"1. The state of health and its components: somatic and socio-psychological. Health criteria 2. Comprehensive assessment of the health status of children Health groups ... "

Methods, techniques and forms of work with children

with somatic diseases

1. The state of health and its components: somatic and socio-psychological.

health criteria

2. Comprehensive assessment of the health status of children

Health groups (classification)

Adaptive capacity and its indicators

The concept of functional state (FS)

Model for FS recognition

Evaluation of the adaptive activity of the body

Classification of functional states

Health coefficient

3. Health-saving and health technologies

Physical activity

Physical education

Breath control

Adaptation of the child to the regime of the children's institution

Air ionization as a prevention of somatic weakness

4. The problem of mental health of children with somatic diseases

Bibliography

Glossary

1. STATE OF HEALTH AND ITS COMPONENTS:

SOMATIC AND SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL.

HEALTH CRITERIA

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease (WHO definition). Human health is the ability to maintain age-appropriate stability in the face of abrupt changes in the quantitative and qualitative parameters of the triune flow of sensory, verbal and structural information (I.

I. Brekhman). Health determines the ability to perform basic functions, given that the human body is a living multi-level system with the ability to adapt and self-regulate, which is based on physical and spiritual, natural and social, hereditary and acquired principles.

The state of health is assessed by its main components: somatic (physical) and socio-psychological. The somatic component implies the perfection of self-regulation in the body, the harmony of physiological processes, and maximum adaptation to the environment. The socio-psychological component determines the state of the human mental sphere, the system of values, attitudes and motives for adequate behavior in social environment(V.L. Kaznacheev).

The main criteria of health: balance, poise, compensation of the properties and qualities of the body.

The most important elements of health (signs of health):

1. The level and harmony of physical development.

2. The functional state of the body, the reserve capabilities of the main physiological systems.

3. The level of nonspecific resistance and immunological protection.

4. The level of moral-volitional and value-motivational attitudes.

5. The level of compensation for an existing disease or developmental defect.

6. The ratio of risk factors and well-being factors (health prognosis) (A.G. Shchedrina).

An organism can be in one of several states: health, prenosological state, premorbid state, disease.

The continuity of the state of the body is determined by the interaction and mutual influence of various risk factors that change over time, which affect the state of the health level of the body:

Norm Options

Border states

Premorbid conditions

Chronic diseases (compensation stage)

Chronic diseases (stage of decompensation)

Disability.

Assessment of the level of health in prenosological diagnostics, based on the relationship between the adaptive capabilities of the body and morbidity, allows us to distinguish the following types of conditions:

The state of health with sufficient functional (adaptive) capabilities of the body;

Pre-nosological conditions in which optimal adaptive capabilities are provided by a higher than normal tension of regulatory systems, which leads to an increased consumption of the body's functional reserves;

Premorbid conditions, which are characterized by a decrease in the functional capabilities of the body and manifest themselves in two stages:

a) with a predominance of non-specific changes while maintaining homeostasis of the main vital systems of the body, including the cardiovascular system;

b) with a predominance of specific changes on the part of certain organs and systems, the homeostasis of which is disturbed, but due to the mechanisms of compensation, the manifestation of the disease can be expressed or be in the initial phase and has a compensatory character;

Adaptation failure state with sharp decline functional capabilities of the body due to violation of compensation mechanisms. In this state, as a rule, various diseases are observed in the stage of subcompensation or decompensation (P.M. Baevsky, A.P. Berseneva).

The biosocial approach in valeological anthropology allows us to distinguish three consecutive categories of health:

A - balanced health, when existing deviations are easily compensated or corrected, which does not affect the person's individual psychological and social functions;

B - moderately unbalanced health, in which a person sometimes experiences inconvenience in the performance of his social functions, has restrictions in choosing the type of activity, which, however, does not deprive him of the feeling of social usefulness;

B - significantly unbalanced health against the background of accumulating diseases, the consequences of which limit a person's ability to work and can cause disability.

Group A is the so-called "practically healthy" persons, who, taking into account "risk factors", are divided into 3 categories:

A1 - deprived of endogenous (genetic) risk factors and exogenous predisposition (risk factors of the condition) to the occurrence of a particular disease;

A2 - having endogenous risk factors and exogenous burdens in the absence of manifestations of the disease itself;

A3 - revealing features this disease. This period is short and soon, without sharp transitions, is successively replaced by periods B and C.

2. COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF CHILDREN'S HEALTH

Control over the development and state of health of children is carried out according to four criteria for a comprehensive assessment of the state of health. Based on four criteria (the first is the presence and absence at the time of the examination of chronic diseases; the second

- the functional state of the main organs and systems of the body; the third is the level of development achieved and the degree of its harmony; the fourth - the degree of resistance of the body to adverse environmental influences) children belong to one of the five health groups. The presence and absence of diseases is determined during a medical examination with the participation of specialists (ENT, ophthalmologist, surgeon, etc.). The functional state of the body is determined by the clinical method using functional tests (orthoprobe, etc.). The degree of body resistance is assessed by confirmed acute diseases (respiratory infections) and exacerbations of chronic diseases in the previous year.

Health groups (classification) In accordance with the proposed approach, children and adolescents, depending on their state of health, are divided into the following groups:

1) healthy, with normal development and normal development of functions;

2) healthy, but with functional and some morphological abnormalities, as well as reduced resistance to acute and chronic diseases;

3) patients with chronic diseases in a state of compensation with preserved functionality of the body;

4) patients with chronic diseases in a state of subcompensation with reduced functionality of the body;

5) patients with chronic diseases in a state of decompensation with significantly reduced functionality of the body. As a rule, children of this group are disabled.

A comprehensive assessment of the health status of children and adolescents, taking into account the level of body health, generally accepted criteria for 5 health groups, is based on a psychophysiological examination.

Psychophysiological examination

Psychophysiological examination sets itself the task of assessing:

– individual (typological) properties nervous system;

- the functional state of the central nervous system and its changes in the course of educational, labor activity, rehabilitation measures;

– profile of functional interhemispheric asymmetry of the brain;

- individual features of the development of individual mental functions (memory, attention), which play an important role in ensuring the success of labor and educational activities;

– individual psychological features(properties of temperament, accentuation of character, psychological profile of a person) for the purpose of analysis possible causes health deterioration and socio-psychological adaptation.

The analysis of the indicators of the psychophysical examination reveals the psychophysiological features of the development of the child, taking into account the somatic state, determining the patterns of growth and development, individual assessment of their level of physical development, the degree of harmony, assessing the state of health, studying external factors environment And various kinds activities, evaluating the effectiveness of recreational activities.

The results of the psychophysiological examination make it possible to develop physiologically sound recommendations for the organization of training and professional consultation.

Adaptation potential and its indicators To organize a set of activities for somatically weakened children, it is necessary to use special methods and techniques for organizing the main forms of work, which will give us the opportunity to assess their health status and show their adaptive potential.

The adaptive possibilities of the health status of children of different age groups, taking into account their somatic condition, include:

- anthropological indicators of health (constitutional);

- features of physical development;

- features of the psychophysical state;

- features of the functional state of the body;

- features of the state of psychodynamic functions;

- assessment of the state of health.

Currently, there is no generally accepted technology for diagnosing health. To date, certain sets of tests and criteria can be recommended, which, with sufficient reliability, can characterize the health of a child and an adult. We consider a promising direction for the application of integrative methods designed to give a quantitative criterion of the level of health, which combines many physiological characteristics of the functional state into a single indicator.

SEMANTIC NETWORK

RECOGNITION OF THE FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE ORGANISM

FUNCTIONAL STATE

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The concept of functional state (FS) The concept of functional state (FS) is widely used in psychology, physiology, engineering, ergonomics, etc. This is explained, first of all, by the fact that in various spheres of human activity, the success of his work, education, creativity, physical and mental health largely depend on the human FS.

By controlling and managing FS, a person can solve many important tasks, such as optimizing educational and production processes, labor regulation, determining permissible physical and nervous stress, increasing resistance to stress, disease prevention, as well as tasks related to career selection, career guidance and etc.

The level of functioning of systems, the degree of tension of regulatory mechanisms, functional reserves are defined as the readiness and ability of an organism (organ, system) to perform a given activity at a given time with a minimum tension of regulatory mechanisms.

Model for FS Recognition For FS recognition, the model proposed by R.M. Baevsky.

Based on this model, three characteristics of the functional state of the body were identified: the initial level of functioning, the degree of tension of regulatory mechanisms, and functional reserves.

Since any given level of functioning of the whole organism corresponds to an equivalent level of functioning of the circulatory apparatus, it was decided to use the variability to assess the functional state heart rate, as the most convenient and universal indicator of the state of the body in any type of activity.

The initial level of functioning is taken as the initial vegetative tone, which is determined by the static parameters of the heart rate. The degree of tension of regulatory systems is assessed by the ratio of the spectral components of the heart rate at rest using the diagnostic program "Pulse Antistress".

Functionality is evaluated using stress tests.

An integral assessment of the parameters of the heart rate allows us to distinguish 4 groups of functional states:

1) persons with high or sufficient functionality of the circulatory system, with a satisfactory adaptation of the body to environmental conditions; they do not need any special recommendations for rehabilitation and prevention;

2) persons with tension of adaptation mechanisms; need measures to reduce the stressful impact of environmental conditions, in recovery, aimed at strengthening the activity of the mechanisms of self-regulation of the body;

3) persons with a decrease in the functionality of the circulatory system, with unsatisfactory adaptation of the body to environmental conditions;

need targeted health-improving and preventive measures to improve the protective properties of the body, strengthening its compensatory capabilities;

4) persons with a sharply reduced functionality of the circulatory system, with symptoms of failure of adaptation, often with symptoms of diseases; need not only preventive, but also therapeutic measures.

It is believed that a decrease in heart rate variability indicates a violation of the autonomic control of cardiac activity and is unfavorable for prognosis. The highest rates of heart rate variability are recorded in healthy children and adolescent athletes, intermediate - in children and adults with various health disorders, the lowest - in people with heart disease. Features of changes in heart rate variability in the initial stages of various diseases are determined by the psychosomatic, psychovegetative component (vascular hypertension, hypotension, bronchial asthma). The most valuable is the rhythmological study in prenosological and premorbid conditions.

Evaluation of the adaptive activity of the body According to the concept of R.M. Baevsky, health diagnostics should be based on an assessment of the adaptive activity of the body. Its universal indicator is the cardiovascular system, which, with its multilevel regulation, is a functional system responsible for providing a given level of functioning of the whole organism. Being under the control of neuroreflex and neurohumoral mechanisms, the circulatory system provides timely adequate blood supply to the relevant structures. Other things being equal, we can assume that any given level of functioning of the organism corresponds to an equivalent level of functioning of the circulatory apparatus.

Classification of functional states Based on this approach, R.M. Baevsky (1989) developed a classification of functional states (or levels of adaptive capabilities), designated as adaptive potential (AP).

The classification includes 10 gradations, its simplified version consists of the following 4 gradations:

1. The state of satisfactory adaptation of the body to environmental conditions with high or sufficient functional capabilities of the body;

2. The state of stress of adaptive mechanisms, in which sufficient functionality provided by the mobilization of functional reserves;

3. Unsatisfactory adaptation of the body to environmental conditions with reduced functional capabilities of the body;

4. Disruption of adaptation, accompanied by a sharp decrease in the functional capabilities of the organism.

Two formulas are proposed for calculating AP:

1. AP \u003d 0.011 (HR) + 0.014 (SBP) + 0.008 (DBP) ++ 0.014 (V) + 0.009 (BW) - 0.009 (P) - 0.27;

2. AP \u003d 0.76 + 0.23 (B) + 0.5 (P) + 0.006 (DBP) + 0.84 HR + 0.001 (IN) + 0.18 (ECG) + 0.16 (SKG ) ++ 0.15 (BCG) + 0.02 (MT) – 0.02 (P), where AP is the adaptive potential in points; B - age in years; P - gender (male)

- 1, female – 2); SBP and DBP are systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively, in mm Hg. Art.; HR - heart rate per minute; IN – stress index of regulatory systems, arb. units; ECG, BCG, SKG - the results of electro-, ballisto-, seismocardiographic studies in points; MT - body weight in kg; R - height in cm.

To distribute the examined according to the class of functional states, the following scale is used: satisfactory adaptation - threshold values ​​of AP no more than 2.1 points; tension of adaptation mechanisms - 2.11–3.2 points;

unsatisfactory adaptation - 3.21–4.3 points; failure of adaptation - not less than 4.31 points.

Health Coefficient As a criterion for the adaptive capabilities of children with various indicators of the functional state of the main systems and organs, resistance and reactivity of the body, the health coefficient (KZ) is determined, which is calculated by pulse rate (HR), blood pressure (SBP, DBP), body weight (BW). ) and age (B):

KZ \u003d 0.01CHP + 0.01 SAD + 0.008 DBP + 0.014V + 0.009MT - 0.009R - 0.27.

Pre-medical screening based on the health coefficient is also based on the position of the state of the circulatory system as an indicator of the state of the whole organism (P.M. Baevsky). Depending on the value of the health coefficient, the child can be assigned to one of the 4 groups according to the degree of adaptation; the higher the conditional score, the higher the likelihood of developing pathological conditions.

There is a scale of somatic health that distinguishes 5 levels of health:

low, below average, average, above average, high. Levels are calculated based on body weight, lung capacity, hand dynamometry, heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), heart rate recovery time after 20 squats in 30 s. Determine the level of somatic health: 3 or less - below average; 4-6 - low, 12-15 above average, 16-18 - high (G.L. Apanasenko).

In addition to determining the adaptive potential of the state of health through psychophysiological and psychodynamic indicators, the assessment of adaptive potential may also include the method of neuroenergy mapping (NEC), based on the developments of the Institute of the Brain of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, certified and approved for use by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. The level of constant potential is a slow electrical activity that integrally reflects the metabolism of various areas of the human brain.

The adaptive possibilities of the state of health of children of different age groups also include anthropological indicators of health (constitutional);

features of physical development, and assessment of biological age.

Physical development is understood as a set of morphological and functional characteristics of the body, due to hereditary factors and specific conditions. external environment.

The level of physical development can be judged on the basis of somatometric indicators - body length (cm), body weight (kg), chest circumference (cm), muscle strength of both arms (kg).

The main method for assessing physical development is anthropometry, which includes measuring the length of the body, its individual parts and body weight. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the type of constitution. In children of the same age, there is variability in height and weight indicators and anthropometric indices, which indicates the need to connect special sports and recreational activities.

3. HEALTH AND HEALTH

TECHNOLOGIES

Motor activity Classes to improve movements are an integral part of any kind of child's activity. A lag in movements is a lag in general development.

Movement is a natural biological need. It is impossible to displace or replace the need for movement without compromising health. Their deficiency leads to the fact that at subsequent age stages the child cannot master the vital motor skills in full. Human muscle activity is interconnected with the state of all physiological systems. It reflects the typological features of the nervous system, individuality, gender, age, health status. Among biological factors a special place is occupied by biological rhythms, which are clearly manifested in the motor behavior of children. From their large variety, we single out daily, seasonal, age-related.

Daily motor activity (DMA) is the number of locomotions for the entire period of wakefulness (running, walking, jumping, turning, tilting). It is recorded by a special device, an actometer or (less accurate) pedometer. SDA increases with age. In children 3 years old, the average number of locomotions per day is 5-6 thousand, 5 years old - 8-10 thousand, 9-10 years old - 18-20 thousand. Then SDA stabilizes and decreases. Every hour the child makes at least 500-1000 movements. The distribution of movements over the clock is uneven. Four rises (bursts) of motor activity were identified. In the first half of the day - from 7 to 8 and from 12 to 14 hours, in the second - from 15 to 16 and from 20 to 21 hours.

The biological feature of the motor need is its daily constancy, characteristic of each person.

Seasonal periodicals of SDA are characterized by its decrease in winter, which serves as the basis for a differentiated (by season) use of physical activity. In winter, it is impossible to increase SDA, but it is necessary to maintain it at a level characteristic of a given season, to implement it through organized, and above all “small” forms of physical education, reducing the intensity, and not the multiplicity of repetitions. Forming the health of children, it is important to take into account the differences in the motor behavior of girls and boys. The set of movements of girls is different from that of the boy, the former rarely use movements on their own, but more fully follow the instructions of the educator, teacher. It should also be taken into account that among girls, for example, 6–7 years old, there are more (42%) than among boys (27%) motor mature. It is impossible to miss the favorable terms for the formation of needs in the motor activity of girls. A differentiated approach to the physical education of girls and boys is needed, it should start at least with preschool age.

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Physical education Evaluate functional development (heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, VC, hand strength), physical development, comparing the child's performance with age standards;

to determine physical fitness, a functional test is performed with 20 squats. Analyzing the obtained health indicators and supplementing them with an anamnesis (frequency and severity of the disease), the doctor determines the health group and the physical education group (basic, preparatory, special and therapeutic).

The main group includes children of I and partially II health groups with slight functional deviations from of cardio-vascular system with general good health. They are allowed all forms of physical education provided for by the educational program. Children of senior preschool age and schoolchildren can go in for sports sections.

The preparatory group includes children of II and partially III health groups with a delay in physical development and minor functional disorders (CVS and respiratory system), for example, the recovery time of the pulse after a functional test (with 20 squats within 2-3 minutes); who have had acute and infectious diseases (measles, influenza, scarlet fever, hepatitis, etc.), suffering from chronic bronchitis, gastritis, anemia of any etiology, with metabolic disorders - obesity of non-endocrine etiology. This group is temporarily replenished by children who have had colds, SARS, etc.

Physical education of children basic and preparatory groups passes together, but for the latter, the load is limited by facilitating the starting position (for example, tilts with legs wide apart instead of tilts from the initial position of the legs together), reducing the repetition rate, replacing difficult movements with easier ones, etc.

A special group consists of children with chronic diseases (III health group), frequent exacerbations, who need special classes. They are exempted from physical education lessons, but not from physical education in general, which is more necessary for them than for healthy children. Special classes with them are conducted by teachers allocated for these purposes in kindergartens, schools or physical education methodologists in polyclinics. In addition, children must perform morning exercises and special homework in physical education, carefully observe the motor regimen.

The physical therapy group includes children with heart disease, chronic pneumonia of the III degree, with frequent attacks of bronchial asthma, chronic gastritis, enteritis, colitis, nephritis, endocrine diseases (hyperthyroidism, diabetes, obesity, etc.), scoliosis II and III degree. With such children, they are engaged in a polyclinic at a specially allotted time 3-4 times a week. All "small forms" of physical education are mandatory for all children attending preschool institutions, school. Specific recommendations with a list of exercises and the frequency of their repetitions (physical education) are given by the doctor during the examination.

The nurse is required to monitor the implementation of physical education appointments.

When attending any form of physical education classes, a doctor or paramedic checks: a) the correctness of the lesson plan and its compliance with the program; b) sanitary and hygienic conditions of the place of employment (microclimate, equipment, clothes, shoes for children); c) motor skills of children; d) the reaction of the child's cardiovascular and respiratory systems to the load of this lesson. All forms of classes are built taking into account the physical education group, the biological and motor maturity of children. Dynamic studies of the state of a child's health, an integral part of which is the development of physiological systems, including motor maturity, make it possible to assess the level of the child's morphofunctional development and trace the degree of mastery of the program material.

Physical exercises for children should be dynamic, covering a large number of muscle groups, with a gradual alternation of the work of the muscles of the arms and shoulder girdle, torso, and legs. It is important to perform them from various starting positions (standing, lying, sitting), to achieve the correct technique; only under these conditions is the optimal physiological effect of movement possible. The starting position lying is used to unload the spine and correct posture disorders. In the classroom, it is necessary to widely use physical education items - sticks, hoops, cords, jump ropes, maces, balls, etc.

Breathing Control Children's breathing should be monitored. Teaching different types of it (abdominal, thoracic, fixed on inhalation and exhalation) should be given in combination with the pronunciation of sounds, syllables and the words “wow”, “down”, “lzh”, etc. In the classroom, timing is conducted and a physiological curve is drawn that characterizes child's response to stress. Timing allows you to evaluate the traditional parts of the lessons - introductory, preparatory, main and final, to calculate the overall and motor density of the lesson. With sufficient physical activity of children, motor density is not lower than 70%.

The physiological curve is built according to the data of measuring the heart rate for 10 seconds of the session, in each part of the session or every 10 minutes and in the recovery period for 3-5 minutes. In addition to the pulse, you can determine blood pressure, VC, hand strength and other indicators. These studies are carried out in a child who is being monitored for time. Based on the measurements, a physiological curve of the lesson is built - a graphical representation of the studied parameters.

With the correct construction, its indicators increase from the beginning of classes to the main part and approach the initial level at the end of the final part. The magnitude of functional shifts depends not only on the volume and intensity of muscle activity, but also on the form of physical exercise. Emotional arousal increases them. Muscular loads can be indirectly judged by the external signs of children's fatigue.

If the majority of children have pronounced signs of fatigue, it is necessary to significantly change the classes, and if fatigue is noted in individual children, their load should be dosed by changing the starting position, reducing the frequency of repetitions and intensity of movements. Corrections are also needed if the load does not cause sufficient shifts, and the pulse increases are small - up to 130 beats / min. It has been established that such loads do not give a health-improving and training effect (L.I.

Abrosimov).

Adaptation of a child to the regime of a children's institution The problem of adaptation of a child to the regime of a children's institution very often arises not only for parents, but also for doctors, since the somatic condition of the child is complicated. The preparation of children for entering a children's institution should essentially begin immediately after birth and only intensify in the last six months.

According to the severity of the adaptation period, R.V. Tonkova-Yapolskaya divides children entering preschool into three main groups.

to the first group ( physiological adaptation) includes children who do not get sick during the period of adaptation and easily tolerate it. It's basically healthy children up to 7-8 months and older than 1 year 6 months - 1 year 7 months. Adaptation ends in 2-3 weeks.

The second group (intense or moderate adaptation) includes children with negative manifestations during the period of adaptation, up to pronounced shifts in the reactivity system, who, as a rule, develop acute respiratory infections. A single disease lasts 5-7 days and does not give complications. The age composition is mainly from 9-10 months to 1 year 5 months.

Adaptation lasts from 2–3 weeks to 2–3 months.

The third group (pathological adaptation) - children with a dysfunctional social and biological history, hard to get used to new conditions. Such adaptation can be at any age, but it manifests itself in different ways: frequent repetitions of acute respiratory diseases, often with complications; psychological experiences such as emotional stress, perversions of behavioral reactions, depression.

Preparing a child for preschool and adaptation in it are a system of targeted measures, which is based on a comprehensive examination, assessment of the development and health of the child, living conditions.

It includes:

1) the maximum approximation of the home regime to the regime of the children's institution (organization of wakefulness, feeding, sleep);

2) liquidation bad habits(motion sickness, bottle feeding, use of a pacifier);

3) pre-vaccination (direction to a children's institution not earlier than 2–3 weeks after vaccination);

4) recovery (anemia, exudative diathesis, etc.). With a combination of trouble in the biological (complication of pregnancy, birth trauma), social (improper influence of the family) history, medication prescriptions, specialist consultations are possible;

5) sanitary and educational work with parents in the clinic (group conversations, conferences, memos, leaflets, booklets, etc.), with patronage at home (conversations with adult family members).

Air ionization as a prevention of somatic debility Slight reddening of the pharynx or moderate discharge from the nose is an indication for removing the child for 3-4 days from visiting a children's institution; children with a history of recurrent respiratory diseases L.F. Kobzeva recommends individual hydroaeroionization of air in small doses of 20–25 sessions per course.

Air ionization is the process of converting neutral atoms and molecules of the air into electrically charged particles (ions). It is carried out under the influence of electromagnetic radiation, an electric field or at high temperature, when particles collide with electrons, ions, atoms. The formation of ions occurs due to natural, due to technological and artificial ionization of air. Atoms (groups of atoms) become positively charged when they lose electrons, and become negatively charged when they gain electrons. Positive ions are harmful to health. They cause rapid fatigue, headache, increased heart rate and respiration (due to insufficient oxygen supply to the blood). Lungs negative ions make the air life-giving.

The concentration of aerosol particles in the room should not exceed 0.1 mg / m3, otherwise light ions become heavy, and the number of charged aerosol particles (pseudoaeroions) also increases. It is necessary to determine the level of air pollution by aerosols. When crowded, light ions quickly disappear

- people simply absorb them (ions enter a person through the respiratory system or through the skin). When exhaling, a person throws out into the surrounding space several hundred million condensation nuclei in the form of vapor (water particles), which provokes the formation of an additional amount of heavy ions. The air of a small room is always characterized by a lack of light ions and an excess of heavy ones.

Operating electrical equipment virtually eliminates the presence of light ions in the room. Light ions, being more mobile, move along the lines of force of the fields, striving for oppositely charged surfaces, where they are neutralized. Any heating of the air leads to its drying. Being in suspension, dust is a huge number of condensation nuclei for the formation of heavy ions. The use of heating devices contributes to the very rapid destruction of light ions, turning them into heavy ones. An excess of air humidity is also unfavorable: microdrops of water, forming aerosols, become condensation nuclei. Optimum air humidity is at the level of 40-60%. The method of air ionization is the prevention of somatic weakness in children.

4. MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEM

CHILDREN WITH SOMATIC DISEASES

Mental health includes high consciousness, developed thinking, great inner moral strength that encourages creative activity, etc.

There are many definitions of the term "mental health" today. We are closer to the point of view according to which mental health is a state of balance of various mental properties and processes, the ability to possess them, adequately use and develop them, this allows a person to function harmoniously in society.

The problem of mental health has attracted and continues to attract many researchers from various fields of science and practice, so the study of factors affecting the mental and general health of children and adolescents is one of the most pressing problems of our time. Deep and accurate diagnosis of the factors affecting the mental health of children today helps to determine the most appropriate way to change them positively, to choose the best methods, efficient technologies impact, provide a differentiated and individual approach to various categories of minors and families that affect the mental health of children.

Start by defining concepts mental development child, his nervous system. The main features of the functioning of the nervous system determine differences in behavior and attitude to the same influences of the physical and social environment.

Frequent somatic diseases in children, as well as chronic somatization, cause emotional experiences and emotional disturbances in children.

For this group of children, the developed by I.I. Mamaychuk psycho-regulatory training, which includes: mitigation of emotional discomfort, the formation of relaxation techniques, the development of self-regulation skills and self-control of behavior. Classes are held in stages, every other day with a small group of children up to 5 people, taking into account the age and individual psychological characteristics of the child. The first stage is calming, during which verbal and musical psycho-correction is used to relieve mental stress, then children are offered visual and musical stimuli aimed at eliminating anxiety, creating positive attitudes for subsequent classes. The second stage is educational. Here, children are taught relaxation exercises. Exercises are used to induce heat, to regulate breathing, rhythm and heart rate. The third stage is restorative. Against the background of relaxation, children perform special exercises that help to correct their mood, develop communication skills, and perceptual processes. Psychoregulatory training helps to increase resistance to extreme situations, improve concentration, and reduce emotional stress. With systematic training in children, inhibitory processes are normalized, which makes it possible for the child to control his emotional state.

Psychomuscular training has a good effect on the correction of emotional stress.

This method includes 4 main tasks:

1) Teach the child to relax the muscles of the body and face;

2) To teach with the utmost power of imagination, but without tension, to present the contents of the form of self-hypnosis;

3) To teach to keep attention on mental objects;

4) To teach to influence oneself with the necessary verbal forms.

In this case, one should strictly adhere to the methodological requirements;

exercise by the child; self-observation and fixation of the sensations that arose during the exercise; independent repetition of exercises by the child during the day.

Psycho-gymnastics is widely used in the children's and adolescent clinic (G.

Yunova modified by M.I. Chistyakova). Psychogymnastics classes include rhythmics, pantomime, collective dances and games. Classes consist of 3 phases. The first phase is stress relief with the help of various options for running, walking, which have a socio-psychological significance. The second phase is pantomime (the image of fear, resentment, surprise, confusion, pain, etc.). The third phase is the final one.

In addition to the methods listed above, gaming methods of correction are of particular importance. Play is the most natural form of a child's life.

The psychological sign of the game is the simultaneous experience by a person of the conventionality and reality of the current situation. The game gives you the opportunity to experience luck, success, experience your physical and mental strength. Game psychocorrection in the form of a role-playing game is widely used when working with children with severe interpersonal conflicts and behavioral disorders. For children with disabilities and insufficient social experience, it is advisable to use dramatization games on the theme of familiar fairy tales. Of particular importance in the correction of the emotional-volitional sphere of the child are outdoor games (blind-seekers, catch-ups, round dances, relay races, etc.). These games provide emotional relaxation, promote flexibility of behavior, develop coordination of movements.

Fine art is also one of the leading methods of psycho-correction of emotional disorders. Drawing acts as a means of strengthening the child's identity, helping children to know themselves and their abilities. Color plays a special role. The predominance of gray, black tones indicate a lack of cheerfulness.

Bright saturated colors about active vitality and optimism. For the correction of somatic disorders, separate types of arts and crafts activities are offered: salt dough modeling, beading, decoupage, burning, modeling clay crafts, floristry, quilling. This creativity evokes positive emotional reactions in children, which contributes to motivational activity, psycho-emotional stability, the formation of perceptual processes, and immune resistance. teachers additional education those who use these types of activities note a decrease in the risk of both infectious and somatic diseases, an improvement in emotional stability and social adaptation. Participation in competitions, exhibitions, master classes reveal the individual personality characteristics of the child regarding his interaction with an active creative environment, increases aesthetic needs.

In the psycho-correction of children with somatic diseases, music therapy is widely used, which has a regulatory effect on the psycho-vegetative process.

Traditionally, the following variants of music therapy are distinguished: receptive music therapy and active musical activity. Receptive psychocorrection includes 3 forms: communicative, reactive and productive.

Thanks to receptive music therapy, certain psycho-correctional tasks are solved:

creating a trusting empathic atmosphere, reducing emotional discomfort, optimizing communication.

5. SUMMARY ecological problems, and social crisis and many other factors. At the same time, the influence on the growing and developing organism of the conditions of preschool and school educational institutions, where the child spends 70% of his time, is especially pronounced.

The educational process as a whole, all pedagogical concepts, methods, technologies should have a health-saving character. It is necessary to have a scientifically based idea of ​​how all aspects of school life should be organized in order to exclude negative impacts on the highly sensitive organism of children and ensure its favorable development.

Relying on health-saving, natural-science principles in organizing the educational process also helps to improve the quality of knowledge assimilation, since the optimal flow of body functions ensures high performance and a comfortable state of the child. Finally, the organization of children's life activities from the standpoint of maintaining and promoting health contributes to the formation of a culture of health as a natural component of the general culture.

That is why any educational institution should become a "school of a healthy lifestyle", where any activity of children (educational, sports, leisure activities, as well as eating, physical activity, etc.) will have a health-pedagogical orientation and contribute to the education of their habits, and then the needs for a healthy lifestyle , the formation of skills for making independent decisions regarding the maintenance and strengthening of one's health.

Indeed, the problem of the health of the nation, maintaining the health of children and the formation of a healthy lifestyle from early childhood is extremely relevant today.

The study of the health status of various groups of children, unfortunately, does not reveal positive dynamics over the past 10 years, negative trends are traced: an increase in the number of children with chronic diseases and functional abnormalities. Modern children have significantly reduced functionality, health reserve.

Today, in the work of teachers, it is necessary to understand the essence of health and the adaptive capabilities of the body of children, which leads to the daily systematic work of teachers to form a healthy lifestyle culture, improve the factors of social adaptation.

There are still many unresolved problems that are the field of activity and scientific research of scientists of various specialties, including teachers:

Development of health criteria and healthy lifestyle life;

Specific technologies and methods for diagnosing and predicting the level of health, their validity;

Pedagogical health technologies, curricula, study guides according to healthy lifestyle;

Professional training of teachers.

Successful solution of the problems of the development of the child's personality, increasing the effectiveness of training, favorable professional development teachers in the future is largely determined by the extent to which knowledge on age-related physiology, anatomy, hygiene and healthy lifestyle will be used.

Bibliography

1. Aleksandrov Yu.I. Fundamentals of psychophysiology. M.: Infa-M, 2001.

2. Apanasenko L.G., Naumenko R.T. Physical health and maximum aerobic capacity of an individual // Theory and practice of physical culture, 2000. No. 4.

3. Baevsky R.M., Berseneva A.P. Prenosological diagnostics in assessing the state of health // Valeology. SPb. 2003.

4. Danilova N.N. Psychophysiological diagnostics of functional states. M., 2005.

5. Dubrovinskaya N.V., Farber D.A., Bezrukikh M.M. Psychophysiology of the child. M.:

Vlados, 2000.

6. Zhafarova S.A. Constitutional features of children and adolescents (materials for the course of valeology). Novosibirsk, 2000.

7. Isaeva L.A. (Under the general ed.). Childhood diseases. M.: Medicine, 2004.

8. Kozlova V.I., Farber D.A. Physiology of child development. M.: Pedagogy, 2003.

9. Maruzin A.V., Vorontsov I.M. Propaedeutics of childhood diseases. M.: Medicine, 2006.

10. Rubanovich V.B. Medical and medical pedagogical control during classes physical culture. Novosibirsk, 2000.

11. Savchenko Yu.I., Venger T.F. Healthy child. Physiological parameters of childhood. Krasnoyarsk, 2000.

Glossary Adaptive potential - the degree of an individual's open opportunities to be included in new changing environmental conditions.

Art therapy is the use of art to convey feelings and other manifestations of the human psyche in order to change the structure of his attitude. The modern definition of art therapy is based on the concepts of expression, communication, symbolization, with the action of which artistic creativity is associated (According to M.

Libman).

Psycho-gymnastics is a course of special classes (etudes, exercises and games) aimed at developing and correcting various aspects of the child's psyche (both its cognitive and emotional-personal spheres). P. is used more and more widely, and practitioners who use it attribute more and more diverse techniques to this method, sometimes even any set of psychological exercises.

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Man is a reflection of two sides - biological and social. They are in dialectical unity and contradiction. This always happens when the biological state depends on the social, and the social, in turn, on the biological.

The ratio of social and biological in a person is the main thing in understanding the nature of health and disease.

Currently, it is customary to distinguish several components (levels) in the concept of "health":

First level- biological health is associated with the body and depends on the dynamic balance of the functions of all internal organs, their adequate response to the influence of the environment. In other words, it is the perfection of self-regulation in the body and maximum adaptation (in the biological sense) to the environment. Health at the biological level has two components:

Somatic health- the current state of the organs and systems of the human body, which is based on the biological program of individual development;

physical health- the level of growth and development of organs and systems of the body. It is based on morphological and functional reserves that provide adaptive responses.

Second level - mental health. Mental health is a state of general mental comfort that provides an adequate behavioral response. Mental or mental health refers to the mind, intellect, emotions (psychological well-being, levels of anxiety and depression, control of emotions and behavior, cognitive functions).

Third level - social health associated with the influence on the personality of other people, society as a whole and depends on the place and role of a person in interpersonal relations, on the moral health of society. Social health is a measure of social activity and, above all, ability to work, a form of an active, active attitude to the world. The social component of health is formed under the influence of parents, friends, classmates at school, fellow students at the university, work colleagues, housemates, etc. Social health reflects the social policy of the state, social ties, resources, interpersonal contacts.

Modern specialists in the field of occupational health and occupational diseases, medical ecology have presented numerous evidence of the adverse effects on human health of harmful working and living conditions.

social conditions- this is a form of manifestation of production relations, a method of social production, a socio-economic system and the political structure of society. Social factors are a manifestation of social conditions for specific person: working and rest conditions, housing, food, education, upbringing, etc.

The distinction between mental and social health is arbitrary: mental properties and qualities of a person do not exist outside the system of social relations. Mentally healthy people feel quite confident and safe in any society. In a healthy society, as a rule, healthy individuals are formed. Deficiencies in education and adverse environmental influences can cause personality degradation. A person with a developed consciousness and self-awareness can resist the effects of external conditions, fight adversity and stay healthy physically, mentally and socially.

1. Asthenic is

A) a harmoniously developed person;

B) a thin person with long limbs;

C) A - figurative figure;

D) increased amount of fat component

2. Body type, genotype, metabolic rate, functional state of the body is characterized by

A) the moral health of a person;

B) the physical health of a person;

C) mental health of a person;

D) human social health

4. How much % in perfect figure Should the waist be measured from the circumference of the chest?

5. In asthenics - women, the girth of the wrist is

A) more than 18 cm;

B) less than 16 cm;

C) more than 20 cm;

D) less than 10 cm

A) height / weight;

B) weight / height;

C) chest volume / height;

D) pelvic volume / waist volume

7. Obese, obese people are related to body type

A) asthenic;

B) normosthenic;

B) hypersthenic;

D) superstar

8. What percentage of the circumference of the chest is ideally the neck?

9. What is OGK in valeology?

A) chest circumference

B) a sample of the main criterion;

B) girth of the head cell;

D) girth of the bare knee

10. What is the ideal weight of a man (according to the Quetelet index)?

A) 370 - 400 g / cm;

B) 500-600 g/cm;

C) 250-300 g/cm;

D) 430-480 g/cm;

11. What body type does a woman have if her wrist circumference is 18 cm?

A) asthenic;

B) normosthenic;

B) hypersthenic;

D) antisthenic

12. What body type is ideal?

13. From the listed items: 1) weight; 2) growth; 3) heart rate; 4) blood pressure - anthropometric measurements include:

14. Indicate the correct body type

A) megasthenic;

B) asthenic;

B) outstenic;

D) physicist

15. Physical health is

A) type of moral and mental health;

B) body type, genotype, metabolic rate; functional body condition;

C) regular physical activity;

D) compliance of the standard of living with the individual characteristics of a person

16. Which "letter" formula for the type of figures is correct?

A) A, O, X, P, T;

B) B, O, X, A, I;

C) A, O, I, X, T;

D) I, T, O, X, P.

17. What is the length of blood capillaries in the human body?

B) 200 thousand km;

C) 100 thousand km;

18. Functional test is

A) performance of control tests and subsequent analysis of the results;

B) achieving a certain shape of the figure due to special complexes of physical exercises;

C) the ability of a person to overcome external resistance;

D) increase muscle mass

19. The Rufier-Dixon test allows you to evaluate:

A) the speed of recovery processes after dosed physical activity and is used to characterize the overall physical performance;

B) the speed of a simple reaction;

B) vital capacity of the lungs;

D) maximum oxygen consumption

20. The Cooper test is

A) running 3 km distance at maximum speed;

B) passing 3 km distance at maximum speed;

C) running the maximum possible distance within 12 minutes;

D) the number of jumps over the rope in 1 minute.

21. 12-minute Cooper test allows you to individually define:

A) vital capacity of the lungs;

B) the degree of physical fitness and the maximum oxygen consumption in an indirect way;

C) heart rate after standard exercise;

D) blood pressure after standard exercise.

22. Romberg's pose allows you to determine:

A) the state of the central nervous system;

B) the state of muscle strength;

C) the state of the vestibular apparatus;

D) the degree of development of general endurance;

23. How is the functional test "Romberg's Pose" carried out?

A) the subject runs 100 m, taking into account the time;

B) the subject maintains balance on one leg with his eyes closed, taking into account the time;

C) the subject responds to the sound signal taking into account the time;

D) the subject performs a long jump from a place, taking into account the distance.

24. Taping - the test is used to determine the state

A) the cardiovascular system;

B) respiratory system;

B) neuromuscular apparatus;

D) cardiorespiratory system.

25. How is the taping test performed?

A) the subject must hit the target in 3 attempts;

B) the subject puts dots on a sheet of paper for 40 seconds;

C) the subject performs a jump from a place;

D) the subject maintains balance on one leg with his eyes closed.

26. Hypoxic tests are used to evaluate:

A) human adaptation to hypoxia, in particular the rate of flow metabolic processes, the resistance of the respiratory center to hypoxia and the endurance of the heart;

B) the ability to reorganize motor actions depending on the situation;

B) take action long time without compromising its effectiveness;

D) perform motor actions with maximum amplitude.

27. Genchi test involves the test subject

A) breath holding after maximum exhalation with time registration;

B) 10 squats with maximum speed;

C) maximum exhalation with registration of volume;

D) Heart rate for 1 minute at rest.

28. Dynamometry is

A) a method for assessing the strength abilities of the muscle groups of the human back;

B) a method for assessing the strength abilities of the muscles of the hand;

C) a method for assessing the power abilities of the leg muscles;

D) a method for assessing the strength abilities of the muscles of the body.

29. Spirometry is

A) a method for assessing the human respiratory system;

B) a method for assessing the human cardiovascular system;

C) a method for assessing a person's strength abilities;

D) a method for assessing the coordination abilities of a person;

30. How is the Rufier-Dixon functional test performed?

A) the subject runs the maximum distance in 12 minutes with fixing the distance;

B) the subject holds his breath while inhaling with fixation of the delay time;

C) the subject performs 30 squats in 45 seconds;

D) the subject performs a forward bend without bending his knees

Theme 3

Motor activity and health. Mechanisms of the healing effect of physical exercises on the human body.

1. Name 1 element included in the human speed abilities

B) pace;

B) balance

2. What are the exercises called, in which the muscles, their sheath, tendons, ligaments, joints are exposed?

A) power;

B) aerobic;

B) anaerobic;

D) stretching

3. What exercises improve resistance to cold?

A) power;

B) coordination;

B) stretching

D) respiratory

4. What kind of endurance develops a person's ability to resist non-specific fatigue?

A) special

B) power;

B) high-speed;

D) general

5. Increasing physical activity over time happens

A) direct, short, intermittent

B) linear, stepped, wavy;

B) intermittent, continuous, long

D) mixed

6. Speed ​​abilities are developed with the help of

A) exercises performed at maximum speed;

B) exercises performed at a minimum speed;

B) weight-bearing exercises;

D) aerobic exercise

7. In what mode of operation is the muscle capable of exerting maximum effort?

A) overcoming;

B) mixed;

B) yielding;

D) static

8. With repeated aerobic exercise, the myocardium

A) is increasing

B) is reduced in volume;

B) stays the same

D) breaks down into fibers

9. What does "inferior muscle work mode" mean?

A) the length of the muscle fiber increases (the muscle is stretched);

B) the length of the muscle fiber decreases (the muscle contracts);

C) the length of the muscle fiber does not change;

D) the length of the muscle fiber either increases or decreases

10. What ability is developed with the help of exercises performed at maximum speed?

A) fast

B) flexibility;

D) general endurance

11. Which principle does not apply to the principles of physical exercise?

A) awareness

B) activity;

B) industriousness

D) availability

12. Aerobic work is limited by heart rate.

A) 120-130 beats per minute;

13. What type of exercise is not aerobic?

A) walking

B) skiing;

B) speed skating

D) back somersault

14. Endurance does not depend on

A) age;

C) vital capacity of the lungs;

D) Rh factor

15. Does not apply to physical abilities

B) endurance;

B) willpower

D) flexibility

16. Specify the principles of the application of physical exercises

A) rational distribution in time;

B) availability and progression;

C) consciousness and activity;

D) all of the above

17. Strength - the ability to overcome ... .. an obstacle due to one's own muscle efforts

A) internal

B) external;

B) inertial;

D) psychological

18. Choose the right sequence of exercises in complex lesson exercise

The most important value for a person is health.

In 1975, the World Health Organization (WHO) defined health as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." According to professors V.P. Petlenko and D.N. Davidenko (2001), today there are about 100 definitions of the concept of "health". Summarizing them, scientists concluded that health reflects the quality of the body's adaptation to environmental conditions and represents the result of the process of interaction between a person and the environment. In addition, the state of health is also formed as a result of the interaction of exogenous (natural, social) and endogenous (heredity, constitution, gender, age) factors.

Currently, it is customary to distinguish several components of health:

· Somatic(physical) health - the current state of organs and systems human body, as well as the level of their structural and functional reserves.

The basis of somatic health is the biological program of individual human development. This development program is determined by the basic needs that dominate in humans at various stages of ontogenesis. Basic needs, on the one hand, serve as a trigger for human development (the formation of his somatic health), and on the other hand, ensure the individualization of this process. The basis of physical health is manifested in the morphological and functional reserves of cells, tissues, organs and systems that ensure the adaptation of the body to the effects of various factors.

Mental health- the state of the mental sphere of a person.

The basis of mental health is the state of general mental comfort, which provides adequate regulation of behavior. This state is determined by the needs of both biological and social nature, as well as the possibilities of their satisfaction. Proper formation and satisfaction of basic needs is the basis of normal human mental health.

Sexual health- a complex of somatic, emotional, intellectual and social aspects of a person's sexual existence, positively enriching a person, increasing a person's sociability and his ability to love.

The foundation of sexual health is defined by:

The ability to enjoy and control sexual and childbearing behavior in accordance with the norms of social and personal ethics;

Freedom from fear, shame and guilt, misconceptions, and other psychological factors suppressing sexual response and disrupting sexual relationships;

The absence of organic disorders, diseases that interfere with the implementation of sexual and reproductive functions.

· Moral health is a complex of characteristics of the motivational and need-informational basis of human life.

The basis of the moral component of human health is determined by the system of values, attitudes and motives of the individual's behavior in the social environment. This component is associated with the universal truths of goodness, love and beauty, primarily internal. The moral component of health is determined by the conformity of the nature of human life with universal laws (for example, the law of the priority of reason over force: do not use force where it can be achieved by reason).

Separately, such components of health as social, reproductive, professional health, etc. can be singled out.

Considering the types of health, it should be noted that in a simplified (and at the same time generalizing) form, we can assume that the criteria for health are:

For physical health - "I can";

For mental health - "I want";

For moral health - "I must."

Thus, we can conclude that the essence of health is the viability of the individual.

The level of this viability, according to scientists, should be quantified. In this sense, of particular interest is the quantitative assessment of health, which was first noticed by the famous surgeon Academician N.M. Amosov. He wrote: “Health is the maximum performance of organs while maintaining the qualitative limits of their functions” (Davidenko D.N., 2001).

Hygienic foundations for raising a healthy child.

For the normal physical and neuropsychic development of a child, not only sufficient and nutritious nutrition is important, but also hygienic living conditions, proper care and upbringing, adherence to a certain age-appropriate regimen. To achieve this goal, it is important that optimal conditions for the development of the child be created in the family and in organized children's groups that meet the most stringent hygienic requirements based on modern scientific data. In addition to caring for the care of the child, proper upbringing is of exceptional importance. Moreover, already at an early age, it should be considered as the first step, providing proper physical, mental, moral and aesthetic development. Hygienic education in kindergarten should give children the knowledge necessary to improve their health; on the basis of this knowledge, to form hygiene skills and habits necessary for life, which can be combined into two large groups:

Personal hygiene habits.

love cleanliness; keep clothes clean; use only personal toilet items; sit down to eat after washing your hands with soap; do morning exercises every day; harden; take proper care of your teeth; be able to use toilet paper and etc.

Cultural Behavior Habits.

do not shout, but politely ask; give thanks for the fulfilled request; do not interfere with other children and adults at the table, in class, on a walk, in the bedroom, in public place; when entering the premises from the street, wipe your shoes; put objects in their place after any actions with them; say hello and goodbye, etc.

9. Definition of the concept of "disease". Acute and chronic diseases, features of their course. Disease(morbus) - there are various definitions of the concept of "disease"; one of the possible ones can be formulated as follows: a disease is a life disturbed in its course by damage to the structure and functions of the body under the influence of external and internal factors during reactive mobilization in qualitatively peculiar forms of its compensatory-adaptive mechanisms; the disease is characterized by a general or partial decrease in adaptability to the environment and restriction of the patient's freedom of life.

Feature of acute(mainly infectious) diseases - for example, infections of childhood - is the relative constancy of their symptoms in different patients. This phenomenon can be explained by the fact that the main symptoms of an acute illness are associated with the impact on the body of an infectious agent, and not with the response of the infected organism. However, there are some individual symptoms that are of considerable value in choosing the right homeopathic remedy. For example, all people with the flu show fever, weakness, headache etc. But some patients have repeated vomiting, others have either loose stools, or unquenchable thirst, or a complete lack of thirst, etc. In general, the picture of acute diseases is less individual compared to chronic ones. Acute diseases are characterized by a tendency to affect young individuals, regardless of their species.

characteristic feature of infectious diseases is their relative usefulness, since both individuals and the population as a whole become stronger by stimulating the immune system and increasing the ability to self-heal. Acute infectious diseases contribute to the rejection of weak individuals within the population (herds, flocks, pride), which increases the ability of the population and the species as a whole to survive. From this point of view, vaccination may be counteracting the natural process of selection. The concept of "chronic disease" includes all types of diseases, with the exception of acute infectious diseases.

In fact, chronic illness- this is nothing more than the inability of the body (or its immune system) to recover from any disease. A chronically ill patient never fully recovers and only gets worse. The gradual decline in health that is usually associated with age-related changes, actually represents the progress of the patient's disease. A healthy individual remains relatively strong all his life; a rapid deterioration in health is noted shortly before death. Almost all diseases of the adult body (as well as a significant part of the diseases of adolescence) fall into the category of chronic diseases, including such syndromes as hypo- and hyperthyroidism, skin diseases (including allergic dermatitis after flea bites), diabetes, malignant tumors, inflammation of the intestines, arthritis, lupus - in short, a huge number of diseases. Numerous diagnoses in a patient do not mean that the patient suffers from many diseases - it can be assumed that these are different manifestations of the same disease.

Reasons for the development of diseases.

Etiology- the doctrine of the causes and conditions of the occurrence of diseases.

Factors that cause or contribute to disease are called etiological. Identification of the causes and conditions for the occurrence of diseases is necessary for the doctor both for their prevention and for rational treatment. Establishing the causes of diseases presents certain difficulties, because they begin to act on the human body much earlier than he goes to the doctor. Diseases can occur as a result of exposure to any environmental factor - in such cases, they speak of external (exogenous) causes of the disease. Causes of disease, inherent in the body itself, are called internal (endogenous).

However, in the etiology of a pathological process, only external or only internal causes rarely act in isolation. Usually they are related.

For each disease, it is necessary to find out what is of primary importance in its origin - external factors or a violation of the properties of the organism itself, its ability to respond to the impact of any stimulus. Most often, the causes of diseases are environmental factors. The properties of the organism itself, which have developed in its relationship with the environment, play the role of conditions that promote or prevent the occurrence of diseases. Environmental factors can also play a role in the conditions in the occurrence of diseases. For example, the cause of tuberculosis is the tubercle bacillus that has entered the body. But the occurrence and course of this disease depend on a number of environmental factors that act as conditions for the disease (nature of nutrition, climate, etc.). These conditions either contribute to the development of tuberculosis and worsen its course, or, conversely, reduce the severity of its course.

The consequences caused in the body by the influence of pathogenic causes depend on the nature of the accompanying conditions, since the cause of the pathological process always acts in specific conditions of the external and internal environment.

Almost any environmental factor can, under certain conditions, cause a disease. These factors are combined into the following groups: physical, chemical, biological, social, alimentary, insufficient motor activity, excessive motor activity, psychogenic influences, etc.

1. Physical causes of diseases. These reasons can be: mechanical, thermal, radiant energy, electricity, atmospheric pressure changes.

2. Chemical causes of diseases. Various chemicals that are poisons can cause diseases caused by poisoning.

4. Social causes of diseases. In the occurrence and spread of diseases, social factors, i.e., factors of the social environment in which a person lives, are of great importance. The system of exploitation of workers creates predisposing conditions for the development of the disease. Unemployment, difficult working and living conditions, low sanitary culture, lack of an organized public health system - these are the main social causes of diseases.

5. Alimentary causes of diseases. Eating disorders can be factors disease-causing or contributing to their development. Undernutrition or overeating, the wrong ratio of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the diet, the lack of sufficient vitamins in it, the lack or excess of mineral salts, poor diet and other reasons are the etiological factors of a number of diseases.

6. Insufficient physical activity- hypodynamia. The mechanization and automation of production, the widespread development of vehicles, etc. have led to the fact that in modern society most people are physically inactive. Insufficient physical activity adversely affects health.

7. Excessive motor activity- hyperdynamia. Excessive motor activity, or excessive physical exertion, should be understood as such loads that exceed the ability of a particular person to perform them.

8. Psychogenic causes of diseases. Overstrain of higher nervous activity, violation of the ratio of the processes of excitation and inhibition in the cerebral cortex, arising from various life situations, mental trauma (grief, fear, etc.) can lead to a change in the functional relationship of the cerebral cortex and the subcortical region. As a result, vegetative disorders occur, manifested in disorders of the functions of various organs. These changes contribute to the development of hypertension and peptic ulcer, some skin diseases, etc.

There are more than 300 definitions of the concept of "health". By definition World Organization healthcare, health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

physical health- this is the perfection of self-regulation in the body, the harmony of physiological processes, maximum adaptation to the environment (pedagogical definition); this is a state of growth and development of organs and systems of the body, which is based on morphological and functional reserves that provide adaptive reactions (medical definition).

mental health- this is a high consciousness, developed thinking, a great internal and moral force that encourages creative activity (pedagogical definition); this is a state of the mental sphere, the basis of which is the status of general mental comfort, an adequate behavioral response (medical definition).

social health is the health of society, as well as the environment for each person.

moral health e is a complex of characteristics of the motivational and need-informative sphere in life, the basis of which is determined by the system of values, attitudes and motives of the individual's behavior in society.

Spiritual health- system of values ​​and beliefs.

The concept of "health" includes both individual and social characteristics.

In relation to an individual, it reflects the quality of the organism's adaptation to environmental conditions and represents the result of the process of interaction between a person and the environment. Health is formed as a result of the interaction of external (natural and social) and internal (heredity, gender, age) factors.

Signs of individual health:

• specific and nonspecific resistance to the action of damaging factors;
• indicators of growth and development;
• the current functional state and potential (capabilities) of the body and personality;
• the presence and level of any disease or developmental defect;
• the level of moral-volitional and value-motivational attitudes.

In this regard, a holistic view of individual health can be represented as a four-component model, in which the relationships of its various components are highlighted and their hierarchy is presented:

somatic component - the current state of the organs and systems of the human body, the basis of which is the biological program of individual development, mediated by the basic needs that dominate at various stages of ontogenetic development.

These needs, firstly, are the trigger mechanism for human development, and secondly, they ensure the individualization of this process.

The physical component is the level of growth and development of organs and systems of the body, which is based on morpho-physiological and functional reserves that provide adaptive reactions.

Psychic Component- the state of the mental sphere, the basis of which is the state of general mental comfort, which provides an adequate behavioral response. This state is due to both biological and social needs, as well as the ability to satisfy them.

Moral component- a set of characteristics of the motivational and need-informative sphere of life, the basis of which is determined by the system of values, attitudes and motives of the individual's behavior in society. Moral health mediates the spirituality of a person, since it is connected with the universal truths of goodness, love and beauty.

Such a selection of health components is to some extent conditional, however, it allows, on the one hand, to show the multidimensionality of mutual influences of various manifestations of the functioning of the individual, on the other hand, to more fully characterize the various aspects of human life aimed at organizing an individual lifestyle.