Completed by: student 2 "G" of the class of secondary school No. 22, Chita Burdinskaya Natalia Head: Plaschevataya Evgenia Aleksandrovna "Endangered Animals of Transbaikalia"

The global list of endangered species is growing at an alarming and unprecedented rate, while governments are paying less and less attention to conservation, environmentalists say. In the next 50 years, more than 30 percent of the animal and plant species that exist today will disappear from the face of the Earth. Introduction

The area of ​​distribution of the red wolf is quite wide: in the mountains from the Pamirs to Far East, but very rare everywhere. The animal is small in size, but rather high-legged. Body length up to 110 cm, tail up to 50 cm. The muzzle is short, the tail is fluffy. The color is reddish, darker on the head. Red Wolf

The second name of the snow leopard is the irbis. Irbis can be found in the South-Eastern Transbaikalia, in Altai, in Kyrgyzstan, in the Western and Central Sayans. The length of the snow leopard is 1-1.3m, the tail is 0.8-1m, and the body weight is up to 40kg. The main coat color is light grey. Snow Leopard

The distribution range of otters covers all of Europe, Asia to Java and North Africa. In the Trans-Baikal Territory, it is rare in the basins of almost all major rivers, except for their sites located in the steppe zone. A large marten is about the size of an average dog, weighing approximately 10-15 kg. Body length is about 80-90cm, tail up to 50cm. The limbs are short. Color brown. The otter is a great swimmer and diver. It feeds on fish, amphibious birds and small mammals. Otter

At the beginning of the last century, a large population of the marmot lived in the southeast of Transbaikalia, and industrial harvesting of the skins of this animal was carried out. The high rate of production has caused a sharp drop in the number of marmots. In Transbaikalia, there are 2 types of marmots: tarbagan and black-capped marmot. Marmots are relatively large rodents, body length 30-60cm, tail 10-25cm. The life expectancy of a marmot is 8-9 years. Groundhogs live in families. The family uses one burrow system. Marmot

The peregrine falcon is a bird of prey from the falcon family, common on all continents except Antarctica. The peregrine falcon is the fastest bird on earth, reaching speeds of over 32 km per hour. Length is 35-50cm, wingspan is 80-120cm. The peregrine falcon feeds on birds of medium and small sizes, sometimes preying on small mammals of medium size, such as bat, hare, squirrel. peregrine falcon

The Mongolian Saker Falcon is common in Southern Transbaikalia. Most individuals are migratory and roam over fairly long distances. Saker falcons have an average wing of 360cm. Individual variations in coloration are significant. In Transbaikalia, the feeding regime of Saker Falcons consists of ground squirrels, pikas, young marmots, hares and various birds. Breeds infrequently in Transbaikalia due to lack of nesting sites. saker falcon

The Dahurian hedgehog inhabits the southern and central Transbaikalia. This species is small in size with short needles. Body length 19-9cm, weight 600-1400g. The basis of nutrition is insects, invertebrates, also eats toads, snakes, bird eggs, carrion. There is no exact information about the number of Dahurian hedgehog. A sharp reduction in hedgehogs occurred after 1964, this is due to the destruction of the colonies of tarbagans, in whose dwellings hedgehogs wintered. Dahurian hedgehog

This species is distributed throughout Western Transbaikalia. The bird is larger than a goose, body length is 1m. The color is black with a metallic sheen. Beak, throat and legs are bright red. Storks nest in hard-to-reach places. The nest is a structure made of twigs, branches, clay and turf. The clutch usually contains 3-5 eggs. The stork feeds on marsh plants, fish, frogs, tadpoles, and insects. Birds are found in family groups of 3-5 individuals. Black stork

In our region lives in the South-East of Transbaikalia. It mainly lives on plains with gentle slopes of hills. Dzeren is a small, light antelope. Height at the withers 60-80 cm, weight 30 kg. Color sandy grey. They can reach speeds up to 70-80 km / h. Dzerens eat dozens of species of herbs, leaves and shoots of shrubs. Dzerens are herd animals. These are migratory animals. Dzeren

The Kodar form of the ram lives in Transbaikalia. This is a large animal with a massive body, short and strong legs. The color is dominated by light brown and gray-brown tones. The body length of males is 165-171, females 139-144 cm. The range covers the systems of Northeast Asia. The Kodar ram is distributed in the north of the Trans-Baikal Territory. They feed mainly on herbaceous plants, fungi, lichens and mosses. They usually live in groups of 2-7 individuals. Snow ram

Since man is one of the primary causes of the extinction of many animal species, accordingly, he must take care of the conservation of endangered populations. The government should allocate money for the implementation of programs for the conservation of animals listed in the Red Book Conclusion

Thank you for attention

Municipal budgetary educational institution

"Secondary school No. 22"

Urban district city "Chita"

ABSTRACT

by discipline " The world»

on the topic of: "Endangered Animals of Transbaikalia"

Done: student
2 "G" class
Burdinskaya Natalia

Supervisor:

Educational institution: MBOU "Secondary School No. 22"

Introduction. 2

Rare animals. 3

Conclusion. 13

Literature. 15

Introduction

The global list of endangered species is growing at an alarming and unprecedented rate, while governments are paying less and less attention to conservation, environmentalists say. In the next 50 years, more than 30 percent of the animal and plant species that exist today will disappear from the face of the Earth.

The government of Transbaikalia approved the lists of animal objects and flora, which will be included in the regional Red Book, they include about 200 species of animals and 225 plants, said a spokesman for the regional governor's press service.

List of animals and birds listed in the Red Book of the Trans-Baikal Territory

Dzeren, Amur tiger, leopard Snow Leopard, bighorn sheep, mountain sheep, red wolf, otter, manul, Daurian hedgehog, marmots (Mongolian tarbagan, black-capped), bustard, geese (mountain, sukhonos, lesser white-fronted goose, tundra and taiga bean goose), red-throated goose, ducks (mandarin duck, kloktun , Baer's dive, kamenushka), avocet, stilt, curlews (large, Far Eastern and middle), mountain snipe, godwit (large, Asian snipe), white-winged chauffeur, great cormorant, Amur bittern, red heron, spoonbill, swans (whooper, small ), storks (black, Far Eastern), common flamingo, cranes (Siberian crane, gray, Dahurian, black, belladonna), osprey, peregrine falcon, saker falcon, white-tailed eagle, golden eagle, imperial eagle, steppe eagle, crested honey buzzard, greater spotted eagle, gyrfalcon, black vulture, steppe kestrel, relict gull, greave, eagle owl, etc. .

Rare animals

1. Red wolf

Funds" href="/text/category/denezhnie_sredstva/" rel="bookmark">funds for red wolf rescue programs.

2. Snow leopard

Poaching" href="/text/category/brakonmzer/" rel="bookmark">poachers and depopulation of ungulates.

Currently, measures are being taken to save this species of animals. I believe that we need to preserve this kind of animal for the future generation, and I sincerely hope that our grandchildren and later generations will be able to admire such a beautiful animal.

3. Otter

Reservoir" href="/text/category/vodoem/" rel="bookmark">reservoirs, fishing and poaching.

The necessary security measures have been taken. Prohibition of hunting, eradication of poaching, artificial breeding. I think. necessary to preserve this species of animals.

4. Marmot

https://pandia.ru/text/79/063/images/image005_25.jpg" width="279" height="416 src=">

The peregrine falcon is a bird of prey from the falcon family, common on all continents except Antarctica.

The peregrine falcon is the fastest bird on earth, reaching speeds of over 32 km per hour. Length is 35-50cm, wingspan is 80-120cm.

The peregrine falcon feeds on birds of medium and small sizes, sometimes preying on small mammals of medium size, such as bats, hare, and squirrels.

The economic development of habitats, the factor of disturbance, poaching shooting, collecting eggs - all this is the reason for the inexorable decline in the population of peregrine falcons.

This species has been taken under human protection. I believe that we are simply obliged to preserve this unique, beautiful bird on earth and in our region.

6. Saker Falcon

Variation" href="/text/category/variatciya/" rel="bookmark">Color variations are significant.

In Transbaikalia, the feeding regime of Saker Falcons consists of ground squirrels, pikas, young marmots, hares and various birds.

Breeds infrequently in Transbaikalia due to lack of nesting sites.

In connection with the development open spaces, deforestation, disturbance factor, poaching and other factors, the number of Saker Falcon is declining in our region. I believe that our government should implement conservation programs for these birds.

7. Dahurian hedgehog

https://pandia.ru/text/79/063/images/image008_17.jpg" width="273" height="340 src=">

This species is distributed throughout Western Transbaikalia.

The bird is larger than a goose, body length is 1m. The color is black with a metallic sheen. Beak, throat and legs are bright red.

Storks nest in hard-to-reach places. The nest is a structure made of twigs, branches, clay and turf. The clutch usually contains 3-5 eggs. The stork feeds on marsh plants, fish, frogs, tadpoles, and insects. Birds are found in family groups of 3-5 individuals.

The main limiting factors are deforestation, drainage of swamps, and poaching.

The stork population is currently stable. However, storks are listed in the Red Book. Therefore, we must take care of the conservation of this bird species.

9. Dzeren

https://pandia.ru/text/79/063/images/image010_12.jpg" width="452" height="340">

The Kodar form of the ram lives in Transbaikalia. This is a large animal with a massive body, short and strong legs. The color is dominated by light brown and gray-brown tones. The body length of males is 165-171, females 139-144 cm.

The range covers the systems of Northeast Asia. The Kodar ram is distributed in the north of the Trans-Baikal Territory. They feed mainly on herbaceous plants, fungi, lichens and mosses. They usually live in groups of 2-7 individuals.

The strongest influence on the sheep population is exerted by such predators as the wolf, bear, wolverine. In the past, the bighorn sheep was a traditional object of hunting for the indigenous population. To prevent the extinction of this species of sheep, urgent measures must be taken. It is necessary to create a reserve on the Kodar ridge. In my opinion, it is necessary to limit the admission of people to the habitats of the bighorn sheep. Otherwise, the bighorn sheep population may disappear within a few years.

Conclusion

The decline in the number of animal species under the influence of human economic activity began a very long time ago, and intensified in the era of the scientific and technological revolution. At the same time, the rate of extinction of animal species has steadily increased. It is easy to imagine the main reasons for the supercritical decline in the number of species, which led to their extinction when conditions changed. This is, first of all, the reduction of habitats that provide the whole range of factors external environment, which determine the possibility of the existence of a species. The limiting factor, depending on the biological properties of the species, could be temperature, humidity, salinity, i.e., the direct impact of changes in climatic conditions and physicochemical characteristics of the habitat. It could be any biotic factor, such as a sharp decline in the number of the main food plants or, for a predator, the usual objects of hunting. An important factor could be the emergence of a competitor species better adapted to survive in deteriorating conditions. With the same result - reducing the number to a critical level and below - the factors associated with human activity are now operating with increasing efficiency. Thus, the reduction of habitats occurs mainly due to the economic development of new territories - deforestation, plowing, expansion of territories used for pastures and an increase in pasture load, construction of new towns and cities, expansion of road and other communication networks. Additionally, large areas and large water areas, especially inland seas, lakes and rivers, are so changed due to the accumulation of harmful substances that they become unsuitable for many species.

Since man is one of the primary causes of the extinction of many animal species, accordingly, he must take care of the conservation of endangered populations. The government should allocate money for the implementation of programs for the conservation of animals listed in the Red Book.

Literature

1. Small Encyclopedia of Transbaikalia: natural heritage. - Novosibirsk. 2009.

2. Lekian animals of Central Siberia.

4. Zooclub portal: http://www. *****.

6. http://*****.

7. Karyakin (Falco chemy) Russian Raptor Research and Conservation Network. 2012.

9. http://nature. *****/doc/mammal/1_1.htm

The landscape diversity of the reserve, the presence of many natural complexes- from steppe to alpine - determined its floristic and faunal richness. To date, it has been established that 67 species of mammals, about 255 species of birds, 3 species of amphibians, 4 species of reptiles, and numerous mountain rivers ah and lakes - 8 species of fish. More than 1,200 species of arthropods have also been registered, which, according to experts, makes up two thirds of the composition.

The most interesting representatives of mammals - predators - in the reserve are represented by 15 species (together with the adjacent territories 19 species). The most numerous of them is sable - one of the brightest representatives of the mustelid family, the wealth of the Trans-Baikal taiga. In the protected area, the population density of this animal is 3-5 times higher than in neighboring commercial areas. Kolonok is found about 8-10 times less often than sable, adhering to the forest-steppe and low-mountain belts. Stoats and weasels are characteristic of the entire territory, distributed from the forest-steppe to the loaches. The river otter is extremely rare (a species listed in the Red Book of the Chita Region). The permanent inhabitant of the protected area is the wolf. Due to the high ecological plasticity, wolves master almost all natural landscapes. The owner of the taiga - the bear - is common here, and traces of his life are found everywhere. It is a great fortune even for an experienced naturalist to observe a lynx in natural conditions, this representative of the cat family is so careful and sensitive. Snow leopards are also possible on the territory of the reserve.

The Trans-Baikal taiga is also rich in ungulates. Five species of this group of animals live in the protected area. Red deer is one of the most numerous and ubiquitous. Elk is one of the background species of ungulates of the reserve. The favorite biotopes of these giants are the flattened tops of the rivers with the presence of shrub willows and birches, as well as moraine lakes with their rich aquatic vegetation. The reserve also serves as a reserve for musk deer, which has become a rare animal in the Trans-Baikal taiga due to predatory fishing with nooses. Its numbers are increasing in typical mountain taiga areas. The Siberian roe deer is more common in the river valleys of the lower forest belt and on the steppe slopes of mountain ranges. IN last years an increase in the wild boar population has been noted. These animals adhere to the valleys of large rivers, snowy ridges and pine forests of the southern slopes.

Hare, squirrel, flying squirrel, chipmunk are common inhabitants of the taiga. The long-tailed ground squirrel is widely distributed in the forest-steppe zone, and its isolated settlements are also found in the bald tundra. The smallest representative of the lagomorphs, the northern pika, lives in the barrens of chars and stony placers along the ridges of the upper and lower forest belts.

The avifauna is very rich in the reserve. About 170 nesting species have been registered, more than 30 species - on migration, over 10 species are noted as vagrant and over 50 species - wintering in the Kyrinsky district of the region.

From birds of prey ordinary species forest-steppe zone are black kite, common kestrel, red-footed falcon, field and marsh harrier. More rare are the steppe eagle, greater spotted eagle, saker falcon, peregrine falcon, white-tailed eagle. Black vulture strikes are not uncommon.

In the taiga, golden eagle, goshawk, sparrowhawk, common buzzard are common.

Widespread waterfowl are represented by 24 species. The most characteristic ducks are mallard and teal. Bean goose, whooper, kloktun, mandarin duck, black Baer, ​​kamenushka are listed in the Red Books of the Russian Federation and the region. Black-throated diver and red-necked grebe nest on mountain lakes. The great grebe is characteristic of large steppe lakes. Great bittern, gray heron and black stork nest in swampy floodplains of reservoirs.

In the reserve and adjacent territories, there are 4 species of cranes. The Common Crane nests in the vicinity of taiga lakes. The white-naped crane lives in swampy river valleys closer to the border with Mongolia. The belladonna is widely settled throughout the steppe Altano-Kyrinskaya basin. Here, in the vicinity of the lakes and along the river valleys, a very rare black crane is observed during the migration. The coot nests in the steppe saucer lakes, and the bustard nests in the most secluded corners.

Of the 6 chicken representatives, only the Japanese quail is a migratory species, the rest live all year round in this territory. The white partridge lives in the alpine tundra, often descending into the river valleys in winter period. The stone capercaillie is quite widespread in the taiga of the upper forest belt. The hazel grouse lives in almost all types of forests. Black grouse mainly in the forest-steppe zone. Japanese quail and Dahurian partridge in the steppe zone of the Altano-Kyrinskaya basin.

Sandpipers are numerous in the reserve - up to 25 species, of which 13 are nesting.

Of the 10 species of owls, the most massive is the Ural Owl; eagle owl, listed in the Red Book of the region, is not uncommon. Passerines are the most numerous in the reserve (more than 100 species). Optimal biotopes for them are river floodplains, mixed forests at the junction of taiga and forest-steppe, lake shores, and bushes.

In numerous reservoirs are found different kinds fish. The rarest and largest representative of the ichthyofauna is the taimen, which enters the lower and middle reaches of the largest rivers of the reserve during the spawning season. Lenok, grayling and burbot are the most characteristic inhabitants of protected reservoirs. Occasionally, the Amur pike is found in the backwaters of the middle reaches of the rivers; common minnow.

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Part II

2.8. STATE OF THE ANIMAL WORLD OF THE TRANS-BAIKAL TERRITORY

2.8.1. Animal world of the Trans-Baikal Territory

The originality and richness of the fauna of the Trans-Baikal Territory is determined geographic location region, its natural and climatic features, anthropogenic factors. On the territory of the region there are inhabitants of various natural areas: steppes, forest-steppes, various types forests and alpine tundra. The composition of the animal world is composed of representatives of a number of faunas: European-Siberian, mountainous, East Siberian (Angara), Daurian-Mongolian, Manchurian and even Chinese-Himalayan. More than 500 species of vertebrates live on the territory of the Trans-Baikal Territory, including more than 80 species of mammals, more than 330 species of birds, 5 species of amphibians and 5 species of reptiles. Among mammals, 4 species - muskrat, raccoon dog, hare and American mink appeared in the region as a result of acclimatization. The relatively low diversity and abundance of amphibians and reptiles is associated with rather severe climatic conditions habitats of these species, as a result of which they do not reach a noticeable diversity and high abundance. The Trans-Baikal Territory is rich in commercial resources. Suffice it to say that out of the total area of ​​the Trans-Baikal Territory of 43.2 million hectares. - 39.7 million hectares. constitute hunting grounds. As of 07/01/2010 legal entities and individual entrepreneurs were given 26,336,496 hectares (66.3%) of hunting grounds for use. Description of the organization of the hunting economy, the availability, condition of hunting grounds, their study and use. A large area, complex relief, the presence of a global watershed, and location at the junction of natural zones determined the diversity of the fauna of the Trans-Baikal Territory (until 2008 - the Chita Region and the Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug (ABAO)). This serves as the basis for a rich and diverse composition of hunting and commercial resources. They include populations of more than 20 species of mammals that are constantly found in harvests: wolf, corsac, fox, Brown bear, sable, wolverine, ermine, Siberian weasel, steppe polecat, American mink, lynx, wild boar, musk deer, red deer, roe deer, elk, wild reindeer (DSO), squirrel, muskrat, white hare, brown hare. Some animal species are included in the regional Red Book: bighorn sheep, gazelle, manul, black-capped marmot and others. Hunting birds are no less diverse: stone capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse, bearded and white partridge, Japanese quail, geese, ducks, sandpipers. Comparative indicators of hunting areas in terms of the level of procurement of fur-bearing animals are shown in Table 63.

Table 63

Comparative indicators of hunting areas

according to the level of preparations of fur-bearing species of animals

	Hunting areas
	Northern	Central	southwestern
Columns, %
Ermine, %

Note: Northern- Kalarsky, Mogochinsky, Tungiro-Olekminsky and Tungokochensky administrative regions. Central- Aginsky, Akshinsky, Aleksandrovo-Zavodsky, Baleisky, Borzinsky, Gazimuro-Zavodsky, Duldurginsky, Zabaikalsky, Kalgansky, Krasnokamensky, Mogoytuysky, Nerchinsky, Nerchinsko-Zavodsky, Olovyaninsky, Ononsky, Priargunsky, Sretensky, Chernyshevsky, Shelopuginsky, Shilkinsky administrative districts. Southwestern- Karymsky, Krasnochikoysky, Kyrinsky, Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky, Uletovsky, Khiloksky, Chitinsky administrative regions. Table 64 reflects the division into hunting areas and the importance of these areas in hunting activities in the territory of the region. On the territory of the Trans-Baikal Territory - in the north and south-west, large areas of intact ecosystems have been preserved, in which populations of game animals function as their natural parts. In the central part of the region (especially in the mainline areas), natural ecosystems are clearly not enough for the sustainable functioning of populations of the main animal species. When organizing and functioning hunting farms, special measures (biotechnical measures) are required here to maintain the required level of abundance and quality of hunting trophy animals.

Table 64

Comparative indicators of hunting areas by level

number of ungulates

Hunting areas	Share of districts from the area of ​​the region,%		Noble deer,%	Wild reindeer,%
Northern
Central
Southwestern

The state of hunting use on the territory of the region is reflected in tables 65-66. As can be seen, the area of ​​farms varies from 4.32 thousand hectares in the central region to 2,122.03 thousand hectares in the northern region. Here it should be said that large areas of hunting farms are unacceptable for the central and southwestern regions of the region. Due to the high population (compared to the northern region) and the dense network of roads, it is impossible to effectively control the territory and manage the distribution of fishing pressure on game populations. In 1977-1979, in the Chita region there were 24 hunting farms of the Chita OOOOiR with a total area of ​​1,506.3 thousand hectares, 5 hunting farms of the VOO ZabVO with an area of ​​440.0 thousand hectares, and 18 hunting farms of the commercial direction with a total area of ​​24,593.4 thousand hectares. ha. The entire area of ​​assigned hunting grounds accounted for 64% of their total size (40,794 thousand hectares). Twenty years earlier, the area of ​​hunting grounds in the Chita region was 42,778 thousand hectares. The total area of ​​hunting grounds of the Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug is 1,698.7 thousand hectares. As of January 1, 2008, there are only public lands in ABAO with an area of ​​1,427.9 thousand hectares. In 2008-2009, a significant part of the region's hunting users expire their long-term licenses for the use of wildlife. As can be seen, in many areas there is a prospect for further development hunting use. The disaggregation of the territory of large farms should not be prevented, as control and management are improving, and the creation of hunting farms by individual entrepreneurs will gradually develop commercial trophy hunting in the region. Although some hunting users offer services in this type of tourism, it still looks declarative. Common lands (potentially possible for fixing) are of somewhat worse quality for commercial hunting, but they have all the necessary conditions for organizing hunting for most ungulates, hares and game birds. In the northern part of the Trans-Baikal Territory, according to the overall productivity of hunting and commercial species, four groups of natural systems are distinguished: high-, medium-, low-productive and low-productive. The first group includes mountain-valley landscapes, represented by floodplain and riverine larch forests interspersed with spruce and cedar forests, larch dwarf dwarf forests in intermountain depressions with piedmont dwarf dwarf forests and meadows, valleys of large rivers, thickets of dwarf pine and sparse larch forests with undergrowth of dwarf dwarf. They have rich species composition and a high total number of game animals.

Table 65

		Hunting user, hunting area (site)	farm area,
		ChitOOOiR "Onkoe"
		IP V.V. Rychkov
	Akshinsky	IP A.V. logins
		IP Z.K. Izukaev "Urman"
		GNU Scientific Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine
	Alexandro-	ChitOOOiR "Alek.-Zavodskoe"
	Factory	ChitOOOiR "Kamensk-Borovskoye"
	baley	ChitOOOiR "Baleyskoye"
	Borzinsky	ChitOOOiR "Klyuchevskoe"
		VOO ZabVO "Borzinsky"
	Gazimuro-	ChitOOOiR "Gazimurskoye"
	Factory	Zabohotservis LLC
		ChitOOOiR "Kalarskoye"
		OOO Zabaykalskaya Factoriya
	Kalarian	Toki LLC
		LLC "Eren plus"
		ChitOOOiR "Karymskoye"
		VFSO "Dynamo"
	Karymsky	LLC "Telekomremstroyservis"
		Los LLC
		LLC "Urgui"
		LLC "Talcher"
	Krasnokamensky	ChitOOOiR "Krasnokamenskoe"
		ZAO Okhotnik
		OOO "Turbik"
		SHPK "Menza"
	Krasnochikoysky	LLC "Taiga Company"
		SHK "Cheremkhovo", 1st section
	Kyrinsky	ChitOOOiR "Kyrinskoye"
		MUP "Kyrinskoe OPH"
	Mogochinsky	LLC MPZH "Hunter"
	Nerchinsky	ChitOOOiR "Kalininskoye"
		ChitOOOiR "Karpovskoe"
		ChitOOOiR "Balyaginskoe"
	Petrovsk-	ChitOOOiR "Katangar"
	Transbaikal	ChitOOOiR "Shara-Gorkhonskoe"
		ChitOOOiR "Novopavlovskoye"
		LLC "Zagotohotpromobschestvo"
	Priargunsky	ChitOOOiR "Argunskoe"
	Sretensky	ChitOOOiR "Sretenskoe"
		ChitOOOiR "Kokuiskoye"
		KFH "West"
16.	Tungokochensky	LLC "Tungokochenohotprom"
		OP SHPK "Taiga", 1st section
		2- plot
		Tungokochenpromohota LLC, 1st school	232,5public report This report has been prepared in accordance with the requirement of Article 30 of the Law of the Trans-Baikal Territory dated April 30, 2009 No. 170-ZZK "On the Chamber of Control and Accounts of the Trans-Baikal Territory" on the annual submission to the Legislative Assembly of the Trans-Baikal Territory Address of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of November 30, 2010. The given actual data on the state of the natural environment of the Khabarovsk Territory meet the requirements of the relevant report public report The report is published in pursuance of instructions for the implementation of the Message of the President Russian Federation Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of November 30, 2010. On the socio-economic development of the Trans-Baikal Territory Document In January-December 2011 in the Trans-Baikal Territory there was an increase in production volumes by type of activity: industry, agriculture, construction, transport, communications, retail turnover, wholesale trade, Catering, Decrees of the Government of the Trans-Baikal Territory dated 08.02.2010 n 33, dated 01.06.2010 n 225 In accordance with Article 44 of the Charter of the Trans-Baikal Territory, on the basis of subparagraph 4 of paragraph 1 of Article 1 of the law Law In accordance with Article 44 of the Charter of the Trans-Baikal Territory, on the basis of subparagraph 4 of paragraph 1 of Article 7.1 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Employment in the Russian Federation", the Government of the Trans-Baikal Territory decides: "Strategy for the organization and development of the system of environmental education and the formation of environmental culture in the territory of the Trans-Baikal Territory for the period up to 2020" (Official publication) Document "Strategy for the organization and development of the system of environmental education and the formation of environmental culture on the territory of the Trans-Baikal Territory for the period up to 2020" (Official publication) / Editor-in-chief E.

1

The resource potential of the hunting economy of the Trans-Baikal Territory is characterized by a great diversity and richness of the animal world, which is associated with the peculiarities of nature. The economic development of the territory has a significant impact on commercial resources. The article discusses the main hunting and commercial species of the region and their numbers. It also raises the problem of the need to improve the mechanism of compensation payments in the economic development of the territory, accompanied by significant intervention in the habitat of animals, compliance with which would guarantee the financing of measures aimed specifically at the restoration of renewable natural resources, which will significantly increase the efficiency of investing in environmental protection.

Transbaikal region

hunting and trade resources

damage to wildlife resources

1. Gurova O.N., Mikheev I.E. Hunting in the Trans-Baikal Territory // Proceedings of the Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. - Samara, Publishing House of the Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2010. - No. 1 (5). - T. 12. - S. 1283-1286.

2. Ilyina L.N. The path to the wealth of Siberia. - M.: Thought, 1987. - 301 p.

3. Red Book of the Trans-Baikal Territory. Animals / ed. board: E.V. Vishnyakov, A.N. Tarabarko, V.E. Kirilyuk and others - Novosibirsk: Novosibirsk Publishing House LLC, 2012. - 344 p.

4. Mikheev I.E., Faleychik L.M. Estimation of predicted damage to game animals as a result of construction railway // Geographic research as a constructive and informational support of regional policy: materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference(November 19–21, 2008). - Chita: Publishing house of ZabGGPU, 2008. - S. 132–136.

5. On the methods for calculating damages and compensation payments. – URL: http://biodat.ru/vart/doc/gef/GEF_A/A22/A2_2_12.html (accessed 09.07.15).

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Purpose of the study- trace the dynamics of the number of game animals, analyze the main problems of the hunting economy.

Materials and methods of research

The work used materials from winter route records of the State Hunting Service of the Trans-Baikal Territory on the number of game animals in dynamics, analysis of literature and Internet resources on the topic of the study.

The list of mammals in the Trans-Baikal Territory includes more than 80 species, the region's game animals include populations of more than 20 species. Wolf, corsac fox, brown bear, sable, wolverine, ermine, weasel, steppe polecat, American mink, lynx, wild boar, musk deer, red deer, roe deer, elk, wild reindeer, squirrel, muskrat, hare hare, hare. Of the hunting birds, there are stone capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse, bearded and white partridge, geese, ducks, sandpipers.

The regional Red Book includes mammals: Dahurian hedgehog, lesser shrew, bats, brown eared bat, eastern kozhan, river otter, manul, tiger, snow leopard, gazelle, bighorn sheep, Mongolian marmot (or tarbagan), black-capped marmot, Amur lemming, Manchurian zokor. Muskrat, hare, American mink were acclimatized and reacclimatized in the region.

Research results and discussion

The table shows the main types of commercial fauna of the region and their abundance.

Elk. The largest of the hunting and commercial animals. His life is closely connected with the taiga, so the main livestock falls on the northern and Krasnochikoysky regions of the region. The steppe regions are not the habitat of the elk. In general, the density of less than 1 animal per 1000 ha prevails over the territory of the region. In 1998, the number reached 14.0 thousand animals, by 2002 it decreased to 12.8 thousand, and in 2004 - 11.0 thousand. was 12223 individuals, in 2014 the number increased to 16.1 thousand.

The approved withdrawal limit for the hunting season 2012-2013. in the region amounted to 260 individuals, 196 permits were issued, 152 individuals were harvested. In 2006, in most administrative regions, elk hunting was prohibited for a period of 3 years.

Dynamics of the number of the main game animals in the territory of the Trans-Baikal Territory according to the ZMU data for the period 2010-2014, thousand head.*

Types of animals
wild reindeer
Wolverine
white hare
Ermine		no data
Capercaillie stone
Partridge bearded

Note. * - According to the State Hunting Service of the Trans-Baikal Territory.

Izubr. The red deer belongs to the antler deer. Prefers taiga areas, mountain meadows, often found in overgrown burnt areas and clearings, avoiding flat, treeless territories. It lives everywhere in the region, with the exception of the Aginsky and Onon-Borzinsky steppes and the forest-steppe regions adjacent to them.

The number is relatively stable and reached on the edge (2007-2012) 22199 heads. The approved withdrawal limit for the hunting season 2012-2013. in the region amounted to 700 individuals, 546 permits were issued, 397 individuals were harvested.

Wild reindeer. It lives in the northern regions of the Trans-Baikal Territory, along the rivers Vitim, Kalar, Karenga, Olekma, Nyukzha, Tungir. Populations are in relative depression, which is affected by poaching and the increase in the number of wolves. In recent years, the emergence of wild reindeer in the Mogochinsky district. Number in the 1990s was 9.9 thousand animals, the average number on the territory of the region in recent years is in the range of 3-4 thousand. Production limit for the hunting season 2012-2013 in the region amounted to 320 individuals, 277 permits were issued, 242 individuals were obtained.

Roe. In the Trans-Baikal Territory, the Siberian roe deer is the most widespread species of ungulates, it lives in all areas. These animals love mountainous places, overgrown with dense forests, with clean grassy ridges cut by small hollows, with mountain rivers and streams. Preservation of just such landscapes will help to maintain a stable population of this species. In a number of areas (Krasnokamensky, Kalarsky), due to a decrease in the number of animals in 2002 and 2006. hunting was prohibited for a period of 3 years.

The current number of roe deer is still quite high. In the region in recent years, the average number was 81 thousand individuals. The approved withdrawal limit for the hunting season 2012-2013. in the region amounted to 4410 individuals, 4240 permits were issued, 2819 individuals were obtained.

Musk deer. In 1993, there were about 19,000 animals in the region, then, due to poaching, the number began to fall, and in 2002 and 2006. musk deer hunting was banned for 3 years. The increase in hunting for musk deer led to a decrease in the number of the species, for which poaching has intensified due to the increased demand for "musk jet" (the secret of the musk gland of males), which is in high demand in China. The ban on hunting has had positive results. The average number in the region (2007-2012) was 18.9 thousand. in the region amounted to 990 individuals, 905 permits were issued, 790 individuals were harvested.

Boar. Fluctuations in the abundance of the species are associated with epizootics. mass death due to epizootics was observed in 1990-1991. Found throughout the region. In the region, the average number (2007-2012) is quite high - 18435 individuals. Wild boar production limit for the hunting season 2012-2013 amounted to 4160 individuals, 3835 permits were issued, 1665 individuals were harvested.

Brown bear. They are mined for bile and skins, meat is also valued, especially fat. The number in the region is at the level of 4-5 thousand people.

Wolf. It is found everywhere in the region - in the taiga, forest-steppe and steppe areas. In 1993, according to incomplete data, the number was 1030 heads, in 1998 it increased to 1900. The number is not constant due to the high mobility of the animal. High numbers pose a danger to wild and domestic animals, causing damage agriculture. In recent years, the average number in the region is high, at the level of 5 thousand. In 2011, 3030 cases of wolf attacks on farm animals were recorded with damage of 7623923 rubles, in 2012 the number of cases of wolf attacks on farm animals was 1970 with damage at 8562500 rubles.

Fox. It lives throughout the region - in the steppe, forest-steppe and taiga, adhering to open places along river valleys. Avoids the deaf taiga. In the region, the average number is at the level of 8 thousand people.

Korsak. It lives in the steppe zone of the southeastern part of the region. A lot is caught illegally - from 2000 to 2003, 360 cases were recorded. During the same period, 135 individuals were legally harvested. The number is low, average for the region (2007-2012) - 524 individuals.

Lynx. The average number in the region is 2414 individuals. Illegal mining exceeds legal. For 2000-2003 250 specimens were caught illegally, and 89 specimens were taken legally during the same period. In 2013, 46 individuals were legally harvested.

Sable. Interest in sable was great among all the peoples inhabiting Siberia. High demand for valuable sable furs with the active development of Siberia in the 17th century. explains the merciless destruction of this animal. The value of fur depends on the color, which depends on the habitat. The further north and higher into the mountains, the darker the sable. The darkest and most expensive are the skins of the Barguzin sable.

By 1930, the sable was on the verge of destruction. Only thanks to bans on fishing and restoration measures by 1960 did the population become stable. In the region in recent years (2007-2012), the number is stable, the average number is at the level of 42339 individuals. In 2013, 8498 individuals were harvested in the region, with the approved production limit of 12,000 individuals.

Speakers. The main habitat is taiga, peaks of springs and northern slopes of mountains with placers and rocks, and narrow valleys of mountain rivers with shrubs. In the forest-steppe, it lives along river valleys overgrown with tree and shrub vegetation, and in small forests, especially if they contain placers inhabited by pikas. The average number in the region (2007-2012) is 16235. In 2013, 4333 individuals were harvested under licenses in the region.

Ermine. The main habitat is taiga landscapes with thickets of elfin cedar. In the forest-steppe, it prefers forest pegs with the presence of placers, river valleys with tree and shrub thickets. In summer and winter, it has a different color. The average number in the region (2007-2012) is 10107 individuals.

Wolverine. Animal of the most remote places in the taiga, quite rare. It lives on the slopes of mountains with the presence of placers and rocks, in the watersheds of rivers and springs, enters the loaches, descends into river valleys. The number is small, the average for the region (2007-2012) is 815 individuals. Data on production in the territory of the region are not available.

Squirrel. The main habitat of the squirrel is larch forests with an admixture of pine, cedar and elfin cedar. More than 5.5 million hectares of land are concentrated on the Vitim Plateau with a population of 3 to 30, and in high-yielding years for larch cones - up to 50 individuals per 10 square meters. km. The skins of the Trans-Baikal black-tailed squirrel are distinguished by a beautiful color and high quality fur. The average number in the region is 185276. In 2013, 12997 pieces were mined under licenses in the region.

Upland game. The basis of hunting in this group of game is made up of four species - capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse and partridge. IN Lately the number of hazel grouse increased. Of the grouse birds, the hazel grouse, which is widespread in the region, has the largest number, occurring in almost all types of forest and coastal communities. The main factors controlling the state of the population are the level of precipitation and air temperature in June and the violation of the mode of life by humans. The greatest damage to the populations of grouse birds is caused by spring forest burns and fires that destroy lekking sites, clutches and broods. Unorganized hunting also has a negative effect, especially in residential areas and along river valleys.

An increase in poaching, illegal buying up and extraction of medicinal and technical raw materials of animal origin (musk deer, deer antlers, antlers, bear bile, etc.), insufficiency of accounting work in the hunting economy lead to a decrease in the number of certain animal species. Numbers are also affected by such negative factors as deforestation, steppe and forest fires, soil erosion, overgrazing, pollution of soil, water and air, which worsens the habitat of wild animals and leads to epizootics.

In addition, the Trans-Baikal Territory is the oldest mining region in Russia. Currently, one of the centers for the development of the mining industry is planned to be developed in the southeast of the region. The new economic development of territories, the construction of industrial and infrastructure facilities is accompanied by significant interference with the habitat of animals, and the effect of the disturbance factor is intensifying. The area of ​​impact of mining on the surrounding landscape significantly exceeds the allotment area. The damage to each specific animal species is defined as a one-time loss of the base number and annual productivity of wildlife objects for the entire period negative impact. Damage to objects of the animal world and their habitat is calculated according to special methods. According to experts, the total damage to game animals during the development of deposits in the south-east of the region is almost 50 million rubles. The amounts of damage must be compensated for taking measures to restore animal resources or transferred to the regional consolidated environmental fund for targeted financing of measures for the protection and reproduction of game animal resources. There is no such fund in the regional capital, and usually financial resources are transferred to the account of the administration of the municipal district where nature management takes place. But how these funds are used in practice is not tracked by anyone. Thus, the system of payment for nature use has a number of shortcomings: the mechanism for financing measures to restore the habitat of animals has not been adjusted, and the factor of changing price proportions and rates of environmental payments in the context of inflation is not taken into account.

Conclusion

Currently available legal and regulations declare an assessment of damage to nature in terms and categories of economic losses for the economy and consequences for social sphere person. Environmental consequences, incl. losses of biodiversity, biospheric functions of ecosystems, and the environmental role of vegetation are practically not assessed. A common drawback of the existing methods is ignoring the consequences of economic activity for the reproductive potential of objects of the animal and plant world and their performance of "environment-forming functions" (climate-forming, influence on the carbon balance and gas composition of the atmosphere, hydrological, etc.). In the modern Russian environmental regulatory framework, there is no unified regulatory and methodological document that formulates the procedure and mechanism for calculating the damage caused to wildlife and their resources economic activity. International practice shows that it is the transition from the thesis - "what is not invested in human labor, has no valuation" - to the mandatory environmental and economic assessment of wildlife and their biospheric functions as the basis for calculating compensation, which made it possible to introduce effective economic mechanisms to stimulate protection living nature. On the other hand, this made it possible to make biodiversity and natural ecosystems one of the most valuable and renewable natural resources, income from the use of which (in the field of ecotourism, the use of genetic resources, interstate settlements for the implementation of global biospheric functions, restructuring of external debts "in exchange for nature" etc.) for many countries already exceed those from traditional ones - exports of raw materials, etc. . All this points to the need for improvement. legislative framework regarding damages natural resources as a result of the economic development of territories and, in particular, wildlife resources.

Bibliographic link

Gurova O.N., Mikheev I.E. HUNTING AND HUNT ANIMALS AND PROBLEMS OF HUNTING IN THE TRANS-BAIKAL KRAI // Uspekhi modern natural science. - 2015. - No. 8. - P. 53-57;
URL: http://natural-sciences.ru/ru/article/view?id=35508 (date of access: 03/17/2020). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"