic landscape. Found in the vicinity of the city of Chita. Due to poaching, the abundance of predators, and stray dogs, the number does not reach optimal values. In protected areas (Tsasucheisky Bor) the number reaches 30 - 55 individuals per 1000 Smallest deer, hectares. light, slender, graceful physique. Body length up to 150 cm, height up to 100 cm, weight 25 – 50 kg. Horns grow only on males; they are extremely rare on females. The coat color is bright red in summer, gray-brown in winter, and a white spot near the tail. Young calves are spotted. Lives in taiga, forest and forest-steppe zones. In winter they live in groups. In hot weather they graze in the morning and evening; in winter they feed all day. In winter, they lie down in the snow, having previously dug it down to the ground. They feed on leaves and thin shoots, sometimes lichens. In summer they visit salt licks. Cobarga Found everywhere. Number of approximately 22,000 individuals. Due to the increasing demand for the stream - the male musk gland - is of great economic importance. It can reach a density of 50 – 60 individuals per 1000 hectares. An ungulate, hornless, graceful animal, up to 1 m long, weighing up to 10 – 17 kg. The hind limbs are long, the front limbs are short. The hooves are long, thin, pointed, the hooves of the lateral toes reach the ground. The hair is dark brown, vaguely spotted, coarse, thick. Males have fangs up to 10 cm in length. The head is small, the eyes have a kind look, and the ears are long. It lives in mountainous and hilly taiga, in rocky areas, as well as in lowland coniferous forests with a dense undergrowth of rhododendron. However, it rarely enters the loaches. It moves freely along the rocks, jumping from stone to stone, both from top to bottom and from bottom to top. Resting in thickets and windbreaks. In summer it is nocturnal, in winter it is diurnal. The basis of nutrition is lichens and mosses, shoots, leaves, needles, herbs, cap mushrooms. The musk deer is a solitary animal and does not form herds. Enemies: wolves, wolverines, lynxes, bears, sables, eagles. Exterminated by humans for the musk gland of the male. The snow sheep is listed in the Red Book of Russia. Lives on the Kodar ridge and possibly on the Udokan ridge in the mountain tundra. Belongs to rare and endangered species. There are no official numbers. It is necessary to organize a reserve in the Kalarsky region to preserve the species. Body length 180 cm, height at withers up to 100 cm, weight up to 140 kg. The female is smaller than the male with horns. Horns up to 110 cm long with a girth of up to 36 cm. Stocky, brownish-brown hair. In the rocks he escapes from wolves and rests here on the beds. They live in herds of up to 10-20 pieces. Before the rut, males collect harems of 5-15 females. Dzeiren is listed in the Red Book of Russia. There is no data on population counts. Entry from Mongolia is possible. There is a population in the Daursky Nature Reserve. Brown bear The total number is about 2500 individuals. The increased demand for bear skin and bile requires the wise exploitation of this species. The largest forest predatory animal. He has a powerful body with a massive head and small eyes. The paws are five-fingered, strong, with large claws. The gait is soft and leisurely, but it runs fast, up to 50 km/h. Swims well and fishes in rivers. Lives in dense thickets with windbreaks, places adjacent to clearings and reservoirs. They live sedentary, on average 0.1 - 2 individuals per 1000 hectares, in cedar forests - up to 10. In the summer, they live among large grasses and in berry fields. From mid-October to April it sleeps in a den. For a den, it selects a secluded place in the forest under the trunk of a fallen tree or under uprooted roots in a windfall, or in a thicket of young growth, often occupying caves in rocks or digging a hole. The den is large in size, height up to 1 m, width – 1-1.2 m, length – up to 1.8 m. The bear gets very fat before hibernation. The accumulated fat is used to maintain body temperature during hibernation to 37 degrees. It feeds on animal and plant foods. Eats insects, catches fish, small creatures, loves honey, berries, especially raspberries, lingonberries, and blueberries. Often destroys anthills. In the mother bear's den, 1-3 blind cubs weighing up to 0.5 kg appear. In spring they eat greens, insects, and hunt wild ungulates. Bear fat and bile are used in medicine. In lean years, many bears do not hibernate; they are called “connecting rods.” They are not afraid of humans and attack domestic animals. Wolf In all regions of the region. Sunset is observed from Mongolia and China. The number in the region is at least 1800. The permissible density should not exceed 0.5 per 1 thousand square kilometers, that is, no more than 200 individuals. Population control is necessary. A typical large predator with a slender body, an elongated head, a narrow muzzle, erect ears, and a powerful muscular neck. The legs are dry, very strong, straight, digitigrade, paws have 4 toes, claws do not retract, and are blunt. The tail is long and fluffy. Body length 105 - 155 cm, tail -35 - 50 cm, weighs 35-50 kg, sometimes even up to 80 kg. They hunt in groups large animals - elk, cows, horses. They also catch hares, roe deer, and deer. They feed on carrion and fruits of wild plants. At one time, a wolf eats more than 3 kg of meat. Wolves settle in ravines and ravines for breeding, and the rest of the time they lead a wandering lifestyle. They live in pairs. A perfectly adapted, intelligent predator. He hears well and has great physical strength and endurance. It hunts at night and travels up to 100 km without rest. Obtains food by hiding, chasing and stealing animals. Most often, weakened and sick animals become victims. The raccoon dog entered the Amur River and from China. Not studied. Possible source of rabies. The body is squat, on short legs, covered with thick, long, coarse fur of a brownish-gray color, the chest is brownish-black. Wide sideburns are developed on the sides of the head. The face has a characteristic pattern in the form of a dark mask. The tail and legs are short. Body length up to 80 cm, weight from 4 to 10 kg. Lives on the Torey lakes, in the floodplains of the Arguni, Onon, Ingoda, Khilka rivers, as well as in mixed forests with dense undergrowth, avoids coniferous taiga. Settles in the burrows of badgers and foxes. Omnivore. It feeds on small rodents, frogs, birds, berries, oats, greens and garbage. In autumn it gets very fat. In winter it falls into a shallow sleep. They hunt mainly at night; they walk poorly on loose snow. The fur is not very beautiful, but wearable and warm. Fox in all areas Trans-Baikal Territory. The number is approximately 1800 – 2200 individuals. Valuable fur-bearing animal, fiery red in color. Body length is 60-85 cm, fluffy tail is 30-50 cm long, the tip of the tail and chest are white, the tips of the ears and the front sides of the paws are black. Lives in sparse forest stands, on the edges of forests, and in river valleys. Omnivorous, but the main diet consists of mouse-like rodents. Eats small birds, hares, insects, frogs, and young roe deer. Settles in burrows. Activity throughout the day. A fox's vision is weaker than its sense of smell and hearing. During the summer, two molts are observed. It is beneficial by destroying a significant number of mouse-like rodents. Corsac is a steppe fox. The number is unknown. May be a source of rabies infection. A useful species for biocenoses because feeds on rodents, locusts and carrion. Study is necessary. Lynx Number approximately 2000 – 2500 individuals. In all areas. The density is approximately 0.3 individuals per 1000 hectares. A sharp decline numbers due to fur. The number of young animals has sharply decreased. This is a large, strong and dangerous predator, reminiscent of a large forest cat. The body length is about a meter, the height at the shoulders is 0.5-0.6 m, the weight of an adult lynx is up to 30 kg. The head is small, round, wide sideburns on the sides, large tufts at the ends of the ears, a fluffy tail, short, as if chopped off. The paws are very wide, shaggy, round, the front paws are five-toed, the rear paws are four-toed. The lynx moves well in deep snow. Lives in dense, cluttered forests, near rocky areas. The lynx rarely wanders, only when there is a lack of food. It feeds mainly on hares and small animals. But it also attacks young wild boars, musk deer, roe deer, and feeds on hazel grouse and black grouse. Hunts from ambush and waiting for prey, sometimes stealthily. Can pursue the victim for 2-3 days. It lies in wait for large victims in trees, from where it jumps onto the animal and gnaws its neck. It rarely attacks humans, but often fights with dogs. Wolverine Number of approximately 700 individuals. In twenty-seven districts of the region. A relatively large animal with a stocky body, weighing up to 16, sometimes up to 32 kg, an elongated muzzle, short round ears, and a shaggy short tail. The paws are short with strong, semi-retractable claws. The fur is thick, shiny, dark brown in color. A yellowish stripe stretches along the sides of the body from the shoulders to the tail. Widely distributed in the taiga and forest-tundra. It wanders most of the year. Travels up to 80 km per day. It feeds on carrion. In spring and autumn it attacks young ungulates, hares, upland game, and also eats berries. It can empty the food warehouses of hunters, eats animals caught in traps. Good at climbing trees. It makes its lair in rock crevices, rocky outcrops, and under tree roots. The wolverine's fur is coarse, but quite beautiful. The commercial value is small. Lives in mountain-forest and mountain-taiga zones, rarely enters the forest zone. Badger There are single individuals. Strict accounting and security are required. This is a cautious, predatory animal of the mustelid family. The body is thick on short legs, the muzzle is narrow. The body length is up to 1 m, the tail is up to 2.5 cm, the body weight in the fall due to fat reaches 30 - 35 kg. The color of the fur on the back and sides is silver-gray, the belly is black. Dark stripes are visible on the sides of the head, stretching across the eyes from the nose to the ears. The limbs are plantigrade, the fingers are elongated, the claws are long and blunt. The badger lives in underground burrows, on the slopes of sandy hills, ravines and gullies. Nora is a complex multi-story structure. The badger is a clean animal. Omnivorous, feeds on rhizomes, berries, nuts, small mammals, birds and eggs, beetle and wasp larvae. By autumn, the badger becomes very fat and survives the winter due to the accumulation of fat. Sleeps in a hole on a soft bed made from plant rags. The badger has many enemies - wolf, lynx, bear. The badger brings great benefits by destroying beetles and mouse-like rodents. Nowadays, small groups of badgers are found in forest-steppe areas, and rarely in taiga and steppe areas. Hunting is possible only with special permits. In folk medicine, healing badger fat is used. Sable Number approximately 20,000 individuals. At the beginning of the twentieth century it was practically exterminated. Thanks to conservation measures, the number has recovered. Quite a predatory inhabitant of the taiga. Based on fur color and body size, 14 subspecies are distinguished, with a beautiful dark brown color. The sable's body length is up to 50 cm, its tail is fluffy, 20 cm, and its weight is up to 2 kg. Inhabits various types of forest plantations, prefers cedar trees, dwarf cedar thickets, and rocky areas. Leads a terrestrial lifestyle. Movements are deft and graceful. It moves well in the snow, thanks to its wide, densely pubescent paws. It makes nests in stumps, hollows, and rocky outcrops. It feeds on small animals, birds, squirrels, berries, and nuts. Sometimes it attacks large animals like roe deer and wapiti. Very active at dusk. During snowfall and severe frosts, it hides in shelters. The hunting area for sable ranges from 25 to 300 hectares. Sable fur is the most valuable. American mink Released in the Krasnochikoysky district along the Chikoy River in 1939. Penetrated into other areas. The number is approximately 563 individuals (in Krasny Chikoy). A high number is not advisable - it destroys valuable fish species. Steppe light ferret Useful view in biocenoses. Absent in Kalarsky district. The number is unknown. However, from the epidemiological side it is dangerous. Animals can suffer from plague, etc. Kolonok In all regions of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The number depends on the number of mice. Does not require security measures. A small predatory animal. The color is light red, lighter on the belly, the lips and chin are white, the top end of the muzzle is brown. Kolonok is an inhabitant of the taiga, but also lives in the forest-steppe zone around lakes and along river banks. They are especially numerous in the eastern regions of the region. Body length is up to 40 cm, tail - 15 - 20 cm, weight - up to 900 g. It feeds on small rodents, birds, fish, and also attacks muskrats. In summer it also feeds on berries, and in autumn on nuts. Mainly nocturnal. In the winter cold it sits out in a hole. Kolinka skins are used in the fur industry. The tail fur of the Siberians is used to make high-quality art brushes. It is the most widespread species among fur-bearing animals. Ermine A small animal from the family of predators, body length up to 38 cm, tail - 16. The body is thin, very elongated, flexible, the hair is thick, but short. In summer, the upper half and sides are brownish-brown, the lower half is white or yellowish. Very similar to the weasel in color and body shape, but larger. In winter, like the weasel, the color is snow-white, but the final half of the tail all year round black. The length of the tail with terminal hairs is equal to or more than half the length of the body. It lives in forest-steppe, taiga and forest-tundra zones. It lives in floodplains of rivers, in littered forest-steppes and burnt areas, along forest edges, along lake shores, among scatterings of stones, and sometimes in populated areas. The basis of nutrition is small rodents, poultry, eggs, insects, carrion, and berries. Arranges food supplies. It is predominantly nocturnal, but in autumn it can also be found in the kurumniks during the day. It climbs and swims well, and chirps loudly and sharply when excited. Fur trade object. Useful species as an exterminator of harmful rodents. It is most often found in the mountain tundras of the Kalarsky region, but is also found in all other regions of the Trans-Baikal Territory. Weasel Rare species. The number is unknown. Depends on the number of mice. Needs protection. The smallest predator. Very flexible, like a snake, graceful animal. Body length is 10-30 cm. The head is small, the neck is very mobile, the ears are round and small, the tail is short, monochromatic, turning white in the fall. The weasel's legs are short and its claws are sharp. They live on forest edges, in bushes, and in open forests. Spends the night in stacks of hay and straw, sometimes lives in forest villages, on cordons. She climbs trees poorly, but swims well. Usually in winter it moves under the snow. It makes nests in other people's burrows, lining them with grass or the hair of dead animals. Bloodthirsty predator - hunts small rodents day and night. It catches up to 8-12 mice per day. He hides the prey in reserve, in his pantry. Hungry can attack wood grouse, partridges, and hares. When attacking birds, it takes off with them and gnaws their throats in flight. It can feed on frogs, fish, gophers, and hamsters. Manul is a wild cat. Listed in the Red Book. Found in the steppe southern regions of the Trans-Baikal Territory. A wild cat of elegant build with a body length of up to 60 cm, a tail of 30 cm, and a weight of 4-5 kg. The tip of the tail is black and has 6-7 dark rings down to the base. Well pubescent. The eyes are large, the ears are small, they do not stick out, but spread out, and have “sideburns” of a light color. It feeds on small rodents and birds. Hunts in the morning and evening by hiding, throwing and short pursuit. Runs slowly. Teacher of geography and ecology, municipal educational institution secondary school No. 42, Novokruchinsky village
From the history of the Trans-Baikal Territory
The development of Transbaikalia began in the middle of the 7th century. Not far from the confluence of the Ingoda and Chita rivers, a Cossack detachment founded the first fortifications. Soon a whole system of forts arose here, the Cossacks established themselves not only in the valleys of the Selenga, Ingoda, Shilka, but also on the right bank of the Amur and Argun. The extreme southeastern outpost of the new Cossack settlements became the Argun fort. Thus, Transbaikalia turned out to be the territory of Russian politics, which was extremely disliked by neighboring China, which had its own views on the lands of Dauria - as Transbaikalia and the Amur region were collectively called at that time.
In the 1680s, a 12,000-strong Chinese army went to war against Dauria, planning to completely annex it to their territory. But as a result of the signing of the Treaty of Nerchinsk in August 1689, the Chinese had to be content only with the right bank of the Argun River. It was along it that the new border passed, and all Russian buildings from the right bank were moved to the left. Further formation of the Transbaikalia border took place in the 18th century, when China began to lay claim to the lands of all of Southern Siberia.
In 1727, the Treaty of Burin was concluded, according to which the border between Russia and China extended from the Abagaytu hill to the Shamin-Dabaga pass in Altai. Under Catherine II, Transbaikalia became part of the Irkutsk governorship. The Trans-Baikal region on the territory of the Irkutsk province was formed in 1851 by decree of Emperor Nicholas I. By the same decree, Chita was given the status of a city. Later, the transfer of the borders of the present Transbaikalia occurred several more times - in connection with the division of this territory into different districts and regions and their unification into new municipal units. 
In the 19th century, the first gold-bearing placers were discovered in Transbaikalia, which gave rise to industrial gold mining. Among the attractions of Transbaikalia are many nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, thermal springs, picturesque lakes, mountain peaks and caves, as well as historical and architectural sites. For example, the Archangel Michael Church in Chita is a monument of wooden architecture of the 18th century. Now the “Church of the Decembrists” museum is opened in its building, where their documents, books, and personal belongings are stored. Also interesting are the Konduisky town - a monument of the Mongol period of Transbaikalia; Mount Alkhanay - one of the five sacred peaks of northern Buddhism; natural biosphere reserve“Daursky” with bitterly salty Torey lakes - the remnants of the Protorey Sea.
In the vicinity of the village of Kyra, sites of ancient Stone Age people with the first forges have been preserved. Another “attraction” of the region that tourists strive to bring home is local honey. Beekeeper's Day of the Trans-Baikal Territory, celebrated annually on August 14, is a national holiday here. City Day in Chita is celebrated on the last Sunday of May.
Geography and climatic conditions 
Located in Eastern Transbaikalia. It borders with the Buryat and Yakut republics, Irkutsk and Amur regions, Mongolia and China. The Trans-Baikal Territory extends about a thousand kilometers from north to south and 800-1500 kilometers from west to east. The main rivers are the Baikal, Lena and Amur basins.
A significant part of Transbaikalia belongs to the taiga zone, bordering in the south with forest-steppes and dry steppes. The mountain-basin relief causes the interweaving of horizontal zoning and high-mountain zonality of landscapes. The lowlands and plains of southeastern Transbaikalia and part of the basins are occupied by cereal-forb steppes. The outskirts of intermountain basins and the lower part of mountain slopes up to 1200 m are covered with mountain forest-steppe (birch, larch and aspen forests interspersed with areas of steppes), from 1200 to 1900 m there is mountain taiga with a predominance of Daurian larch. Siberian cedar is found, above 1600 m thickets of dwarf cedar and lichen tundra begin; in the southern part of Transbaikalia there are larch-birch and pine forests.
The climate of Transbaikalia is harsh, sharply continental. Already in October, elevated temperatures are established here. Atmosphere pressure. Winter in the intermountain basins is partly cloudy and dry, there is little precipitation, and the duration of sunshine here is longer than in Yalta and Kislovodsk. Even weak winds are rare at this time.
In these conditions earth's surface loses a lot of heat as a result of radiation, which explains temperature inversions and the prevalence of persistent frosts. Average January temperatures vary from -23° in the south of the region to -30 -33° in the north and southeast, and absolute minimums reach -50 -58°. Summer here is warm, sometimes even hot.
The average July temperature in the flat areas in the south of the region is from 19 to 21-22°, but on some days the heat reaches 35-40°. At an altitude of 1500-2000 m, July temperatures are 10-14°, and frosts occur even in July and August.
In the steppe regions of the Transbaikal region, precipitation falls 200-300 mm/year, in the mountain-taiga belt - about 350-450 mm. 60-70% of their annual amount occurs in the warm season, mainly in July and August, when heavy rains occur.
In spring and June, rains are rare, and therefore droughts are observed in the steppe regions. In winter, no more than 5-8% of the annual precipitation falls in intermountain basins; The thickness of the snow cover is not very large even in the mountain taiga, and in some steppe basins of Eastern Transbaikalia it is only 5-10 cm.
Administrative-territorial structure and population
The population of the Trans-Baikal Territory, according to the preliminary results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census, as of October 14, 2010 is 1,106.6 thousand people (1,099.4 thousand people according to 2012 data), 0.8% of the Russian population. The population density as of October 14, 2010 was 2.6 people per 1 sq. km (in Russia the population density is 8.4 people per 1 sq. km).
The main settlement zone covers the central, southern and south-eastern parts of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The most densely populated area (9-13 people/km2) is the area along the railway and the valleys of the Ingoda, Shilka and Onon rivers. The population density is somewhat lower in the Onon-Borzinsky and Aginsky steppes. In the southwest of the region the population is located along the valleys of the Khilok and Chikoy rivers; in the northern regions the population density is low. 
The Trans-Baikal Territory is inhabited by representatives of more than 120 nationalities, incl. Russians, Buryats, Tatars, Ukrainians, Belarusians, etc. Aginsky Buryat Okrug is populated mainly by Buryats (54.9%, average population density - 4.2 people/km2) and Russians (about 40%). In the north, in the Vitim and Olekma basin, live the Evenks and Yakuts.
Trans-Baikal Territory includes 31 administrative districts, 10 cities, 41 urban-type settlements, 28 towns, 750 rural settlements. The administrative center is the city of Chita, located 6074 km east of Moscow. The Trans-Baikal Territory is part of the eighth time zone, the time difference with Moscow is +6 hours.
The largest city is the regional center of Chita (325.3 thousand people). Other cities have a significantly smaller population: Krasnokamensk (55.7 thousand people), Borzya (31.4 thousand people), Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky (18.5 thousand people), Baley (12.5 thousand people). All cities and many urban-type settlements are administrative centers of districts. 
Number municipalities by type:
Municipalities, total - 418
Municipal districts - 31
Urban districts - 4
Settlements - 383
incl. urban - 45, rural - 338
Diversified complex of the regional economy
Among the subjects Russian Federation The economy of the Trans-Baikal Territory ranks 51st out of 82 regions. The volume of GRP of the Trans-Baikal Territory in 2011 was estimated to be 187.4 billion rubles, or 104.8% of the 2010 level. In the structure of GRP, the largest share is occupied by transport and communications (over 35%), industry (over 20%), Agriculture, hunting and forestry (9%), construction (7%). The economically active population is 541.3 thousand people.
The industry is represented by 1,269 organizations employing 52.2 thousand people or 9.6% of the economically active population of the region.
The volume of industrial production in 2011 amounted to 106.3% of the 2010 level. Basic views economic activity industries are mining; production and distribution of electricity, gas and water; in manufacturing - metallurgical production, production of machinery and equipment and production food products. Their total share in the overall structure of industrial production of the region is more than 90 percent.
The volume of agricultural products in farms of all categories in 2011 increased by 2.4% compared to 2010.
The unique natural conditions of the region have historically determined the characteristics of the agricultural sector. The main agricultural specialization of the region is livestock farming.
The leading and promising industries are beef cattle breeding, sheep breeding and herd horse breeding. Sheep farming is represented by the breeding of the Trans-Baikal fine-wool breed of sheep. In beef cattle breeding, the gene pool of Hereford, Kalmyk, and Kazakh white-headed cattle breeds has been preserved.
The housing stock of the region in 2011 totaled more than 21.5 million square meters, with an average of 19.5 square meters of housing per resident. In 2011, 277 thousand square meters of total residential space were commissioned.
Investment potential
The basic investment projects attracting the largest share of investments were the Southern Railway (reconstruction of the section of the Trans-Baikal railway from Karymskaya to Zabaikalsk), the investment project “Creation of transport infrastructure for the development of mineral resources of the south-east of the Trans-Baikal Territory”, implemented with state support from funds Investment Fund of the Russian Federation and with the involvement of funds from OJSC MMC Norilsk Nickel, mining industry.
Strategically important for improving the economy of the Trans-Baikal Territory is the creation of a mining complex in the north of the region (BAM zone).
Transport infrastructure
The length of public roads with hard surface is 14.65 thousand km. Basic car roads pass in the central and south-eastern regions of the region, providing access to the Trans-Siberian Railway.
Length railways Trans-Baikal Territory is 2.4 thousand km. The railway network is represented by the Transbaikal section of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Baikal-Amur Mainline.
There is an international airport in Chita, and there is also an airport in the village of Chara (Kalarsky district). Cross-polar air routes pass through the territory of the region (over the Arctic Ocean).
Currently, the Chita customs office operates on the territory of the region, subordinate to which there are 12 customs posts. 
The Zabaikalsk railway checkpoint is the largest land checkpoint on the route of cargo traffic from Russia to China and back.
The Zabaikalsk automobile checkpoint serves up to 50 % passage of land cargo and passengers in road traffic between Russia and China.
Natural resources
Trans-Baikal Territory is one of the regions with a fairly high resource potential (mineral resources, water, forest and land).
The depths of the region contain 94% of the explored uranium reserves of the Russian Federation, 36% of fluorspar, 37.2% of zirconium, 23.8% of copper, 30.5% of molybdenum, 22.7% of titanium, 14.4% - silver, 8.5% - lead, 7% - gold, there are also reserves of tungsten, tin, lithium, zinc and iron ores.
On the territory of the Trans-Baikal Territory, 23 industrial coal deposits and several dozen coal occurrences with total reserves of 6.9 billion tons have been identified. The Apsatskoye and Chitkandinskoye coal deposits have high gas content. Total methane reserves in coal seams reach 63-65 billion cubic meters. m.
Significant timber reserves are concentrated in the region (forest area is 30 million hectares).
Flora and fauna of the Transbaikal region
Plants
Due to the diversity of natural conditions, the vegetation of the region has a complex and variegated composition. It represents 3 latitudinal zones: forest (middle and southern taiga), forest-steppe and steppe. The mountainous relief determines the manifestation of vertical zonality with the addition of subalpine (subalpine) and alpine (alpine) vegetation.
The flora of the region includes more than 1,700 higher vascular plants. It includes: boreal Holarctic, Eurasian, South Siberian, Central Asian, East Asian, Manchurian-Daurian species. Valuable medicinal, fodder, food, technical and ornamental plants are widely represented among them. For most of them, with the exception of trees and shrubs, no resources were accounted for, although some of these species are used intensively.
There are significant areas of berry land with productivity (yield) in some areas - blueberries up to 1000 kg/ha (average economic yield - 110 kg/ha), lingonberries - up to 625 kg/ha (average economic yield 137 kg/ha).
36 types are prepared medicinal plants, most of all - leaves and shoots of lingonberries, wild rosemary, thyme, or thyme, as well as the fruits of hawthorn and bird cherry, and bergenia roots.
The volume of preparations of other types is much smaller, but among them there are rare and relatively rare species- Ural licorice, pink radiola, milky-flowering peony, as well as species unique to the Trans-Baikal region, the reserves of raw materials of which are concentrated only here: Euphorbia Pallas or Fischer, Baikal skullcap, Astragalus membranaceus.
Animals 
The fauna includes more than 500 species of vertebrate animals, including more than 80 species of mammals (3 species are acclimatized: muskrat, brown hare and American mink), more than 330 species of birds, 5 species of amphibians and 6 species of reptiles.
The degree of knowledge of the fauna of the region remains low. For most of the territory the complete species composition mammals and birds, not to mention invertebrates, many of which have not yet been recorded. The situation is no better with regard to the study of the valuable mass fur-bearing and ungulate animals that form the basis of hunting.
Some vertebrates belong to the category of rare and endangered animals. The most vulnerable and poorly studied in the region include: bighorn sheep, gazelle, otter, manul, weasel, brown hare, tarbagan, black-capped marmot, Manchurian and Daurian zokor, Daurian hedgehog.
Various commercial structures are being formed aimed at the predatory use of wild resources. This is accompanied by an increase in the volume of poaching, illegal purchasing and extraction of medicinal and technical raw materials of animal origin (musk deer, deer antlers, antlers, bear bile, etc.).
The ichthyofauna of the Amur is represented by 23-28 species of fish. Nowadays, the catches rarely include guar, Amur catfish, carp, and very rarely - lenok, taimen and grayling. The endemics of the Amur basin - kaluga, Amur sturgeon and whitefish - have practically disappeared from the ichthyofauna. Compared to the Middle and Lower Amur, the ichthyofauna of the upper reaches is 3-4 times poorer.
The background fish species in Ingoda, Shilka, Onon and Arguni are taimen, lenok, and grayling. However, only in the upper reaches of the Ingoda are they numerous and their share reaches 30-40% of the catches. Downstream the river. Ingoda experiences significant anthropogenic pressure, especially in the Chita region.
The fish productivity of the rivers of the Amur basin is approximately 12-55 kg/ha, the average for the Shilka is 27.3, and for the tributaries (below the city of Sretensk) is 31.4 kg/ha.
The ichthyocenoses of the Khilok and Chikoy rivers (the basin of Lake Baikal) with their tributaries are poorly studied; knowledge about them is fragmentary. The river watercourses belong to the mountain and foothill types and are characterized by a rather poor and homogeneous composition of ichthyofauna (5-15 species), dominated by salmon, grayling and carp.
A feature of the mountain ichthyocenosis of the Chikoy River is a very large proportion of salmon and grayling (84%).
Black Baikal grayling is found in mountain streams, Baikal whitefish and perch - in foothill streams. The ichthyomass of the main commercial fish species ranges from 16.6 to 21.9 kg/ha.
The rivers of the Lena basin (Vitim, Olekma, etc.) are the least studied in terms of fisheries.
In connection with the construction of the BAM, more attention was paid to the rivers of promising development areas, in particular the Chara River. It and its tributaries are typical grayling-roller waters and act as spawning and feeding reservoirs. Common species are grayling, valek and lenok. The river's fish productivity is 5-7 kg/ha.
The landscape diversity of the reserve, the presence of many natural complexes in it - from steppe to alpine - determined its floristic and faunal richness. To date, it has been established that the reserve and adjacent territories are home to 67 species of mammals, about 255 species of birds, 3 species of amphibians, 4 species of reptiles, and in numerous mountain rivers and lakes - 8 species of fish. Over 1,200 species of arthropods have also been registered, which, according to experts, accounts for two-thirds of the composition.
The most interesting representatives of mammals - predators - are represented in the reserve by 15 species (together with the adjacent territories, 19 species). The most numerous of them is the sable - one of the most prominent representatives of the mustelid family, the wealth of the Transbaikal taiga. In the protected area, the population density of this animal is 3-5 times higher than in neighboring commercial areas. Siberian weasel is found approximately 8-10 times less frequently than sable, adhering to the forest-steppe and low-mountain zones. Characteristic for the entire territory are ermine and weasel, distributed from the forest-steppe to the char. The river otter is extremely rare (a species listed in the Red Book of the Chita Region). The permanent inhabitant of the protected area is the wolf. Due to their high ecological plasticity, wolves colonize almost all natural landscapes. The owner of the taiga, the bear, is common here, and traces of its activity are found everywhere. It is a great success even for an experienced naturalist to observe a lynx in natural conditions, this representative of the cat family is so careful and sensitive. The territory of the reserve is also inhabited by snow leopards.
The Transbaikal taiga is also rich in ungulates. The protected area is home to 5 species of this group of animals. Red deer are one of the most numerous and widespread. Elk is one of the background ungulate species of the reserve. The favorite biotopes of these giants are flattened river tops with the presence of shrubby willows and birches, as well as moraine lakes with their rich aquatic vegetation. The reserve also serves as a reserve for musk deer, which has become a rare animal in the Trans-Baikal taiga due to predatory snare fishing. Its numbers increase in typical mountain taiga areas. The Siberian roe deer is more often found in the river valleys of the lower forest belt and on the steppe slopes of mountain ranges. In recent years, there has been an increase in the wild boar population. These animals stick to the valleys of large rivers, low-snow ridges and pine forests on the southern slopes.
Common inhabitants of the taiga are the white hare, squirrel, flying squirrel, and chipmunk. The long-tailed ground squirrel is widespread in the forest-steppe zone, and its isolated settlements are also found in the alpine tundra. The smallest representative of lagomorphs, the northern pika, lives in the ridges of chars and rocky placers along the ridges of the upper and lower forest belts.
The avifauna in the reserve is very rich. About 170 nesting species have been registered, more than 30 species are on migration, over 10 species are noted as vagrants and over 50 species winter in the Kyrinsky district.
Of birds of prey common species of the forest-steppe zone are the black kite, common kestrel, falcon, field and marsh harriers. More rare are the steppe eagle, greater spotted eagle, saker falcon, peregrine falcon, and white-tailed eagle. Flights of the black vulture are not uncommon.
In the taiga, golden eagle, goshawk, sparrowhawk, and common buzzard are common.
Widespread waterfowl are represented by 24 species. The most characteristic ducks are mallards and teals. Bean goose, whooper, kloktun, mandarin duck, Baer's duck, and stone-wheat are listed in the Red Data Books of the Russian Federation and the region. The black-throated loon and the red-necked grebe nest on mountain lakes. The great grebe is characteristic of large steppe lakes. Great bittern, gray heron and black stork nest in the marshy floodplains of water bodies.
The reserve and adjacent areas are inhabited by 4 species of cranes. The gray crane nests in the vicinity of taiga lakes. The white-naped crane lives in swampy river valleys closer to the border with Mongolia. Belladonna is widely distributed throughout the steppe-formed Altano-Kyrinskaya basin. Here, in the vicinity of lakes and along river valleys, a very rare black crane is observed during migration. The coot nests in the steppe saucer lakes, and the bustard nests in the most secluded corners.
Of the 6 representatives of chickens, only the Japanese quail is a migratory species, the rest live all year round in this territory. The white partridge lives in the high-mountain tundra, often descending into river valleys in winter period. The stone capercaillie is quite widespread in the taiga of the upper forest belt. The hazel grouse lives in almost all types of forests. Black grouse are found mainly in the forest-steppe zone. Japanese quail and Daurian partridge in the steppe zone of the Altano-Kyra basin.
Waders are numerous in the reserve - up to 25 species, of which 13 are nesting.
Of the 10 species of owls, the most widespread is the great owl; The eagle owl, listed in the Red Book of the region, is not uncommon. The most numerous passerine birds in the reserve (more than 100 species). The optimal biotopes for them are floodplains, mixed forests at the junction of taiga and forest-steppe, lake shores, and bushes.
In numerous bodies of water there are different kinds fish The rarest and largest representative of the ichthyofauna is the taimen, which enters the lower and middle reaches of the largest rivers of the reserve during the spawning period. Lenok, grayling and burbot are the most typical inhabitants of protected water bodies. Amur pike is occasionally found in the backwaters of the middle reaches of rivers; minnow is common.
Home > DocumentPart II
2.8. STATE OF WILDLIFE IN THE TRANSBAIKAL TERRITORY
2.8.1. Animal world of Transbaikal region
The originality and richness of the fauna of the Trans-Baikal Territory is determined by geographical location region, its natural and climatic features, anthropogenic factors. On the territory of the region there are inhabitants of various natural zones: steppe, forest-steppe, various types of forest and alpine tundra. The composition of the animal world consists of representatives of a number of faunas: European-Siberian, mountain, East Siberian (Angarsk), Daurian-Mongolian, Manchurian and even Chinese-Himalayan. The territory of the Trans-Baikal Territory is home to more than 500 species of vertebrate animals, including more than 80 species of mammals, more than 330 species of birds, 5 species of amphibians and 5 species of reptiles. Among mammals, 4 species - muskrat, raccoon dog, brown hare and American mink appeared in the region as a result of acclimatization. The relatively low diversity and abundance of amphibians and reptiles is associated with the rather harsh climatic conditions in which these species live, as a result of which they do not achieve noticeable diversity and high abundance. The Transbaikal region is rich in commercial resources. Suffice it to note that out of the total area of the Trans-Baikal Territory of 43.2 million hectares. - 39.7 million hectares. constitute hunting grounds. As of July 1, 2010, legal entities and individual entrepreneurs were provided with 26,336,496 hectares (66.3%) of hunting grounds for use. Characteristics of the organization of hunting, the availability, condition of hunting grounds, their knowledge and use. The large area, complex topography, the presence of a global watershed, and location at the junction of natural zones determined the diversity of the fauna of the Trans-Baikal Territory (until 2008 - the Chita region and the Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug (ABAO)). This serves as the basis for a rich and diverse composition of hunting and commercial resources. They include populations of more than 20 species of mammals that are constantly found in the reserves: wolf, corsac fox, fox, brown bear, sable, wolverine, ermine, weasel, steppe polecat, American mink, lynx, wild boar, musk deer, wapiti, roe deer, elk, wild reindeer (WRD), squirrel, muskrat, white hare, brown hare. Some animal species are included in the regional Red Book: bighorn sheep, gazelle, manul, black-capped marmot and others. Game birds are no less diverse: capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse, bearded and ptarmigan, Japanese quail, geese, ducks, waders. Comparative indicators of hunting areas in terms of the level of procurement of fur-bearing species of animals are reflected in Table 63.Table 63
Comparative indicators of hunting areas
according to the level of procurement of fur species of animals
| Hunting areas |
|||
| Northern | Central | ||
| Columns, % | |||
| Ermine, % | |||
Table 64
Comparative indicators of hunting areas by level
number of ungulates
| Hunting areas | Share of districts from the area of the region,% | Noble deer,% | Wild reindeer,% | ||
| Northern | |||||
| Central | |||||
| Southwestern |
Table 65
| Hunting user, hunting property (site) | Farm area, |
||
| ChiTOOOOiR "Onkoeskoe" | |||
| IP V.V. Rychkov | |||
| Akshinsky | IP A.V. Loginov | ||
| IP Z.K. Izukaev "Urman" | |||
| State Scientific Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine | |||
| Alexandro- | ChiTOOOOiR "Alek.-Zavodskoe" | ||
| Factory | ChitOOOOiR "Kamensk-Borovskoe" | ||
| Baleyan | ChitOOOOiR "Baleyskoe" | ||
| Borzinsky | ChitOOOOiR "Klyuchevskoye" | ||
| NGO ZabVO "Borzinskoye" | |||
| Gazimuro- | ChitOOOOiR "Gazimurskoye" | ||
| Factory | Zabohotservis LLC | ||
| ChitOOOOiR "Kalarskoye" | |||
| LLC "Zabaikalskaya Factory" | |||
| Kalarsky | LLC "Toki" | ||
| Eren Plus LLC | |||
| ChitOOOiR "Karymskoye" | |||
| VFSO "Dynamo" | |||
| Karymsky | LLC "Telekomremstroyservis" | ||
| LLC "Los" | |||
| Urguy LLC | |||
| LLC "Talcher" | |||
| Krasnokamensky | ChitOOOOiR "Krasnokamenskoe" | ||
| JSC "Okhotnik" | |||
| LLC "Turbik" | |||
| Agricultural production complex "Menza" | |||
| Krasnochikoisky | LLC "Taiga Company" | ||
| SHC "Cheremkhovo", 1st section | |||
| Kirinsky | ChitOOOOiR "Kyrinskoye" | ||
| MUP "Kyrinskoye OPH" | |||
| Mogochinsky | OOO MPZH "Okhotnik" | ||
| Nerchinsky | ChitOOOiR "Kalininskoe" | ||
| ChitOOOOiR "Karpovskoye" | |||
| ChitOOOiR "Balyaginskoye" | |||
| Petrovsk- | ChitOOOOiR "Katangarskoye" | ||
| Zabaikalsky | ChitOOOOiR "Shara-Gorkhonskoe" | ||
| ChitOOOOiR "Novopavlovskoe" | |||
| LLC "Zagotokhotpromobshchestvo" | |||
| Priargunsky | ChitOOOiR "Argunskoye" | ||
| Sretensky | ChitOOOOiR "Sretenskoye" | ||
| ChitOOOiR "Kokuyskoe" | |||
| Peasant farm "West" | |||
| 16. | Tungochensky | Tungokochenohotprom LLC | |
| OP Agricultural Production Complex "Taiga", 1st section | |||
| 2-section | |||
| LLC "Tungochenpromokhota", 1st unit | 232,5Public report This report has been prepared in accordance with the requirement of Article 30 of the Law of the Trans-Baikal Territory of April 30, 2009 No. 170-ZZK “On the Chamber of Control and Accounts of the Trans-Baikal Territory” on the annual submission to the Legislative Assembly of the Trans-Baikal Territory Address of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of November 30, 2010. The presented factual data on the state of the natural environment of the Khabarovsk Territory corresponds to the requirements of the relevant reportPublic reportThe report is published in pursuance of instructions for the implementation of the Address of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation dated November 30, 2010. On the socio-economic development of the Trans-Baikal TerritoryDocumentIn January-December 2011, in the Trans-Baikal Territory there was an increase in production volumes by type of activity: industry, agriculture, construction, transport, communications, retail turnover, wholesale trade, Catering, Resolutions of the Government of the Trans-Baikal Territory dated 08.02.2010 n 33, dated 01.06.2010 n 225 In accordance with Article 44 of the Charter of the Trans-Baikal Territory, on the basis of subparagraph 4 of paragraph 1 of Article 1 of the lawLawIn accordance with Article 44 of the Charter of the Trans-Baikal Territory, on the basis of subparagraph 4 of paragraph 1 of Article 7.1 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation", the Government of the Trans-Baikal Territory decides: “Strategy for the organization and development of the system of environmental education and the formation of environmental culture in the Trans-Baikal Territory for the period until 2020” (Official publication)Document“Strategy for the organization and development of the system of environmental education and the formation of environmental culture in the Trans-Baikal Territory for the period until 2020” (Official publication) / Executive editor E. |