The absence of the Adyghe theory has other, even larger-scale negative consequences: the quality of perception and evaluation of the Adyghe culture as a whole has noticeably decreased. In the works of our scientists (philosophers, sociologists, literary critics, linguists, folklorists), it appears as a set of poorly organized and disordered elements, without ethical guidelines and supports that make up its semantic dominant, without systemic connections and relations "ciphered" in Adyghe. In addition to Adyghe, such closely related basic values ​​as the readiness to act in the interests of another - khetyr, empathy - guschIeggu, beneficence - psape, the ability or art of understanding - zekheshIykI, the art of being among people - tsIhu hetykIe, sense of proportion - marde, ethical immunity of the individual - tsIykhum and nemys, ethical fear - shyne-ukIyte, etc. In a word, the speculative approach prevails.

However, attempts to overcome it by turning to new theories and concepts do not save the situation if there is not a sufficiently deep analysis of the daily practice of ethical thinking and behavior. Most often, this only alienates us from the living picture of the Adyghe reality.

I see in all this an unforgivably careless and wasteful attitude towards the values ​​of culture. Ignoring the role of Adyghe in the dynamics of social life, in the formation of the basic personality of society, is tantamount to ignoring the role of Confucianism in Chinese or Buddhism in Indian cultures.

Under these conditions, the profanation of spiritual heritage acquires threatening forms and scales. Adyghe Culture, in the form in which it is officially presented, implemented, broadcast, and to a small extent does not meet the powerful claim that the culture of feudal Circassia made in its time. In everything: in the character of settlements and dwellings, in clothing and behavior, in music and dance, in poetry and prose, there are signs of decline. And, perhaps, first of all, it is a decline in taste. Adyghe, and above all Kabardian, culture has lost its inherent beauty and harmony, majestic restraint and completeness. How great is the traditional significance of Adygeism in the ethical rationalization of the world and in the construction of social reality, so great and disastrous are the consequences of its displacement to the periphery of spiritual life. Without any exaggeration, this is a humanitarian catastrophe, which more and more often, and quite rightly, some researchers are paying attention to (Bolotokov 1995; Unezhev 1997). “The most terrible danger for any nation,” writes V. Kh. Bolotokov, “is lurking in the destruction of the gene pool and the national spirit, when the people, abandoning conscious national thinking, prefer to plunge into the ocean of the unconscious, become a huge crowd, corrupted and decomposed rabble” ( Bolotokov 1995: 111).

There is, in other words, a fundamental breakdown in the continuity of social practices, a crisis of social, and above all, ethnic identity. In the question of how to interpret, master, develop cultural traditions, there is no necessary clarity, a firmly established position, which minimizes the effectiveness of moral education and education. And this is not surprising: that niche of consciousness (discursive and practical), which is traditionally occupied by Adyghe, invades and gradually grows, pushing ethics, empty space of moral ignorance, negativism, apathy.

As a result, many cultural initiatives and constructive ideas lose their meaning and are discredited. Before our eyes, ideas about the moral, aesthetic quality and hygiene of everyday thinking, communication, and behavior are changing for the worse. The Adyghe society does not fully feel its active and visible presence in the world, in its actions there is no, as before, calm confidence, aspiration and readiness to reveal itself in an ennobled form. even changed for the worse appearance Circassians, the traditional "culture of oneself" was lost, forgotten, according to which it was established how and in accordance with what criteria a person should take care of himself, "build", "design" his own inner world, their appearance and behavior - their public identity. Debauchery and self-indulgence are the inevitable consequences of the very tendencies of the decline and discredit of culture.

I associate all this with the systemic, including ethnic, crisis in which the Adyghe society is. An ethnic crisis, as I imagine it, is a state of society in which its ethno-reproducing features and mechanisms change significantly, fall into decline or sharply reduce their effective force: language, culture, psychology, national statehood, territory, ethnonymic designations, etc. In other words, resources are running out: the reproduction of the ethnic system, the control over the correspondence of consciousness and social practices to the main parameters of social identity is weakening. Under these conditions, the basic personality of society is poorly reproduced.

The ethnic crisis, as is clear from the above, marks a certain milestone in the biography, in historical development people, when an evolutionary choice is made - between the old and the new identity, and sometimes - between existence and non-existence, life and death of the ethnos. But this is not a one-time act, but a process that sometimes lasts decades, even centuries. It has its stages (stages of crisis), its ups and downs, and in this sense is a definite epoch in the history of the people.

The last three centuries have become such a very tense and dramatic period in the history of the Adyghe people. This is a period of stagnation, destruction and then the slow extinction of the Adyghe civilization, connected - of course, not in everything, but in many ways - with the beginning and escalation, the course and consequences of the Russian-Caucasian war. Among the main links of the crisis that have been clearly identified by now, I highlight in particular:
1) geodemographic crisis;
2) the crisis of national statehood;
3) ethnonymic crisis;
4) language crisis;
5) the crisis of culture and the basic personality (See about this: Bgazhnokov 1999).

However, even in such very unfavorable conditions, the Adyghe ethics performs - by inertia, mainly - the regulatory functions assigned to it. In other words, this is a system of principles and skills for structuring social space and organizing activities, called habitus (from Latin habitus - state, property, location, character) (See about this: Bourdieu 1990: 53). The habitus of the Adyghe community is adapted objectively to achieve certain results, but sometimes without a visible conscious focus on these results. On the other hand, we have before us such a dimension of the existence of society, in which the boundaries of the present are moved apart so much that they contain the past and the future. Adyghe ethics is not so much a part of the history of the people, but a constantly operating mechanism for transforming the past and future into the present. By predisposing to a correct, successful transition from one state to another, consistent with the current situation and the experience of the past, it helps to cope with unforeseen, constantly changing life situations and problems.

The Adyghe habitus is an integral part of the main (basic) personality of the Adyghe society. In the mass of the Circassian population it is difficult to find a person who does not recognize ethics as the highest cultural value, who is not aware of his involvement in it. As the most serious accusation or insulting reproach, the phrase is perceived: Adygage pkhelkyym - "There is no Adyghe in you." Structural units, principles, mechanisms of Adyghe ethics are known. There are a lot of such mechanisms that complement and reinforce each other, but highest value acquires humanity - tsIhyhuge. Following humanity stand out: respectfulness - nemys, reasonableness - akyl, courage - lIyg'e, honor - nape. On the basis of these Values, Adyghe arises as an internally coordinated system of principles of cultural self-organization of the individual and society.

Having not received scientific substantiation and representation, remaining a practically illegitimate institution, Adyghe really exists - in the variety of moral and ethical concepts and categories, in the logic of moral judgments and assessments used in the practice of everyday life. This is a virtual and, at the same time, an ultimatum reality that predetermines the trend and forms of deployment of actual reality. Adyghe serves as a measure of the spiritual and moral quality of life, the meaning and purpose of human existence in the world.

This does not relieve responsibility for the study of the internal structure of the Adyghe ethics, for its objectification, signification, legitimization. Weakened by the ethnic crisis, the Adyghe society does not fully reproduce the Adyghe habitus, which violates the continuity of social practices and negatively affects all areas of activity. One cannot rely on the spontaneous action of the mechanisms of spiritual production that are not accompanied by strategic calculation. It is necessary to develop a system of long-term measures for the meaningful and purposeful use of the resources of the Adyghe ethics. This, as was said, must be preceded by a scientific study of its specific properties and opportunities. It is necessary to show in detail exactly how the Adyghe mechanism works and how it operates in typical social conditions.

The relevance of this task is also in the fact that the Adyghe ethnic society is in a state of unstable balance and uncertainty: when it is difficult to predict what awaits it in the future, what development paths will be chosen. During such periods, called the point of bifurcations (Prigozhiy 1985: 118), certain parameters of new decisions arise, including those consciously initiated. I am sure that the best conditions for this are created by an experimental dialogue with nature and society, based on the humanistic principles of Adyghe ethics. It is necessary to know and master Adyghe as the main and irreplaceable resource and mechanism of the culture of peace, as a system of universal and incredibly effective opportunities social development and development.

RUSSIAN STATE PEDAGOGICAL / ^ UNIVERSITEG im. A.I. HERZEN ^^(Yb^

As a manuscript

Gladkiy Igor Yurievich

GEOGRAPHICAL STUDY OF ETHNIC CRISES

Specialty -11.00.02 economic, social and political geography

St. Petersburg 1995

The work was carried out at the Department of Economic Geography of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after A.I. Herzen

SCIENTIFIC ADVISER:

OFFICIAL OPPONENTS:

candidate of geographical sciences, professor Sokolov O.V.

doctor of geographical sciences, professor Bugaev V.K. doctor of economic sciences, professor Lashov B.V.

LEAD ORGANIZATION: Institute of Socio-Economic

problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg)

The defense will take place in October 1995. in hours at the meeting

Dissertation Council K 113.05.09 at the Russian State Pedagogical University. A.I. Herzen at the address: 191186, St. Petersburg, emb. river Moika, 48, bldg. 12.

The dissertation can be found in the university library.

Scientific Secretary of the Dissertation Council

candidate of geographical sciences, professor (^ Sokolov

C 556

I - GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF WORK

The relevance of research. The growing economic and technological interconnectedness of states, the acceleration of the processes of internationalization of social life, politics, and culture make the modern world integral and in a certain sense indivisible. At the same time, the growing desire for self-identification of countries, peoples and population groups makes it more and more unstable and unpredictable.

The current changes in the political and ethnic geography of the world are becoming so important that they are sometimes compared with the process that began after the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, which was a turning point in the formation modern states. Thus, only sixty of the current one hundred and ninety states existed on the eve of the 20th century. On the other hand, in the first half of the 1990s alone, the UN admitted more than twenty new states to its membership.

No matter how one regards the scale of the predicted changes on the political map of the world, which promises to become one of the most impressive phenomena of modern history, one thing is clear: in a global sense, the national-ethnic problem can become and is already becoming one of the most painful. Some reputable scientists (S.Amin, V.Barelay, W. Connor, B.Stiafer, B. Jordanian and others) speak of a real global ethnic crisis that has already engulfed the planet. Uncontrolled national emotions, which, depending on the specific circumstances, take the form of justified national self-affirmation or aggressive nationalism, lead to dramatic collisions on almost all continents, and especially on the periphery of world civilization. Most. riddled with conflict (explicit, latent or potential) eastern patriarchal society. Moreover, national-ethnic tension

here strife intensifies on religious, clan, patronage and clientel grounds. First of all, this applies to the countries of tropical Africa, where intra-tribal and inter-tribal relations permeate the entire public life. There is practically no country here where ethno-nationalism would not manifest itself in one form or another.

An integral part of the global ethnic crisis has become last years contradictions on the territory of the former USSR, previously successfully suppressed by the allied center and uncompromisingly driven deep into it. We are talking about national-ethnic strife, confrontation within nations divided along regional or clan lines, territorial disputes, separatism, autonomist movements, etc.

The importance of an interdisciplinary scientific understanding of modern national-ethnic processes is quite obvious and does not need special argumentation. But in the growing stream of publications devoted to the problems of the current stage of exacerbation of interethnic rivalry, it is not easy to find works of a geographical nature, as if thousands of the strongest threads do not at all connect the ethnos with the territory - the most important operational basis of geographical science, with the environment; as if the geographical interpretation of interethnic relations does not occupy an important place at all in the theory of ethnogenesis developed by JI.H. Gumilyov, which has "excited" the scientific community in recent years. This should not be surprising, since in the domestic geographical science there have so far been no specific socio-historical studies (called "case-studies" in the West) of interethnic relations within the framework of the former USSR. In the context of a sharp aggravation of interethnic relations, the collapse of the USSR and the threat of the disintegration of Russia itself, the development of ethno- and political-geographical approaches can help predict a dynamically changing

ethno-political differentiation of society, as well as the search for ways to resolve inter-ethnic conflicts.

The subject of the study is the processes of rivalry in modern world(including in the post-Soviet geopolitical space), widely known as the "global ethnic crisis" and identified with one of the most acute and intractable problems that confronted humanity at the end of the 20th century. The subject of the study is clearly interdisciplinary in nature, which not only allows, but also encourages representatives of geographical science to turn to it, who previously usually distanced themselves from participation in the scientific understanding of these issues of our time.

Geographical (ethnogeographic. ethnogeopolitical") the object of study is the hierarchy of social, national-ethnic formations of various ranks; ethnos - a polyethnic conglomerate - a country (primarily the former USSR) - a subregion (a continent or part of it) - the world as a whole. Certain aspects of the study concern various levels of this hierarchy.In a number of chapters and sections, the processes of aggravation of national-ethnic relations are considered at smaller taxonomic levels (administrative region, city, etc.).

The theoretical basis of the dissertation was the works of widely known experts in the world (primarily Russian) on interethnic relations, philosophers, and political leaders. The factual material was drawn from Russian and foreign periodicals, official UN statistical sources, analytical works, or was the result of the dissertator's own observations and reflections.

The scientific novelty of the dissertation lies in the fact that for the first time a geographical approach to the study of ethnic crises was formulated: from ethco-, socio- to political-geographical positions,

the nature of ethnic contradictions; changes in geographical conditions and factors of interethnic conflicts under the influence of new global-regional economic, social, geoecological and political interactions are revealed; given a comprehensive analysis of the nature of modern shifts in the geopolitical situation within the post-Soviet space.

The objectives of the dissertation are to determine the place of geography in the system of interdisciplinary attempts to comprehend one of the most important global problems modernity, the search for geospatial links between ethnic conflicts and the factors that cause them, based on the proposed geographical approach to the study of ethnic crises.

To achieve these goals, it was necessary to solve the following tasks:

Suggest and substantiate the geographical interpretation of ethnic processes;

To trace the development of scientific ideas about the relationship between ethnic groups and territory (nature);

Summarize what is available in the literature and offer their own approaches to the essence of the so-called "provoking" factors of ethno-nationalism and comprehend them from the standpoint of geographical science;

To analyze the connection between the emerging centers of interethnic hostility and the new geopolitical position of Russia.

The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that its results can be used as a theoretical and methodological basis for the deployment of geographical research on ethnic crises in the territory of the former USSR; in carrying out specific predictive ethnogeographic developments in the process of making political decisions and implementing regional policies; in teaching courses in ethnogeography, population geography, political geography, etc.

Approbation of work. The main provisions of the dissertation were reported and discussed at the Gertsshovsky readings of the Russian State Pedagogical University. A.I. Herzen (1994, 1995), conference of young scientists of the university (1995), All-Russian scientific conference"Ecological safety and socio-economic development of Russian regions" (Saransk, 1994).

The structure of the dissertation is determined by the logic of the goals and objectives set in it and includes an introduction, three chapters (chapter 1 - "Ethnic processes and geography"; chapter II - "Ethnic crises:" provoking "factors and their geographical understanding"; chapter III - " Ethnic Crises in the Territory of the Former USSR: Geopolitical Aspect"), each of which ends with brief conclusions, as well as a conclusion and a bibliographic list. It contains anits text, AND drawings,

JL tables. The list of references includes ^U/names in Russian, English and other languages.

J.I. MAIN PROVISIONS OF THE THESIS TO BE DEFENDED

1. The identification of the subject of research and the justification of its "geographicity" can be carried out with the "help" of ethnic and political geography new area social research: "ethnogeology".

The essence of the geographical approach to the study of ethnic crises is to find geospatial links between ethnic crises and the factors that cause them; in the study of such concepts as "national space", "living space", "ethnic

landscape", "ethnic borders", etc. The relevance of their scientific definition is also important because mass ideas about connections with the earth, with the territory are often irrational, and therefore it is difficult to correct them with the help of arguments addressed to reason.

Of great practical importance is ethnic and political cartography, which is widely used in solving national and political problems. The objects of mapping are ethnic territories, ethnic borders, ethnically mixed areas, etc. At the same time, the cartographic method allows not only to study ethnic groups in close connection with political, economic, social indicators, geographical environment, but, which is especially important, to reconstruct with varying degrees of certainty the settlement of ethnic groups of past eras. Such documents can serve as one of the means of resolving interethnic disputes.

When considering the theoretical issues of ethnic geography, the general philosophical interpretation of dependencies in the system of relations "territory - ethnos" (as well as "nature - ethnos") is traditionally of increased interest. The fact that such dependencies exist is essentially not disputed by anyone. Discrepancies usually take place when their degree and nature are clarified.

The fear in past years of accidentally shifting ideological emphasis in the analysis of such a “delicate” issue led x to the fact that even “famous authors tried to comment on it as rarely as possible. Much less disagreement is manifested in the definition of such “geographical” concepts as “ethnic territory”, "ethnic space", "ethnic boundaries", etc. For example, an ethnic territory is usually associated with the main area of ​​a people's settlement, which is associated with important stages of ethnic history, its historical destinies,

cultural and economic continuity; ethnic borders - with borders between different ethnic territories, and with a striped settlement of representatives of different peoples, it is very difficult to draw such a border.

Undoubtedly, thousands of strong ties connect the ethnos with the surrounding nature, with "their" land. Ethnic consciousness sees the territory as the soil on which the ethnic group grew up, which nourished it. Subconsciously, he sees in him the sphere of his own security. Influence surrounding nature with the passage of time, it also affects the very character of the people. Thus, a strong natural element remained in the soul of the Russian people, connected with the immensity of the territory, with the boundlessness of the Russian plain.

Directly related to the geographical understanding of ethnic crises is the theory of ethnogenesis (mutagenesis), developed by L.N. Gumilyov. He, in essence, rejects the opinions of many recognized authorities of world science, who argued that separate races and ethnic groups are formed as a result of the struggle for existence. The scientist introduced a new parameter into scientific use - passionarity - as a sign that arises as a result of a mutation (passionary impulse) and forms "within the population" a certain number of people (passionaries) who have an increased craving for action, i.e., inclined under certain circumstances to provoke interethnic friction.

However, his ideas, connected, for example, with the level* of "passionate tension" of an ethnic system, are associated with entire epochs and, in the author's opinion, it is hardly correct to reproduce them today for a specific ethnic group. In addition, the very conception of the scientist, with all its external attractiveness, has not yet lost the halo of a hypothesis that needs to be further investigated.

2. In modern literature, there is practically no separate (component-by-component) analysis of internal and external factors leading to

destabilization of interethnic relations. Of course, in real life a conflict complication arises as a joint action of several factors: sometimes the "detonator" is economic in nature, the "explosive" is demographic, and the force that struck the "detonator" has a purely criminal appearance. There are no serious developments of specific factors leading to national conflicts in the literature.

In the process of researching the main causes of ethno-nationalism and ethnic crises in the modern world, the author identified more than 20 factors. the main ones are the confession of the principle of the identity of state and national borders; 2) the movement of nations towards self-determination: 3) the movement of nations towards the formation of superpowers: 4) the economic struggle for land, fixed assets, etc.:

control over the demographic development of underdeveloped countries: b)

assimilation processes: 7) depopulation of ethnic minorities: 8) "old" prosperous nations: 9U ecological situation: 10) changes in national psychology under the influence of nuclear, environmental and other types of social threat: and tsr. (see rcsl.

Naturally, not all the factors we have identified have sufficient geographic specificity. It is more fruitful to analyze some of them within the framework of sociology, economics, history, and philosophy. For example, the study of such factors of a general nature as the movement of ethnic groups towards self-determination and the formation of superethnoi is more logical to conduct against a broad historical background using the methods of socio-philosophical analysis.

However, some of the factors identified are more geographical in nature than any other. Thus, the analysis of uncontrolled demographic growth in the countries of the "third world", the "aging" of European nations, assimilation and depopulation processes cannot be carried out outside the framework of social

economic geography, using a wide arsenal of spatial research methods. Even more obvious geographical nature environmental factor in the emergence of interethnic strife. Geographical themes are also permeated with some of the other factors noted, in particular economic, the implementation of the principle of identity of state and national borders, etc.

Of those indicated in Fig. forms of manifestation of the ethnic crisis, we will pay special attention to such as the infringement of democratic freedoms or the economic rights of ethnic groups, which, in principle, may not provoke outbreaks of ethno-nationalism. Among the "peaceful" forms of manifestation of the ethnic crisis, one can also note the degradation of the ethnos associated with depopulation processes, incestuous marriages, the spatial spread of the ethnos and its assimilation.

Among the spatial levels of manifestation of the ethnic crisis, we have singled out the global, intercontinental, subregional, regional, local, local-clan.

“Of course, the systematization of the factors, forms and spatial levels of manifestation of the ethnic crisis is based on empirical rather than theoretical grounds, which can only be partially justified by the recent identification of such a global problem as a general ethnic crisis. Studies of the theoretical foundations of classification, especially in terms of content, have yet to be done.

3. The most universal factor causing interethnic conflicts is the implementation of the principle of identity of state and national borders. Mechanical transfer of the false synonym "national interest" - "state interest" to the phrase "state borders" - "national borders"

can lead to unpredictable inter-ethnic conflicts.

Let's turn to the European region. On the territory of 32 European countries, 87 peoples live as "national minorities", and many of them are dispersed "dispersed". Thus, Germans outside of Germany live in Belgium, Denmark, France, Poland, Russia, Romania, Italy, the Czech Republic, Serbia, etc. There are many other national groups that history has scattered over different states. Bulgarians live in Yugoslavia, Romania, Greece, Ukraine; Greeks - in Cyprus, Turkey, Bulgaria, Albania, Romania, Russia, Ukraine and the territory of the former Yugoslavia; Albanians in Greece, Italy, Serbia, etc. In other words, the aforementioned number of ethno-minorities (87) can significantly increase with "repeated counting".

One can imagine to what consequences an attempt by individual peoples to implement in practice the principle of the identity of national and state borders would lead. Meanwhile, clearly expressed centrifugal tendencies are manifested here as well (and especially clearly within the boundaries of the former Yugoslavia).

Imagine that some abstract territory with a mixed population is allowed to self-determine in accordance with the will of the majority. Smaller territories in which the minority is the majority may not agree with such a decision. If these smaller territories also want to self-determine the likelihood of inter-ethnic clashes many times ■ . increases.

Much food for thought is given by the collapse of the USSR and the new federal structure. Russian Federation. Unfortunately, many of our politicians and statesmen of various ranks are today trying to democratize and create the foundations for civil society within the former framework of national-ethnic communities and

Profession of the principle of identity of state * and national borders

The movement of ethnic groups towards self-determination

The movement of ethnic groups to the formation of superethnoi V

The economic struggle for land. housing in cities. natural resources, etc.

Unmanaged demographic development in the Third World suffered*

Assimilation Processes and Depopulation of Ethno-Citizenships

"Aging" of the nations of the state * with a developed market economy

| Environmental factor

Belief in the special relationship of the ethnic group with the supreme deity and _

nation states.

The tragedies of interethnic conflicts every day more and more clearly reveal the need for new approaches to them. Finally, in the Russian parliament, the idea, which was hardly perceived until recently, that the principle of the identity of national and state borders is erroneous, is heard; that republics that have acquired and are acquiring sovereignty cannot be "nation states" as defined by the 1977 Constitution of the USSR and readily supported by the intellectual and political elite of "indigenous" nations; that their governments should not be national at all, but nationwide, representing the interests of all citizens of these state entities.

In an interdisciplinary study of the role of the principle of identity of state and national borders in the emergence of national civil strife, we see the task of the geographer in revealing the historical features of the formation of ethnic and state borders, the boundaries of the ethnic-economic space, paying special attention to the territory with a mixed population.

4. The processes of assimilation and depopulation of ethnic minorities lead to the complication of interethnic relations.

One of the factors that often led to the destabilization of interethnic relations in the recent past was the direct physical destruction of ethnic minorities, especially nationalities located on the "periphery" of world civilization. The roots of this phenomenon go back centuries and are closely connected with the colonial era. Already the campaigns of the conquistadors of the participants in the Spanish campaigns of conquest in the South and Central America in the XV - XVI centuries were accompanied by merciless extermination and enslavement of tribes and

peoples of the West Indies, Central and South America, devastation and looting of entire regions, acts of vandalism, violence and mass torture. Somewhat later, "similar methods" colonized the Australian continent by British settlers, where 300 - 500 thousand aborigines lived by the arrival of the "whites" (mainly in the southeast). Similar methods of colonizing new lands were also used by Europeans in Africa.

Assimilation and depopulation of ethnic minorities today manifest themselves in various forms and are associated with the loss by small ethnic groups of their language, culture, religion, national identity, as well as with incestuous marriages, low birth rates, high mortality and, accordingly, negative natural population growth.

Assimilation processes are extremely diverse in nature, pace and forms, and therefore their assessment cannot be unambiguous. In science, the concepts of natural and forced ethnic assimilation are clearly distinguished. In real life, however, it is difficult to draw a line of demarcation between these concepts. Everything depends on the presence or absence of racial discrimination, traditional ethnic prejudice, manifestations of everyday nationalism. Often, an outbreak of inter-ethnic hostility is born directly from the economy.

The assimilation of ethnic minorities is often accompanied by depopulation tendencies associated with the deterioration of the genetic fund of ethnic minorities, incestuous marriages, and the spatial "spread" of the ethnic group. Naturally, one should not confuse the depopulation processes taking place on the periphery of world civilization (Australian aborigines, some Indian tribes of South America, peoples of the Far North of Russia, etc.) with phenomena

taking place in countries with developed market economies: the factors that give rise to them are completely different.

A tragic situation has developed with the position of the small peoples of the Russian North. Mortality among them exceeds the figure for Russia as a whole, and life expectancy is noticeably less than the national average. It is easy to see that we are talking about the threat of the physical disappearance of small ethnic groups. It is accompanied by the loss of national identity, identity, local economy. The hopelessness, absolute social disorientation and insecurity of the indigenous people are a natural result of the forms of management introduced here "from above".

The socialist state "tamed" and corrupted the primordially hardworking aborigines (in this case, the harshness of the expression, in our opinion, is justified by the tragedy of the current situation.) Rough, ill-considered interference in the original life of small peoples (it was carried out even at the physiological level - the aborigines had to change the structure of the diet , although their body is poorly adapted to the assimilation of many imported products) deprived them of adaptive resources, took away incentives for life and productive work, and accustomed them to total drunkenness. The post-perestroika era also presents few chances for the indigenous peoples of the North. The entire North, the structure of the northern economy is poorly adapted to the conditions of a market economy.

The experience of Canada's regional policy shows that without state subsidies to the North, without support for local ways and traditional values northern peoples not survive. This thesis becomes even more convincing if we consider that on average in the world in the English-speaking northern territories there are about 10 times less people. The plight of the national minorities of the Russian North, at first glance, is indirectly related to

interethnic crises, especially to the extreme forms of their manifestation, ethnic conflicts and clashes. However, the degradation, destruction or assimilation of ethnic minorities are quite typical manifestations of the global ethnic crisis, as pointed out by highly respected experts. The very fact of infringement of the rights of national-ethnic minorities is always fraught with the risk of inter-ethnic clashes.

The factor considered above has a pronounced geographical aspect, manifested in a number of spatial features, namely: 1) the physical destruction and depopulation of ethnic minorities occurred and are currently occurring, as a rule, on the periphery of world civilization; 2) ethnic groups that have not been able to adapt to the rhythm of modern life are connected with nature by tighter ties and are accustomed to taking from nature only the most necessary things to maintain life; 3) for the survival of the mentioned ethnic groups, a purposeful regional policy of the state is necessary, the main instrument of which should not be the private sector, but public investment.

5. The destabilization of interethnic relations is also intensified by the process of "aging" of individual ethnic groups, in particular Western European ones. The fact of the progressive "aging" of European nations does not need any special proof. This phenomenon is mainly due to two factors: a decrease in the birth rate and an increase in life expectancy.

In the minds of many Western Europeans today, fear of the prospect of extinction, absorption by alien ethnic groups settles. The latter, of course, is very hypothetical, but it is real that in the context of the current demographic changes in Europe, issues related to interstate migration of the population and labor are becoming more relevant than before. Another source of tension in

interethnic and interracial relations - refugees and emigrants. According to the UN, there are 11 million of them worldwide. (at the end of the 80s, excluding the USSR), more than half were in "non-socialist" Europe.

Under the conditions of depopulation of the population of the European region, the migratory contingents of the newcomer population, which have a significantly higher birth rate, make significant changes in its national structure. For example, the number of children in families of Indian origin living in England is more than twice as high as the corresponding figure for the indigenous population. This means that the share of migrant children born in European countries is much higher than the share of the latter in the population of the receiving countries. Mixed marriages and related citizenship issues are a particular problem.

It is precisely with this that the spontaneous outbursts of hatred against "colored" migrants observed today are connected, the rate of assimilation of which lags behind the rate of growth of immigration waves. First of all, we are talking about such ethnic minorities as Khak Arabs, Indo-Pazhistani, Turks, natives of Africa and the Caribbean. The beginning of the 1990s provides many examples of conflict situations between nationalist-minded young people from the FRG, Great Britain and other Western European states and "colored" immigrants, which certainly confirms our thesis that the current demographic situation in Europe is closely connected with the problem of destabilizing interethnic relations.

The natural decline in Russia's population observed today will inevitably lead to its general aging, which, in turn, will introduce elements of tension on the labor market. There are many facts when the backbone of labor collectives at enterprises is formed from immigrants, representatives of "distant ethnic groups". Only during 1993 -1994

years, several hundred thousand Chinese, "actually semi-legally settled in the territory Far East. Some of them brought their families with them. This phenomenon excited the Russian-speaking population, which is fraught with future interethnic complications.

So, among the factors that increase the destabilization of interethnic relations, the process of "aging" of individual nations is one of the most "geographical". A timely forecast of the development of the demographic situation in individual countries and regions, carried out by geodemographers, is able, firstly, to help scientifically based orientation of the government's demographic policy for the future; and secondly, to optimize the direction of the immigration waves of the labor force.

6. Geographically, the most obvious is the important role of the environmental factor in the emergence of interethnic strife. In international-international terms, these are: transboundary movements of atmospheric and river pollution crossing the borders of several states; desertification of lands due to the fault of a particular country, but not knowing state borders; pollution and poisoning of the landscapes of some states from sources located on the territory of other countries, etc. In intrastate-interethnic terms, this is a struggle for sources of fresh water, pasture and forest lands, deposits of mineral raw materials, etc.

The role of the environmental factor in the escalation of inter-ethnic strife is most clearly seen in the example of multi-ethnic societies, in particular in tropical Africa, where such conflicts are not international, but intra-state, inter-ethnic in nature. Here, the way of life and the way of life of ethnic groups is sometimes completely built around some element of the natural environment.

It is not difficult to establish a certain relationship between environmental

problems and the emergence of ethnic conflicts on the territory of the former USSR. Vivid examples are inter-ethnic clashes in Fergana and Sumgayit at the turn of the 80s - 90s. However, the most serious pre-conflict natural and ecological situation is developing in the Central Asian region, where the largest river arteries - the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya - have long served as common sources of water resources. It is known that in the early 1960s, due to the rapid growth of irrigated areas and water withdrawals, the inflow of river water into the Aral Sea began to decline sharply, and by the mid-1980s, the waters of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya did not reach the sea at all. The Aral began to dry up and break up into a group of bitter-salty lakes, with an area many times smaller than that of the original sea.

7. Among the reasons that give rise to outbreaks of ethno-nationalism within the former USSR, the most important are the implementation of the principle of the identity of state and national borders and economic struggle (often with a criminal "tinge" ^.

The internal borders that existed before the collapse of the USSR were, in fact, administrative and had no special political significance. Raising their status to the interstate level revealed a colossal threat to the territorial integrity of some newly formed states. Many of these borders are not perceived as legal by certain ethnic groups, which is a serious challenge to relations between states. The official recognition of existing borders and territorial integrity has become the only pragmatic solution for the post-Soviet states, although such recognition has not prevented open conflicts that have acquired a pronounced ethnic coloring. Typical examples of such clashes are military actions in Nagorno-Karabakh, South Ossetia, Abkhazia and Transnistria.

In geopolitical terms, the most unstable region of the Russian Federation remains North Caucasus, because this is where it is at risk territorial integrity countries. Statistics show that in the North Caucasus the boundaries of political and administrative units were redrawn so often that only a little more than half of the territory of the autonomies never changed their administrative affiliation. Yes, over the years Soviet power, here 38 national-state "redrawings" were undertaken, which not only did not bring the solution of territorial and ethnic problems closer, but also completely confused them. It is clear that in areas with ethnic stripes, such problems are always difficult to solve. Recall that within the boundaries of the former Soviet Caucasus there were 4 union republics, 7 autonomous and 4 autonomous regions. Only here there were vvtonomy-"communal", uniting two peoples under one roof (in Dagestan - more than 30). But even more explosive is the existence of the same peoples in different states (Armenians, Ossetians, etc.), especially when it comes to land disputes. Lack of a long-term concept for the development of interethnic relations, constant rude trampling; the rights of the khoren peoples only exacerbated the ethnodynamic situation in this region of Russia.

The divisive tendencies in the Caucasus come not only from Chechnya, but also from the influential Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus (founded in 1990 and claiming to represent all major ethnic groups in the region). Local ethnic extremism is fraught with the deterioration of Russian-Georgian (because of Abkhazia), Russian-Azerbaijani (because of Nagorno-Karabakh and increased Lezgin border activity) and Russian-Armenian (because of Nagorno-Karabakh) relations.

8. Serious challenges to Russia's national security come from areas where ethnic patchwork is layered on religious

revivalist movements, particularly in areas of traditional influence

Islam. Islamic political leaders today are stepping up their influence on the Muslim population of the Russian Federation in order to strengthen the regional political influence of Islam as a counterbalance to Moscow. The "Islamic factor" may introduce difficulties in relations with Iran, Turkey, Pakistan, Afghanistan, as well as China, in which there are areas of compact residence of the Muslim population (the main one is the Xinjiang Ungur Autonomous Region,

inhabited by Turkic-speaking Muslims).

The area of ​​Gurko-Islamic influence is usually identified with Central Asia and Kazakhstan. In political terms, the dominant trends here are, on the one hand, the traditional influence of Russia, on the other hand, the influence of Turkey and the Turkic world (covering a vast geopolitical zone along southern borders the former USSR - from the Balkans to the western part of China), and thirdly, the traditional role of Islam as a worldview and way of life for the vast majority of the region's population. Some of these tendencies appear in an explicit form, others in a latent, implicit one, but it is clear that in the near and medium term the role of the region in question in the new balance of forces on the territory of the former USSR will increase significantly. As you know, Central Asia (Kazakhstan to a much lesser extent) has traditionally been a region with a peculiar demographic situation, a difficult socio-economic situation and acute interethnic relations.

9. Of all the states formed on the site of the former USSR, Russia remains the most vulnerable to the danger of ethnic conflicts. This refers not only to the scale of the territory and the diversity of ethnic composition. Today, Russia, in addition to the regions, includes 21 autonomous republics, 1 autonomous region and 10 autonomous districts (out of the autonomous republics, 16 belong to the Soviet era; the first republic - Ingushetia - was "restored" by the decision of the Russian

parliament, 4 republics were formed from the former autonomous regions). A similar "patchwork" of federal units with different rights and duties, according to the author, will be a constant source of separatist movements. Russia needs a radical political and administrative reform.

The author believes that the new federal constitution should contain the following principles: a ban on leaving the federation; a ban on a unilateral change in the status of a subject in the federation, as this affects the interests of other subjects and the federation as a whole; any barriers to the free movement of people. goods. capital and information throughout the Federation: the supremacy of federal law in the event that local legislation contradicts it: the inadmissibility of undemocratic forms of power, the mandatory separation of powers. multi-party system, etc.

The implementation of the new principles of Russia's federal structure in no way infringes on the interests of ethnic minorities. On the contrary, accounting national characteristics and traditions of the population of a particular territory will make federal policy more flexible. First of all, this concerns the indigenous peoples of the Far North, who live in extreme natural conditions and do not stand the "test of the market." At the same time, we should not talk about securing a special state status for that million other region on the basis of its ethnic specifics (this is fraught with violations civil rights both the entire population of the country and the ethnic group itself), in the development, perhaps, of a preferential taxation system, on state latation, etc. This is a fundamentally different approach based on the ideals of civil society and does not recognize ethnic differences as

grounds for local sovereignty. The main content of the dissertation is reflected in ■ the following publications:

1. Capitals change addresses II Geography at school, No. 1, 1992. (0.3 a.l.).

2. Assimilation and depopulation of ethnic minorities as a factor of interethnic tension. IIB Sat. "Geography and geoecology" (materials of "Herzen readings"). Dep. N1 2729-1394 (11/28/1994). (0.2 a.l.).

3. Aging of European nations and the problem of destabilization of interethnic relations. IIB Sat. "Geography and Geoecology" (Materials of the Tercenoa Readings), Dep. No. 279-B94 (November 28, 1994). (0.2 a.l.).

4. Ecological component of the depopulation of ethnic minorities in the Russian North // Ecological safety and socio-economic development of Russian regions. Saransk, 1994. (0.2 a.l.).

/etc. - P.G. SutyaginU.

5. Ethno-ecological factor of social economic development regions of Russia I Environmental safety and social* economic development of Russian regions. Saransk, 1994. (0.2 a.l.). /etc. - O.V. Sokolov/.

6. Geographical approaches to the study of ethnic crises // Proceedings of the Russian Geographical Society, Volume No. 127, Issue. 1.1995. (0.5 a.l.).

/etc. - Yu.N. Smooth /.

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"TOMSK STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY"

"APPROVE"

Dean of IHF __________ Rudkovsky I.V.

"____" ______________ 2008

DISCIPLINE PROGRAM

GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF HUMANITY

DPP.B.03.01

1. Goals and objectives of the discipline

The discipline "Global problems of mankind" is integral part global geography, which has received wide recognition in the world as a rapidly developing direction that studies the spatial manifestation of planetary processes and phenomena (or those that tend to "planetarization").

The discipline is gaining an increasingly stable place in the education systems of various countries, including Russia, which, in turn, is associated with its great cognitive, moral and educational value.

Purpose of the discipline – to form an idea of ​​the most important global processes and phenomena.

Tasks :

Form a global mindset;

To master the system of knowledge about the global problems of our time;

Develop an idea of ​​what a geographical view of the global problems of our time is;

To understand the place and role of Russia in the World, the specifics of the manifestation of global problems in it and other regions of the World.

2. Requirements for the level of mastering the content of the discipline

The course "Global Problems of Humankind" is read for geography students of the Pedagogical University in the 10th semester, when the main geographical disciplines have been read and mastered, which greatly facilitates the understanding and mastering of the material presented. For the successful mastering of the discipline, students must also have knowledge of philosophy.

1. Scope of discipline and types academic work

Type of study work	Total hours	Semester
		10
The total complexity of the discipline	110	110
Auditory lessons	70	70
Lectures	42	42
Practical lessons	28	28
Independent work	40	40
Type of final control		offset

1. The content of the discipline
   1. Thematic plan
      

      №	Topic name, sections	Form of occupation
      		Lectures	Practical lessons	Independent work
      1	Introduction. Globalistics and geography.	2		3
      2	Anthropogenic impacts on individual components of nature	4	4	3
      3	Geography of mankind. Races. Ethnicities. Geography of religions	4	4	3
      4	Political geography. Economic differentiation of the world	4	2	3
      5	demographic problem	4	4	3
      6	North-South: the problem of underdevelopment	4	2	3
      7	food problem	4	2	3
      8	Energy problem. Raw material problem	4	2	3
      9	Problems of the World Ocean	4	2	3
      10	Global ethnic crisis	2	2	3
      11	The problem of health and longevity	2	2	3
      12	Other global issues	4	2	7

   2. The content of the sections of the discipline

Introduction. Global studies and geography

The relationship between the concepts of "global" and "international". Trends in globalization and regionalization of the modern world. Global geography: science and academic discipline. Global studies: term and content. Classification of global problems. Global Modeling: History, Goals and Approaches. The relationship of global problems.

Rapid change in the face of the Earth. Development of new territories. Anthropogenic impacts on individual components of nature. Anthropogenic and cultural landscapes.

The origin of man and "sapientation". Ethnic mosaic of the world. Dynamics of the number of ethnic groups speaking the languages ​​that dominate the world.

Geography of religions. Christianity. The spread of Islam. Spread of Buddhism. Localization of national religions. Geography of cultures and civilizations.

Formational and civilizational approaches to the study of human history. Territory of the state and forms of its organization. Typology of states. The end of the bipolar world and the concept of mondialism. Geopolitics: origins and modernity.

International division of labor. World (global) economy: concept, development trends. Economic integration. European Union (EU). Foreign economic relations.

The role of money in foreign economic relations. International trade. Export (export) of capital. Russia and the world economy.

North-South: the problem of underdevelopment

Formulation of the problem. Roots of backwardness. backwardness and colonialism. backwardness and geographic environment. backwardness parameters.

External debt as a factor of backwardness. Geography of backwardness. Africa. Asia. Latin America.

demographic problem

Formulation of the problem. Population explosion: its causes and consequences. Developed and developing countries: causes of demographic differences.

food problem

Formulation of the problem. Food sources in the past and now. Quality of nutrition: norms and facts. Geography of malnutrition (hunger). Tropical Africa. Monsoon Asia. Latin America. Regional types of food. Hunger and human health. Reasons for hunger. Are there any prospects for its eradication?

Formulation of the problem. Provision with oil and the transition to an energy-saving type of economy. Natural gas. Oil. Coal. Hydropower. Alternative energy sources. Nuclear power. Energy problems of Russia.

Depletion of the earth's interior. Dispersion of deposits. The role of forest resources. secondary resources. Russia and the global commodity crisis.

Problems of the World Ocean

Accumulation of knowledge about the Ocean. The problem of using the energy of the ocean. Other problems of the World Ocean.

Global ethnic crisis

Formulation of the problem. Conflict-forming factors and their geographical interpretation. The principle of identity of state and national borders. The movement of nations towards self-determination and the desire for the formation of supernations. "Aging" of nations and destabilization of interethnic relations. Assimilation and depopulation of ethnic minorities.

Ecology and ethnic strife. Other factors "provoking" outbreaks of nationalism. Tribalism is an old disease of Africa. Russia and the global ethnic crisis.

Health and Longevity Issues

Formulation of the problem. Nosogeography. Spatial "expansion" of AIDS. The spread of malignant neoplasms. Health and longevity.

Other global issues

The problem of crime. The problem of urbanization. Spontaneous natural phenomena. Problems of space exploration.

1. Practical lessons

Section of discipline	Name of practical classes	Number of hours
2. Anthropogenic impacts on individual components of nature	Work with a contour map to identify areas where the agricultural revolution took place 6-8 thousand years ago; Work with a contour map on the topic "Environmental situation in the Russian Federation".	2
3. Geography of mankind. Races. Ethnicities. Geography of religions.	Building contour maps by topic: - "Races of the world"; - Religions of the world.
4. Political geography. Economic differentiation of the world	Work with a contour map with the designation of countries that changed their names at the end of the 20th century. Designation on the contour map of various associations of economic integration of the countries of the World.	2
5. Demographic problem	Working with a contour map to identify countries with intensive natural population growth and negative natural growth.	4
6. North-South: the problem of underdevelopment	Working with a contour map to highlight the "backward" countries of the world, according to the UN scale.	2
7. Food problem	Work with a contour map on the topic "Characteristics of regional types of food"	2
8. Energy problem. Raw material problem	Work with a contour map to identify the leading countries in energy and raw materials, as well as countries with a shortage of resources.	2
9. Problems of the World Ocean	Work with a contour map to identify the regions of the World Ocean with the largest biological, mineral and energy resources.	2
10 Global Ethnic Crisis	Work with a contour map on the topic "Ethnic situation in Russia at the beginning of the 21st century"	2
11. The problem of health and longevity	Highlighting on the contour map of countries unfavorable for tourism. Construction of a contour map, highlighting characteristic diseases in various parts of the globe.	2
12. Other global issues	Problems of the student's choice are considered.	2

6. Educational and methodological support of discipline

a) main

1 Isachenko, A.G. Theory and methodology of geographical science: a textbook for universities / A. G. Isachenko. - M. : Academy, 2004. - S. 352-389.

2 Peremitina, N.A. World economy: tutorial/ ON THE. Peremitin; Federal Agency for Education, GOU VPO TSPU. - Tomsk: Publishing House of TSPU, 2006. - 206 p.

b) additional

1 Apostolov, E.T. Urbanization: trends and hygienic and demographic problems: monograph / E. Apostolov, H. Michkov; per. from Bulgarian A. N. Ivanova. -M. : Medicine, 1977. – 398 p.

2 Biosphere: pollution, degradation, protection: a brief explanatory dictionary: Textbook for universities / D.S. Orlov [i dr.]. - M. : Higher school, 2003. - 123 p.

3 Global geography. 10-11 cells. : textbook / Yu.N. Smooth, S.B. Lavrov. - M. : Bustard, 2007. - 318 p.

4 Goldovskaya, L.F. Chemistry environment: textbook for universities / L.F. Golodovskaya. - 2nd ed. - M. : Mir, 2007. - 2007. - 294 p.

5 Mironov, V.V. Philosophy: textbook / VV Mironov. - M. : Prospect, 2005.-238 p.

6 Petrova, N.N. Geography: Modern world: textbook / N.N. Petrov. - M. : Forum, 2005. - 222 p.

Socio-economic geography of the foreign world / under. Ed. V.V. Volsky. - 3rd ed., Rev. - M. : Bustard, 2005. - 557 p.

7 Strelnik, O.N. Philosophy: short course lectures / O. N. Strelnik. - M. : Yurayt, 2003. - 239 p.

8 Rodionova, I.A. Global problems of mankind: a textbook for electives. course / I.A. Rodionov. - M.: Aspect Press, 1995. -159 p.

6.2. Means of ensuring the development of discipline

Cards:

Physical map of Russia: Thematic map / Scale 1: 5000000. - M .: Federal Service for Geodesy and Cartography, 1998.

Map Population of Russia: Thematic map / Scale 1:1:5000000. - M. : Federal service of geodesy and cartography, 1987.

Political and administrative map of the Russian Federation: Thematic map / Scale 1:5000000. - M. : Federal service of geodesy and cartography, 1998.

Atlases:

Atlas in two parts for educational institutions Grade 9 Geography of Russia. - Ch.I. Nature and man. - Omsk: Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Omsk Cartographic Factory", 2005. - 72 p.

Atlas in two parts for educational institutions grade 9. Geography of Russia.- Part II. population and economy. - Omsk: Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Omsk Cartographic Factory", 2005. - 72 p.

Ecological Atlas of Russia / ed. Yu.M. Artemiev; Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, Federal Ecological Fund of the Russian Federation, Faculty of Geography of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, ZAO Map; Printed by Loimaan Kirjapaino OY, Finland, 2002. - 128 p.

7. Logistics of discipline

According to the State Educational Standard for the specialty 032500.00, the course "Global problems of mankind" is offered, which is included in the cycle of disciplines of subject training (DPP.V.03.01).

When mastering the discipline, it is recommended to follow the sequence of presentation of the topics proposed in the program. Theoretical knowledge reinforced in practical exercises. When submitting material, it is advisable to demonstrate the illustrative material of printed publications and the Internet; it is reasonable to offer atlases as handouts for each lecture (see clause 6.2.).

List of sample questions and tasks for independent work

Global studies and geography

1. Try to define the tasks of certain areas of global studies: 1) philosophical; 2) economic; 3) political; 4) prognostic; 5) geographical.
2. Could you name some phenomena or processes in nature or society that gave (or give) impulses for development scientific research in the field of global studies?
3. It is known that any classification scheme is based on a logical starting point, i.e., a criterion. Try to classify global problems according to the following criteria: a) severity of manifestation; b) time (order) of occurrence; c) the possibility of a positive decision (mitigation).
4. Which of the global problems affects your personal interests: a) strongly; b) moderately; c) does not affect at all?
5. What is the practical strength of global geography as a scientific direction? Developments in what area of ​​global geography do you think are the most promising?
6. What is the benefit of global modeling? How can one explain the difficulties with the selection of social indicators in global modeling (especially when trying to formalize human qualities and needs)?

global studies; geographic global studies; global geography; geospheric-biospheric models; alarmist models; social indicators in global models.

Anthropogenic impacts on individual components of nature

1. As you know, history can be approached in two ways: the history of nature and the history of people. Try to trace the main threads of mutual conditioning of the history of nature and the history of mankind.
2. Even 200 years ago, the German thinker I. Herder stated: "No way of life has made so many changes in the minds of people as farming on a fenced plot of land." Could you elaborate on his train of thought?
3. Due to what spaces is the expansion of the territorial framework of the world economy taking place today?
4. It is widely known in the literature that vegetation is a kind of litmus test of anthropogenic changes. And why, after all, not relief, hydrographic network, etc.?
5. After the peasant reform in Russia in 1861, the areas of eroded lands, primarily ravines, began to grow rapidly in the Central Black Earth region. How can you explain this?
6. One of the most famous attempts to classify anthropogenic complexes belongs to V.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, who, according to the degree of human impact, divided all landscapes into: 1) primitive (virgin); 2) semi-wild (slightly affected by human influence); 3) cultural (transformed); 4) running wild (partially self-regenerating as a result of the decline of human culture) and 5) running wild (with the renewal of all elements of the primitive landscape). How practical is this classification today? What are its vulnerabilities?
7. What needs to be changed in the psychology, thinking and activity of a person in order to establish his new relationship with natural environment, for the formation of truly cultural landscapes?

Geography of mankind. Races. Ethnicities. Geography of religions

1. What factors clearly indicate that humanity is not a chaotic "scattered" group of people around the planet and poorly connected with each other, but a single whole?
2. Why modern science relates the racial problem to the field of anthropology only?
3. Try to give examples of states where there is a coincidence of a racial group with a certain people.
4. What do you know about L. N. Gumilyov's theory of ethnogenesis, which attracted much attention in the 80-90s of the scientific community? What meaning did the scientist put into the concept of "passionarity"? How do you feel about this theory?
5. Why is language the most common ethno-differentiating feature, and not other elements of the same culture (religion, traditions, etc.)?
6. It is known that knowledge of the religious affiliation of the population helps to better understand the features of the economic and social geography of individual countries and peoples. Could you develop this story further by giving concrete examples and illustrations?
7. How can you explain the fact that the cultural and civilizational characteristics of ethnic groups are much less mobile and changeable than, say, political, economic, and some others?
8. Check your understanding of the following terms and categories:

sapientation; monocentric theory of human origin; polycentric theory of the origin of man; ethnodifferentiating factors; old written languages; early written languages; unwritten languages; world religions; national religions; "self-identification" of members of an ethnic group, civilization, etc.

Political geography. Economic differentiation of the world

1. Discuss all the pros and cons associated with the "formational" and "civilizational" approaches in science. Which of them, in your opinion, allows you to more reasonably judge the geographical shifts that took place (and are taking place) on the planet?
2. What is the difference political system from the government? Show with an example.
3. Try using the example of a specific cultural and historical region to establish what factors determined such a high degree of its internal unity.
4. Give your own assessment of the methodology used by the UN to determine the level of socio-economic development of the country. Are there indicators, in your opinion, more important than those used by this international organization to assess the level of development and (or) backwardness?
5. Discuss the geopolitical concept of Eurasianism. If for some reason it does not suit you, try to formulate your own long-term geopolitical concept of the country.
6. Mark on the contour map of the former USSR areas of "vital interests" of Russia. Are there any such areas outside former Union? Argument your opinion.
7. Check how you learned the following terms and categories: aerotoria; geotoria; delimitation; demarcation; adjudication; accretion; enclave; the concept of Eurasianism; electoral geography; heartland; rimland; geopolitics; geopolitical code; political geography; cultural and historical region; formational approach; civilizational approach.

1. Why does the formula of the famous English economist D. Ricardo “not work” in real life: each country produces what it can do better than others? What prevents the establishment of such an ideal picture of the international division of labor?
2. What conditions are necessary for the specialization of the country's economy in the production of certain types of products?
3. Consider what geographic factors contributed to the transformation of Great Britain into the "factory (workshop) of the world" in its time.
4. By logical arguments, prove that the economic isolation (autarky) of the country inevitably leads to a decrease in the efficiency of social production.
5. Using new information (taken from fresh sources, including scientific periodicals, the media), analyze the dynamics of the development of the main material blocks of the world economy (“who is overtaking whom?”).
6. What forms of international economic relations should, in your opinion, be developed by Russia? What is your position based on?
7. How can the ideas of "Eurasianism" (which was discussed in the topic "Political Geography") be combined with plans for the economic revival of Russia?

the first industrial revolution; second industrial revolution; third industrial revolution; international division of labor; autarky; centers of power; inflation (creeping, galloping, hyperinflation); devaluation, revaluation; the concept of "industrial niche"; customs tariffs; foreign trade turnover; foreign trade balance; payment balance; direct investment.

demographic problem

1. Published in 1798 by the English priest Thomas Malthus, An Essay on the Law of Population influenced the minds of people all over the world (including Charles Darwin). The conclusions of Malthus, based on the law of diminishing returns and ridiculed more than once in Soviet literature, have not lost their significance to this day. And yet, what is rational in the ideas of Malthus? The reality of which specific countries partly confirms today the correctness of his concept?
2. How many people were in your great-grandfather's family? In your father's family? How many do you suppose will be in your own family?
3. How convincing do you think the demographic transition theory is?
4. Which of the "instruments" of demographic policy seem to you the most effective? Does the specifics of the country implementing the demographic policy influence their choice? Give examples.
5. What are the reasons for the depopulation processes manifested in certain countries of the world? Are the roots of depopulation processes the same in some countries? Western Europe and in Russia?
6. It is known that the goals and means of demographic policy on the scale of such a federal state as Russia should be "regionalized". Could you point out the demographic specifics of individual regions of Russia?
7. Check your understanding of the following terms and categories:

population explosion; demographic transition theory; phases of demographic transition; simple reproduction of the population; demographic optimum; demographic policy; means of implementing demographic policy; depopulation processes; demographic waves.

North-South: the problem of underdevelopment

1. What is the meaning of the term "social progress"?
2. What is the difference between the concepts of "backwardness" and "poverty"? Do you agree that the guilt of colonialism in perpetuating the backwardness of developing countries has traditionally been exaggerated in our literature? What is the dual role of colonialism?
3. What is the "scale" of underdevelopment of developing countries, adopted by the UN? What criteria of backwardness can be considered the most reliable in characterizing the countries of the modern world?
4. Describe geographical features backwardness of the countries of the African continent.
5. What are the features of the geography of the backwardness of the Asian states?
6. Where and why are the main "islands of backwardness" concentrated in Latin America?
7. Comment on the following words of a prominent Japanese cultural figure, said in relation to Russia: “Why are you all shouting so loudly - crisis, crisis, catastrophe! You used to think that you live in the best country in the world, now that you live in the worst. After the war, things were much worse for us - everything was destroyed, there was no government, no resources, but we did not panic, but began to work and created a new civilization in 40 years.
8. Check your understanding of the following terms and categories:

social development; social progress; internal causes of backwardness; external causes of backwardness; absolute poverty; relative poverty.

food problem

1. Why is the food used by man to maintain life, at the same time, considered the product of his general culture?
2. It is known that many countries of the East and West have long since achieved food abundance. What, then, gives the food problem a global dimension?
3. What discoveries at the intersection of medicine and archeology refute the conventional wisdom about the "carnivorousness" of our distant ancestors?
4. What two criteria primarily determine the quality of human nutrition, and what kind of relationship exists between them?
5. Why is sub-Saharan Africa usually considered the global “hunger pole”, despite the fact that the countries of monsoonal Asia hold the lead in terms of the absolute number of hungry people?
6. As interpreted in scientific literature the question of the origin of the unprecedented Sahelian droughts in Africa in the 80s, which led to hundreds of thousands of people starving to death?
7. It is known that the boundaries of regional types of nutrition do not coincide with the boundaries of individual states. What food for thought does this situation give the geographer?
8. Establish cause-and-effect relationships in a "vicious circle" system: "poverty - poor nutrition - disease - low productivity - poverty".
9. What do you think are the main causes of the ongoing food crisis in the Third World?

10. Check your understanding of the following terms and categories:

Hunger (malnutrition); improper (malnutrition) nutrition; hidden hunger; isodynamic theory; "Harris stripes"; anemia; take-take disease; regional type of food; sahelian droughts.

Energy problem. Raw material problem

1. You know the two main components of the global energy problem. Will the ratio of their role in the aggravation of the energy situation in the world at the beginning of the next millennium change somehow? Why?
2. Try to uncover the socio-political roots of the energy crisis that has erupted in Western world in the 70s.
3. Determine the most optimal, from your point of view, territories and water areas of the planet for the construction of power plants operating on alternative energy sources.
4. Describe the main ways of transition to an energy-saving type of economy. What do you know about the energy saving policy pursued by Western countries and Japan?
5. How did the Chernobyl tragedy affect the energy strategy in the world? Discuss both purely emotional and science-based responses to this biggest man-made disaster of modern times.
6. Describe the state of the energy economy in Russia. How, in your opinion, should the country's fuel and energy balance be adjusted? Is it worth paying more attention to the regional modifications of the thermopile?
7. Formulate the essence of the global raw material problem. What are its main components?
8. Why would it be an oversimplification to reduce the raw material problem to purely geological questions of the presence and distribution of mineral resources on the planet?
9. Check how you learned the term "clark". Is it possible, when analyzing the real endowment of the world economy with mineral resources, to proceed from this indicator? Explain.
10. How do forest resources fit into the global resource problem?
11. Explain the reasons for the policy of the so-called "resource autarky" (resource independence), pursued by the government of the USSR during almost all the years of the existence of Soviet power.
12. What is the "populism" of the widely used expression that all the elements are present on the geological map of a country periodic system Mendeleev?
13. Indicate the main ways to reduce the resource wastefulness of modern humanity.
14. What is the difference between "waste", "low waste" and "wasteless" technologies? What does complex processing of raw materials have to do with them?
15. In what forms does the global raw material problem manifest itself in Russia? What preventive measures to "mitigate" resource and raw materials difficulties could you recommend?
16. Scenario the state of the global commodity problem by 2100.

Problems of the World Ocean

1. What exactly is the specificity of the development and ecology of the World Ocean, which usually serves as an argument in identifying the global problems of this sphere of the planet?
2. It is known that the ocean covers most of the Earth, significantly exceeding the land area. Shouldn't we rename the planet to Oceania in this regard? How do you justify the answer to this rather provocative question?
3. There is a popular belief that "hydrocosmos" is less explored today reverse side Moon. What, in your opinion, are the most promising directions in the study of the problems of the World Ocean?
4. What do you know about the merits of the famous French oceanographer J. I. Cousteau? About the researchers of the Mariana Trench?
5. Why does the problem of developing the mineral resources of the World Ocean have a global impact?
6. How can one explain the sometimes occurring concentration of bioresources within the deep-water sections of the Ocean, which, as is well known, is an exception to the general rule?
7. Which types of renewable energy carriers of the Ocean are the most promising? Justify your answer.
8. In the Hermitage (St. Petersburg) there is a famous painting by P. Rubens "The Union of Earth and Water", on which the goddess Glory crowns the union of the goddess of the Earth Cybele and the god of the Sea Neptune. What is the essence of the inseparable and vital connection between land and sea for a person?
9. Check your understanding of the following terms and categories:

upwelling; aquaculture; "thickening of life"; current energy; kinetic energy of waves; thermal energy of the ocean.

Global ethnic crisis

1. Ethnic crises are analyzed within the framework of many sciences, including ethnogeography, a scientific direction formed at the intersection of ethnography and geography. In this regard, could you outline an approximate range of problems that ethnic geography is called upon to deal with?
2. Discuss the content of the concepts of "state interest" and "national interest". When is it important to distinguish between them?
3. Give examples of ethnic crises, the roots of which have very little to do with the manifestation of ethno-nationalism.
4. What is hidden behind the term "tribalism"? Why is it most dangerous in sub-Saharan Africa?
5. What are the specific historical ups and downs of the formation of the Russian Empire, and then Soviet Union"laid" a powerful foundation for interethnic conflict?
6. Try to assess interethnic conflicts in the territory of the former USSR. In what cases does your own position not coincide with official point vision? Argument it.
7. According to the 1989 census, the number of people who called Russian their native language was: in Ukraine - 32.8%, in Belarus - 31.9%, Kazakhstan - 47.4%, Moldova - 23.1%, Latvia - 42 1%, Kyrgyzstan - 25.5%, Estonia - 34.8%, etc. Why does this factor of escalation of interethnic tensions manifest itself differently in these countries?
8. Check your understanding of the following terms and categories:

ethnic crisis; ethnic conflict; conflict-forming factor; assimilation processes; depopulation of ethnic minorities; tribalism; the image of the "cauldron" in the process of US national consolidation; the image of a "patchwork quilt" in the process of US national consolidation.

Other global issues

1. Given the well-known "belatedness" in the geographical understanding of some of the global problems considered in this topic, try to formulate a kind of "geographical credo" yourself when analyzing them.
2. What are the connections between the geocriminogenic situation and 1) the sex and age structure of the local population; 2) natural conditions territory?
3. What is the difference between the terms "natural disasters" and "natural disasters"? Which of the natural disasters has the most pronounced global focus?
4. What are the arguments in favor of identifying the global problem of urbanization?
5. Can we seriously consider the problem of bureaucracy global? Justify any point of view.
6. Are you familiar with the contents of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights? Which of its positions do you particularly like? Which of them, in your opinion, are still poorly observed in Russia? (The text of the Declaration is almost completely given in the book: Gladky Yu. N., Lavrov S. B. Give the planet a chance! - M., 1995.)
7. What other problems can you add to the above list of global problems of our time?
8. Check your understanding of the following terms and expressions:

geocriminogenic situation; urbanized areas; standard metropolitan statistical areas; megalo policies; suburbanization; catastrophe theory; classification of natural natural phenomena.

Approximate topics of abstracts, term papers and qualifying (thesis) works

Approximate topics of abstracts

1. problems of large cities.
2. Hypotheses of global climate change of the Earth.
3. Hypotheses of stabilization of the population of the Earth.

Approximate topics of term papers

1. The problem of crime.
2. The problem of urbanization.
3. The problem of technological accidents.
4. Spontaneous natural phenomena.
5. Problems of space exploration.
6. Exacerbation of interethnic relations in foreign Europe at the end of the twentieth century.
7. Arab-Israeli conflict: history and modernity.
8. military conflicts in Persian Gulf: causes and consequences.
9. Regional and local conflicts in Africa at the end of the 20th century.
10. Regional and local conflicts in Asia at the end of the 20th century.
11. Aggravation of interethnic relations in the territory of the former USSR at the end of the 20th century.
12. Alternative and non-traditional energy sources.
13. Use of the mineral resources of the World Ocean.
14. Use of the energy resources of the oceans.
15. The problem of pollution of the oceans.
16. Problems of education, science, culture.
17. "Information explosion" in the modern world.
18. Features of the geography of the world scientific and educational infrastructure.
19. The problem of human health and longevity.
20. The problem of space exploration.
21. problems of large cities.
22. The hypothesis of global climate change of the Earth.
23. The hypothesis of stabilization of the population of the Earth.
24. The concept of sustainable development.
25. Critical ecological regions of the world.
26. Critical ecological regions of Russia.
27. Environmental problems in Africa.
28. The problem of Islamism and Muslim extremism.

Approximate qualification (thesis) works

1. Methodological developments on the topic "Global ethnic crisis" in the ninth grade of high school.
2. Methodological developments on the topic "Raw material problem" in the ninth grade of high school.
3. Methodological developments on the topic "Demographic problems" in the ninth grade of high school.
4. Methodological developments on the topic "Problems of the World Ocean" in the ninth grade of high school.
5. Methodological developments on the topic "Energy problem" in the ninth grade of high school.
6. Methodological developments on the topic "Food problem" in the ninth grade of high school.

An indicative list of questions for the test

1. The relationship between the concepts of "global" and "international".
2. Trends in globalization and regionalization of the modern world. Global geography: science and academic discipline.
3. Global studies: term and content.
4. Classification of global problems.
5. Global Modeling: History, Goals and Approaches.
6. The relationship of global problems.
7. Rapid change in the face of the Earth. Development of new territories.
8. Anthropogenic and cultural landscapes.
9. The origin of man and "sapientation".
10. Ethnic mosaic of the world.
11. Dynamics of the number of ethnic groups speaking the languages ​​that dominate the world.
12. Geography of religions. Christianity. The spread of Islam. Spread of Buddhism. Localization of national religions.
13. Geography of cultures and civilizations.
14. Formational and civilizational approaches to the study of human history.
15. Territory of the state and forms of its organization.
16. Typology of states.
17. The end of the bipolar world and the concept of mondialism. Geopolitics: origins and modernity.
18. International division of labor.
19. World (global) economy: concept, development trends.
20. Economic integration. European Union (EU).
21. Foreign economic relations. The role of money in foreign economic relations.
22. International trade. Export (export) of capital. Russia and the world economy.
23. Statement of the problem of backwardness. Roots of backwardness. backwardness and colonialism. backwardness and geographic environment. backwardness parameters. External debt as a factor of backwardness. Geography of backwardness. Africa. Asia. Latin America.
24. Population explosion: its causes and consequences.
25. Statement of the food problem. Food sources in the past and now. Quality of nutrition: norms and facts.
26. Geography of malnutrition (hunger). Tropical Africa. Monsoon Asia. Latin America.
27. Regional types of food. Hunger and human health. Reasons for hunger. Are there any prospects for its eradication?
28. Statement of the energy problem.
29. Provision with oil and the transition to an energy-saving type of economy. Natural gas. Oil. Coal.
30. Hydropower. Alternative energy sources. Nuclear power.
31. Energy problems of Russia.
32. Depletion of the earth's interior. Dispersion of deposits.
33. The role of forest resources. secondary resources.
34. Russia and the global commodity crisis.
35. The problem of using the energy of the ocean. Other problems of the World Ocean.
36. Global ethnic crisis
37. Conflict-forming factors and their geographical interpretation. The principle of identity of state and national borders.
38. The movement of nations towards self-determination and the desire for the formation of supernations. "Aging" of nations and destabilization of interethnic relations.
39. Assimilation and depopulation of ethnic minorities. Ecology and ethnic strife. Other factors "provoking" outbreaks of nationalism. Tribalism is an old disease of Africa.
40. Russia and the global ethnic crisis.
41. Statement of the problem of health and longevity. Nosogeography.
42. Spatial "expansion" of AIDS. The spread of malignant neoplasms.
43. The problem of crime.
44. The problem of urbanization.
45. The problem of technological accidents.
46. Spontaneous natural phenomena.
47. Problems of space exploration.

The program is compiled in accordance with the State Educational Standard for Higher vocational education in the specialty 032500.00 "Geography with an additional specialty"

The program was compiled

Candidate of Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Geography ______________________ T.V. Ershov

Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Geography _____________________ A.V. Rodikova

The discipline program was approved at a meeting of the Department of Geography

Protocol No. dated « » 2008

Head Department of Geography, IGP TSPU, Associate Professor, Candidate of Geol.-Mineral. n. HER. Pugacheva

The discipline program was approved by the IHF Methodological Commission

Protocol No. dated "____" ______2008

Chairman of the methodological commission of the IHF

Associate Professor, Ph.D. n., head. cafe Theory and methods of teaching history ____________ O. Yu. Nazarova

Agreed:

IHF Dean ______________ I. V. Rudkovsky

Change sheet

Additions and changes to the program of the academic discipline for 200_ / 200_ academic year

The following changes are made to the curriculum of the discipline:

The program of the discipline was approved at a meeting of the Department of Geography

Protocol No. dated "" 200

Head Department of Geography ________________

The program of the discipline was approved by the methodological commission of the IGP TSPU

Chairman of the methodological commission of the IHF __________________

Agreed:

Dean of IHF _____________________

In the 20th century, humanity has faced a number of problems and crises that require a solution on a global scale.

These problems, concerning the fate of the further development of human civilization, are called global (from Latin globus - the globe).

For the first time, mankind realized itself as a whole during the First World War. Since there were no borders and distances for hostilities, millions of people were drawn into a military conflict on a global scale. At this time, the doctrine of the noosphere arose, whose authorship belongs to Vladimir Vernadsky (1863-1945). He called man the largest force on Earth, capable of changing the face of the planet and influencing its present and future.

Global crises of an alarmist nature

The ever-increasing number of global problems has led to the fact that humanity today faces two development paths:

• either it will continue to develop spontaneously, acting destructively on the surrounding world,
• or purposefully restructure his being in a fundamental way.

There are two types of an alarmist crisis (from French alarme - anxiety):

1) a limited amount of resources, the presence of "economic borders" at the same level of growth of world civilization will eventually lead to a catastrophe - a shortage of raw materials;

2) the unreasonable attitude of man towards nature, uncontrolled consumption and processing of natural resources (for example, consistent deforestation, an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and, as a consequence, an increase in air temperature, etc.) will lead to total pollution and natural disasters.

Alarmist crises are only getting worse with time, which is facilitated by the rapid industrialization of mankind. Solving problems such as hunger, lack of fresh water, closing the gap between developing countries and developed ones leads to a constant growth of industry and economy, and this requires an increasing amount of resources.

Types of global crises and their causes

The development of society leads to other types of global crises:

• the growth of scientific and technological progress is necessarily associated with the risk of man-made disasters, like the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant;

• natural disasters lead to catastrophic consequences (hurricanes that have hit the United States in recent years, the explosion at Fukushima);

• social conflicts - wars, revolutions, terrorism and religious extremism - have a devastating effect on economic, energy and industrial infrastructure;

• "crisis of internal development" arises due to the uneven distribution of energy resources on the territory of the Earth, while the prosperous segments of the population protect themselves from environmental issues arising from the processing of resources, while others social groups forced to deal with an increasingly deteriorating environmental situation.

Aurelio Peccei noted that global problems do not know social and political boundaries, they are the same for everyone.

Among the main reasons, scientists name:

1) The unity of the modern world, which was formed thanks to interpenetrating political and economic ties. Oddly enough, this was most clearly manifested during the world wars. Second World War, which began as a small conflict on the borders of Germany and Poland, soon swept the whole world. The philosopher N. Berdyaev wrote that

in the military "world whirlwind at an accelerated pace of movement" everything was mixed up, a person could be "torn to shreds", great cultural values ​​\u200b\u200bwere destroyed.

2) The growth of the industrial production of the planet. Compared to the beginning of the 20th century, the production index today has increased by more than 50 times. The world GDP is about 13 trillion dollars. According to scientists, by 2050 it will increase 10 times. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857–1935) predicted as early as the century before last that man would become the most powerful force on the planet. At the same time, a person influences nature much more strongly than the most violent natural elements and often cannot control the changes caused by his activity.

3) The global crisis is also caused by the uneven level of development of industry and culture in different countries. However, thanks to advanced information technology, such as television, satellite communications, the Internet, any information about discoveries and events becomes available in any corner the globe. Meanwhile, people who have access to this information are at different stages of civilization: tribes that are in tribal relations live a couple of hours from Cape Canaveral or the Baikonur Cosmodrome, from where mankind explores space. Therefore, the problem of ownership is acute in the world nuclear weapons and there is the threat of nuclear terrorism.

Ways to solve global crises

Some scientists suggest the death of mankind within the next century. However, looking back at history, one can draw not so pessimistic conclusions. Mankind is able to find compromise solutions even in the most difficult situations. For example, we managed to avoid nuclear war between the USSR and the USA during the Caribbean Crisis at the end of the 20th century.

In the 1960s and 1970s, many centers were created that brought together futurologists to study the philosophy of global problems. One of the most famous is the Club of Rome, which explores the relationship of all aspects of human life in two directions: economic development and human relationships.

In the report "Limits to Growth" (1972), scientists J. Forrester and D. Meadows spoke of the need for immediate economic and environmental stabilization, global balance, in connection with which humanity needs to reconsider the very structure of its needs.

In 1974, M. Mesarovic and E. Pestel published the report "Humanity at the Turning Point". They believed that the world is not just a single whole. The world is like an organism in which each element has its own specific features. The industrial society, in which the economy was the determining factor of development, is a thing of the past. Therefore, humanity needs a qualitative leap in the development of civilization, and not a further increase in industrial power (quantitative development).

We offer a presentation on this topic:

One of the founders of the Club of Rome, Aurelio Peccei, argued that the growth of industrial potential and industrialization in reality is nothing more than a myth, behind which many global problems are hidden.

A. Peccei sees the way out not only in the development of a legal framework that increases liability for environmental crimes, the introduction of environmentally friendly industries, the use of environmentally friendly energy sources. The main thing is the “internal transformation” of the person himself. A. Peccei belongs to the idea of ​​"new humanism" - a harmonious balance between man and nature, the creation of new cultural values, which should be made the foundation of the worldview of the entire population of the Earth. This will lead to the cultural evolution of human civilization, the emergence of a "renewed man"

The "new humanism" is characterized by three aspects:

• sense of globality;
• striving for justice;
• rejection of violence.

The integral human personality and its inexhaustible possibilities are placed at the center of this concept of the philosophy of global problems. Mankind needs an "unprecedented cultural restructuring", the transformation of the consciousness of everyone without exception.

According to A. Peccei, such a “human revolution” is the only real way out of the socio-cultural crisis of the modern world.

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Lesson 1 Global Ethnic Crisis

Lesson 1

Global ethnic crisis

Tasks:

1. Form an idea of ​​the ethnic crisis as a global problem of mankind.

2. Consider the anatomy of the ethnic crisis through the prism of geography.

3. Develop skills in working with the text of the textbook: separate the main information from the secondary, reformulate in your own words, systematize.

4. Develop group work skills: exchange of information, development of a joint solution, presentation to the class.

5. Raise interest in the world around and the events taking place in it.

How did this become possible: the enlightened XXI century,

multicultural world, global network of the Internet,

Al Jazeera, CNN, quarks, plasma, DNA mysteries

and space, and humanity has not become more tolerant,

neither more humane nor smarter, and religion does not soften morals,

but becomes an additional line of split in society.

Valeria Novodvorskaya, journalist

"New time", No. 6, 2006.

Activation of cognitive activity

Students are asked to recall previously learned material.

What is the modern world?

What is he? What tendencies are typical for it?

Trends:

1. "Narrowing of the world" - the possibility of faster movement in space, temporary "reduction" of distances due to the technical capabilities of modern transport.

2. Formation of stable economic relations between the countries of the world at two levels: international and transnational. International relations are carried out between states at the level of heads of state, government and other government organizations. Transnational relations are carried out at the level of transnational corporations through a network of their subsidiaries and branches.

3. Deep development and penetration of communication systems (communications) into all spheres of human life.

Conclusion: These trends lead to the fact that the world becomes compact, accessible, transparently visible. The world is shrinking to a point.

Along with the tendencies of unification and integration, the world is witnessing the processes of regionalization: the rise of nationalism and "sovereignization". There is a trend towards self-determination, self-identification of countries and peoples. There is a growth and deepening of national-ethnic problems.

new material

Give examples of "hot spots" of the planet.

Working with the map "Hot spots of the planet".

The problem of the ethnic crisis has a global character.

Confirm that the problem is indeed global. (It is characterized by all three features: it arose as a result of the development of society, it prevents further development humanity and threatens the existence of the world community, it can be solved only by the efforts of all countries of the world.).

Prove that the problem of the ethnic crisis concerns every person.

(Terrorism has become one of the manifestations of the global ethnic crisis. The victims of terrorist acts are people of different nationalities, religions and life principles.).

Organization of work in groups.

Group work.

Each group has 5 people.

The duration of work in groups is 15-17 minutes.

Each group gets a task.

1. Get acquainted with the text of the textbook p.226-233. Distribute tasks among group members independently:

The text “The principle of identity of state and national borders” and “The movement of nations towards self-determination and the desire to form supernations”, pp.226-227.

Text “Aging” of nations and destabilization of interethnic relations”, pp.228-229.

Assimilation and depopulation of ethnic minorities”, pp.229-230.

- "Ecology and ethnic strife", "Other factors "provoking" outbreaks of nationalism", pp.230-232.

- “Tribalism is an old disease of Africa”, pp.232-233.

2. In the course of reading, highlight the main thing in the text, establish relationships and patterns, and, if necessary, make notes in your notebook.

3. Prepare to present the results of your work to the group.

4. Consider Figure 41 on p.224. Answer the questions.

What reasons, in your opinion, most often provoke ethnic conflicts in the modern world? Try to systematize the causes of conflicts by region. Does the level of development of countries matter?

Is it possible to systematize the forms of manifestation by region? Does the level of development of countries matter?

Generalization

Questions about the possibility of systematizing the factors and forms of manifestation of ethnic conflicts are brought up for discussion in the class. Systematization options and arguments are heard.

Possible conclusions:

1. The factor is largely determined by the age of the population, which depends on the demographic situation in the country, the ethnic mosaic of the territory, and the latest political processes taking place in this territory.

2. In developed countries, the manifestations of the ethnic crisis are predominantly "peaceful" in nature, while in developing countries - armed confrontation. The question is discussed why in Europe the forms of expression develop from peaceful to armed. (Perhaps this is due to the high number of foreign citizens. Along with the migration of foreigners, forms of expression also “migrate.”).

One of the systematization options

Homework:

Group 1.

Read carefully the text of Topic 12 "Global Ethnic Crisis". Make as complete a dictionary of concepts and terms as possible. Use additional literature and the possibilities of the Internet.

Group 2

Compile a catalog of Internet resources on the "hot" spots of the planet. Write a short annotation for the links. Organize information. Choose your own systematization method.

Group 3.

Compile a bibliographic catalog of information materials (articles, messages) on the topic "Global ethnic crisis", confirming the existence of a problem in the world. Write a short annotation for each bibliographic reference.

Group 4

Confirm that ethnic conflicts exist on the territory of Russia. Arrange informational messages in the form of a table (determine the form and content yourself).

Group 5.

Make a list of ways to resolve ethnic conflicts in the world. Assess their strengths and weaknesses. Present the results of the work in a form convenient for work.

Lesson 2

Global ethnic crisis. Presentation of the results of work in groups.

Tasks:

1. Expand knowledge on the topic using the results of the work of the groups.

2. Develop skills in working with oral information: perception, highlighting the main thing, fixing.

Presentation of the results of the group's work

Message order:

1. Present the task to the class.

2. Actions to complete the task.

3. The results of the task.

Group presentation order:

1. Dictionary of concepts and terms.

2. Bibliographic list of media information.

3. Catalog of Internet resources.

The results of the work of groups to identify areas of ethnic tension in Russia are considered in more detail. Each member of the group makes a detailed report. Answers clarifying questions.

Particular attention is drawn to the ways of resolving ethnic conflicts, which are not systematized in the textbook. The results of the group's work are discussed.

Commenting on homework

Each student is invited to consider one of the ethnic conflicts in more detail and enter the information in the table.

Lesson 3

Russia and the Global Ethnic Crisis

Tasks:

1. Expanding knowledge on the topic through working with additional information.

2. Development of information analysis skills, its folding and presentation to the audience.

3. Bringing students to the realization of the problem of the ethnic crisis as personally significant.

Here is one of the bleakest predictions for the future:

if "whites" and "non-whites" do not learn to live side by side,

stoop to mutual accusations and settling accounts,

they will not understand the value of mutual understanding, if racial wars enter our lives, then the 21st century will become even more tragic than the past century we experienced. Although, it would seem, much more tragic.

Apollon Davidson, professor at Moscow State University

Presenting results to a class individual work on a forward assignment.

Message "Islamization of the modern world".

Task: make notes in a notebook along the way. Causes of Islamization of the world, centers, ways of distribution, methods of solution. Does this problem concern Russia? What measures should the state take?

Organization of work in groups

Groups receive assignments

Group 1.

The task of this group is not presented to the class,

Will be reviewed by the teacher at the end of the lesson.

Group 2

Group 3.

Check out the information provided. Give arguments in favor of those who consider the problem far-fetched. Propose measures to preserve the Kaliningrad region as part of the Russian Federation and educate Kaliningraders as faithful citizens of the country.

Group 4

Consider Figure 42 on page 234 of the textbook. Determine, using conventional signs, the severity of interethnic relations in the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug of the Irkutsk Region. To what extent do you think the forthcoming referendum on the unification of the two subjects - the Irkutsk region and the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug - will help to solve the problem of interethnic relations. Justify your point of view. Present the results of your work in a convenient way.

Group 5.

On April 16, 2006, a referendum will be held on the unification of two subjects - the Irkutsk region and the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug. Review the information provided. Guess what the outcome of the vote will be. Is it possible in the future, in the case of positive voting results, exacerbation of national problems? What measures need to be taken to maintain a stable situation. Present the results in a convenient way.

The groups present the results of their work.

Discussion of the results of the work of the groups.

Reflection

Write an essay of 5-7 sentences on the topic “Can the 21st century for the world and Russia become a century of nationalism and separatism? What to do?". State your point of view, try to argue it.

Group 4

Consider Figure 42 on page 234 of the textbook.

Determine, using conventional signs, the severity of interethnic relations in the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug of the Irkutsk Region.

To what extent do you think the forthcoming referendum on the unification of the two subjects - the Irkutsk region and the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug - will help to solve the problem of interethnic relations.

Justify your point of view. Present the results of your work in a convenient way.

For reference:

Information about subjects

Irkutsk region

National composition:

Russians - 88.5%

Buryats - 3.1%

National composition:

Buryats - 39.6%

Russians - 54.4%

Group 1.

You are offered an initial situation (country, group of countries, etc.) where an ethnic conflict can occur. Design factors that can cause conflict, suggest forms of manifestation and suggest methods of settlement. Write your answer in the form of a diagram (there may be several of them in one situation). If possible, give real examples of conflict situations that follow the schemes you proposed.

Situation 1. A developing country with a multi-ethnic composition of the population.

Situation 2. Developed country world in which the number of foreigners is growing rapidly.

Situation 3. A country formed as a result of the collapse of a larger power. It has a multinational composition of the population, characterized by bilingualism.

Group 5

On April 16, 2006, a referendum will be held on the unification of two subjects - the Irkutsk region and the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug.

Review the information provided.

Is it possible in the future, in the case of positive voting results, exacerbation of national problems? What measures need to be taken to maintain a stable situation.

Present the results in a convenient way.

Information about subjects

Irkutsk region

The population is 2 million 582 thousand people, including the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug.

National composition:

Russians - 88.5%

Buryats - 3.1%

Other nationalities - 8.4%

Of all the Buryats, 66.6% live on the territory of the Ust-Orda Buryat District, the rest are located throughout the region.

The unemployment rate in the Irkutsk region is 15.1% (2002). The average per capita income per person is 1682 rubles (2002). The poor make up 29.9%.

Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug

The population is 135 thousand people.

National composition:

Buryats - 39.6%

Russians - 54.4%

Other nationalities - 6.0%.

The unemployment rate in the Autonomous Okrug is 14.9%. The average per capita income per person is 473 rubles (2002). The poor make up 89.4%.

Group 2

There is an opinion that the Kaliningrad region may become a territory of ethnic conflict.

Check out the information provided. Give arguments in favor of those who consider the conflict in the Kaliningrad region possible. Suggest what factor can become conflict-forming. Suggest measures to prevent aggravation of the situation.

Group 3.

There are polar points of view on the possibility of an ethnic conflict in the Kaliningrad region: some are in favor, others are against.

Check out the information provided. Give arguments in favor of those who consider the problem far-fetched. Propose measures to preserve the Kaliningrad region as part of the Russian Federation and educate Kaliningraders as faithful citizens of the country.