Functions of social institutions. The social institution is
As a result of mastering this chapter, the student must:
know
- essence of social efficiency of innovative development business organizations;
- indicators characterizing the social efficiency of innovative development of enterprises;
be able to
- determine integral indicator social effect from the introduction of innovations;
- calculate generalizing indicators characterizing the social effect of the organizational and technical development of enterprises;
own
- the skills of speaking to an audience with informational messages, reports on topical issues Russian innovative entrepreneurship;
- methods for assessing the social effect as a result of entrepreneurial activity.
Social sphere in the conditions of market relations
In the transition to a market economy, social aspects in the sphere of production are clearly underestimated. Already at the beginning of economic reforms, the course towards the abolition of the social sector of enterprises was clearly manifested: preschool institutions, sports and recreation complexes. At the same time, the question of ensuring their break-even functioning was not raised, but with the tacit consent federal services and local self-government objects of the social sphere were sold, closed, taken away.
Unemployment led to a cheap labor market, which dramatically changed the attitude of entrepreneurs towards personnel. In turn, this generates a negative response from workers. Collective agreements at enterprises have lost their significance, the role trade union organizations minimized, untimely payment of wages - all this has a negative impact on the level of organization of labor and production. However, underestimation of personnel policy is an unacceptable mistake that has economic and social consequences.
In the world practice of highly developed countries, investment priorities are focused on meeting a number of social needs - the development of the housing industry, the improvement of infrastructure and the service sector. A new development model is being formed, the main priority in which is to improve the quality of life, including the improvement of health and improvement of working conditions and the environment, improving the quality of medical services, the production of environmentally friendly food, ensuring social and personal security and conditions for the development and self-realization of the individual.
It is extremely difficult for the Russian economy, at this stage of development, to combine ensuring economic growth and improving the quality of life. But this is a paramount problem and it needs to be solved, for this purpose it is necessary to develop concepts and programs (at the federal and regional levels) of scientific and economic development.
It is innovative activity that provides the conditions for improving production relations, changes the forms of organization, conditions, nature and content of labor.
As a result of social consequences innovation activities conditions are created for the revitalization of human activity, which ultimately directly or indirectly affects the recovery of the economy. The social consequences of innovation activities are ambiguous, and therefore they should be assessed depending on the achievement of the goal. scientific and technological development. Thus, the introduction of computer equipment and information technologies determines the use of the highest stage of production automation. But at the same time, the complexity of production processes increases, the functions of the worker, his role in production, change. Automation and robotization facilitate work, but also increase the responsibility of the worker, require a special production culture and intelligence, and a constant increase in the level of knowledge.
The impact of innovations on the structure of intensive work of workers is quite complex and contradictory. Under conditions of technical improvement of production, along with a reduction in the expenditure of physical energy and lightening of labor, mental and nervous stress increases. Thus, contradictions arise between the acceleration of the transformation of production processes, the increase in the flow of information and the limited physical and psycho-physiological abilities of a person.
Different social consequences have a different impact on economic efficiency, increasing or decreasing it. However, the social impacts of innovation tend to be manageable, reducing negative impacts and increasing positive ones. This is one of the features of managing the social development of individual enterprises and industries.
Targeted impacts on the social consequences of innovation activities should ensure an increase in the social effect.
1. Functionalism is characterized by the analysis of education as
· filtering device
· Socially significant activity · Spheres of self-realization During the transition to a post-industrial society, a process of population increase is observed - this phenomenon is called · urbanization · suburbanization · social mobility A factor influencing the speed of adoption of innovations is the possibility of ... characteristics · Demonstrations · visual inspection · Descriptions The process of mutual cultural penetration, as a result of which a common culture is affirmed, is called · Assimilation · Segregation · Compromise The essence of contacts of interest is that they · Forced to pay attention to others · Make others pay attention to us · Allows you to choose a social object 6. The emergence of new social movements is explained by the mass reaction to · Westernization · globalization · Modernization 7. Spengler's theory is called "life cycle theory ..." · Societies · Civilizations · cultures 8. The ideology of politics as a social institution is based on the following. ideas · Freedom, progress, equality · Democracy, law, nationalism · Constitution, law, state A stable set of formal and informal rules, principles, norms, attitudes that regulate various spheres of human activity and organize them into a system of roles and statuses is called ... · social institution · Social system · social structure A necessary condition for successful acculturation is · Tolerance · Avoidance · Conflict A form of social interaction in which actors seek to fulfill their interests to the detriment of the interests of other people · Cooperation · Conflict · Compromise An example of an evolutionary process is .. · Agricultural life · The development of the division of labor · Development of information System World inform. Giddens order - · Creation international system news · Creation of an international system for the production of information and its dissemination · Job advertisement · Buying a newspaper · Crossing the street at a pedestrian intersection TO common features social institutions does not apply · Motivation · Codes · Ideology Social changes in societies develop through .. · selection · Diffusion · segregation New social movements include .. Movement · Trade union · ecological · Farm Globalization ... migration processes in the world · Stimulates · calls An example of a counterculture in modern society can be a subculture ... · Entrepreneurs · bohemia · deaf and mute The role of the media in the modern world · Construction of social reality · Assessment of social reality · Reflection of social reality The theory ... states that the crowd contributes to the manifestation of the behavior of people to which they are predisposed · Convergence · Emergence of norms · Incremental value A form of social interaction that involves rewards and costs is called · Competition · Compromise · Exchange 23. The overthrow of the state and class structures of society and replacing them with a new order is · class conflict · Political coup · social revolution 24. Not related to factors affecting globalization · Electronic media · Ecologist. Movement · ethnocentrism 25. Economic basis of traditions. Total.. · Services sector · Industry Which of the Western sociologists argued that modern schools do not develop the cognitive abilities of students, their common sense and the teaching to think independently · S.D. Hern · I.Illich · R. Collins An action performed by a person automatically, out of habit, according to Weber's classification, is called · purposeful rational · Traditional · affective Who considered the cause of conflicts in society unequal roles · J. G. Mead · L. Koser · R. Dahrendorf 29. The negative effects of globalization include · Internalization of the institutions of civil society · International division of labor · Restriction of national autonomy. civil institutions 30. What aspect is not typical in the analysis of education · institutional · Systemic · Structural 31. Which of the sociologists singles out the core of the global society, consisting of world leaders in production · I. Wallernstein · E. Giddens · N. Smelser Who created a two-term scheme for the development of society, consisting of the stages of the community and society · F. Tennis · G. Simmel · V.Paretto Crowd behavior is... · collective behavior · Mass action · social movement It does not apply to the elements of the structure of social actions. · The need for activation · Action result · Participant Interests 35. An essential sign of mass action is the absence of .. · Institutional contacts · personal contacts · personal activity What is the name of a special type of fleeting short-term connections of an individual in society · Contacts · Interactions Giddens believes that globalization is inextricably linked to... · Modernization · Transformation · Discrimination Which of the following sociologists believed that education is an investment in the future that brings profit · Durkheim · harne · Juster 39. The formation of the alphabets of European languages based on the Latin alphabet is an example of a cultural · Anomie · relativism · Diffusion 40. The system of interdependent social actions is called · Mutual reproaches · Interactions · Relationships The attitudes and patterns of behavior of religion as a social institution include · Love · Faith · Respectfulness 42. The globalization of education means it.. · Internationalization · Unification · G.Lebon · G.Tard · N.Smelzer According to the theory .. all societies go through the same stages of development from traditionalism to the industrial stage · cultural dynamics · Evolution · Modernizations 45 Does not apply to spatial contacts.. · Supposed · Visual · Public 46 The system of methods of ideological and social - psychological. Influences with the aim of changing the opinions, thinking, consciousness and behavior of people contrary to their interests are called · Propaganda · Suggestion · Manipulation 47 The media, according to Giddens, has no influence on · Everyday existence · Predisposition to crime and violence · Religious affiliation 48 Globalization of the ability of the national state to really manage the internal processes in the country · Does not affect · Reduces · Raises Any action of an individual, focused on the motives of the behavior of other people, is called · cultural · psychological · Social 50 Does not apply to the types of social actions according to Weber · Pragmatic · Traditional · affective Value-oriented movements are characterized by the following features · The presence of leaders, programs and developed ideologies · The presence of leaders promising programs and developed ideologies · The presence of charismatic leaders, promising programs and developed ideologies 52 Musicals and blockbusters in the science fiction and detective genres are an example of .. culture · Elite · Bulk · People's Social movements are a set of efforts and actions aimed at.. · Change support · Against innovation · Support or resistance to change · Conflict · disagreement · Mobilization 55 Which of the listed theoretical directions considers that the structure of society is based on unity, social harmony and functional compliance · evolutionaryism · Conflictology · Functionalism The criterion for progress in the concept of post-industrial society is the level of development. · Technical · scientific · Cultural Marriage between one woman and several men called · Polygyny · Polygamy · polyandry 58 According to Smelser, a consequence of the spread of industry. Technology has become · Strengthening social mobility · The emergence of closed social groups · Strengthening relationships. connections · W. Rostow · A. Toffler · L. White Institute ... provides management in various areas of society, security and social order · Religions · Politicians · Economy This type of movement is aimed at improving working conditions and increasing wages. · value-oriented · Norm-oriented · reformist All charismatic movements can be called · norm-oriented · value oriented · religious According to F. Tönnies, the community is an image of ... society · Mass · Traditional · Industrial N. Smelser considers collective behavior as
Social Consequences- these are expected, planned or unexpected, spontaneously arising, unforeseen results of transformations in society, any innovations in a limited territorial social system (region, city) or social organization (enterprise, firm, institution) that affect the social relations of groups, communities , individuals. Social consequences can be positive and negative, immediate and remote (in terms of the time of occurrence), direct or indirect (in connection with the main direction of transformations), etc. Social impacts are generally related to social goals and concerns and are an important concept in social management.
Responsibility is an obligation placed on or undertaken by someone to account for any of their actions and accept the blame for possible consequences. From a psychological point of view, responsibility is a more complex concept, appearing in various psychological phenomena. Responsibility– this is, first of all, the individual's awareness of those requirements and norms for the organization of labor activity, the consequences of their fulfillment and non-fulfilment, which exist in the team, labor organization, and society. But awareness alone is not enough; an active, effective desire is needed to realize these requirements in the conditions of joint work, to embody these norms in concrete actions and deeds. Thus, when we talk about responsibility, we are not talking about a simple performance of what is due, but about an active life position, the desire to achieve what is due. At the same time, it is important that a person is responsible for his actions, first of all, to himself, to his conscience.
On the other hand, responsibility can be considered as a psychological trait of a person, which is steadily manifested in his attitude to work, to the team, to himself. Along with this, the concept of responsibility also includes an emotional-sensory component, expressed in a person's sense of responsibility, duty and conscience.
Thus, responsibility as a psychological phenomenon is the result of many mental functions of a person: cognitive, emotional and behavioral. The essential signs of responsibility, manifested in behavior, are accuracy, punctuality, commitment to the performance of one's duties, readiness to be responsible for the consequences of one's actions. Responsible behavior presupposes professionalism, knowledge of one's business, and the desire to understand complex issues. It cannot be implemented successfully if a person does not have developed emotional qualities: the ability to empathize, sensitivity to the state of another person. The implementation of responsible behavior requires strong-willed qualities: perseverance, patience, endurance, perseverance.
Responsibility is directly related to the fulfillment of obligations, which is understood as “a promise or contract that requires unconditional fulfillment from the one who accepted them.
Responsibility has always been related to a certain subject and reflects the scope of the tasks and duties of the individual, i.e. debt limits.
Duty there is a duty of a person to someone or to his conscience.
Conscience is the awareness and experience of responsibility, based on self-assessments of the performance of duties.
The subject of responsibility may be:
individual personality;
a group as a certain community of people;
the state as a kind of macrostructure.
The presence of an instance before which the subject can and must be held accountable for his actions is an important regulator. public life. These authorities may be:
1) a publicly significant person (for example, a president, head of a company, etc.);
2) social group (political party, organization, society, etc.);
3) historically established ethical, moral, religious and other requirements.
Types of responsibility: legal, moral, professional, social and others. Role duties and social relations that determine them are taken as one of the criteria of social responsibility. It is also possible to choose more particular criteria for classifying liability, on the basis of which such types of liability are determined, such as criminal, administrative, material, moral.
The psychological prerequisite for responsibility is the possibility of choice, i.e. conscious preference for a certain line of behavior. The choice can be made in complicated conditions, for example, in conflict situations, where the interests of a single individual, group of people or society collide.
Responsibility is considered the most important property of a person. If we are talking about the adoption of social norms of behavior, then we usually talk about the social responsibility of the individual. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that its object is social norms and role functions. The subject of control can be both the person himself and his social environment.
Awareness of responsibility- first of all, the reflection in the subject of being of social necessity, i.e. understanding the meaning of the actions taken and the consequences. As a result, the attribution of responsibility is generated by the vital need to evaluate the results of activities, as well as to determine the level of success or failure, impose penalties, etc.
The concept of responsibility directly interacts with the concept of "independence". When the decision is made personally by the subject of the action, then all responsibility falls on him. Responsibility is devalued in the group.
At the enterprise, the very nature of the activity gives rise to industrial conflicts. Let us give a conflict example of such a managerial situation. One employee works on an expensive imported machine, which requires careful handling and fine tuning during operation. But the employee is not responsible for its safety. Therefore, in the event of an accident, a person blames the technician or engineer responsible for its technical condition. There is a conflict - who is to blame? This situation could not arise if the operation and maintenance of the machine were the responsibility of the same department, in which the necessary training of personnel in the use of equipment would be carried out.
One of the forms of legal and moral support for the social activity of the individual is responsibility for inaction. A person should feel responsible not only for what he did, but also for what he did not do, although he had to do it.
Professional Responsibility requires constant psychological readiness to take specific actions. In some positions, including leadership, responsibility is the main source of mental stress over time.
Performing the basic functions of management, the manager solves complex tasks that are not of the same order in content and structure. Their constituent elements are economic, legal, technological, socio-psychological, educational and other tasks. The head is obliged to comply with state laws, legal norms and at the same time be responsible for his work and the work of his subordinates.
Distinguish legal and social responsibility.
Legal liability means following specific laws and regulations state regulation, which determines what an organization can and cannot do, a group as a separate element of an organization, an individual as an object of management.
Unlike the legal Social responsibility- this is a certain degree of voluntary response to social problems in accordance with social norms, values, characteristics of the subculture and moral obligations.
Social responsibility lies outside the requirements defined by law or regulatory authorities. Example: donations to help sick children, disabled people, etc. Such behavior is not regulated by legal laws and is voluntary. Another example: donor activity to provide emergency care to a patient. This is an example of an altruistic act associated with the realization of duty.
Social responsibility is associated with the implementation of general rules, norms that are assimilated by a person. Social norms of behavior are formed gradually in the process of growing up, starting from childhood. Gradually, from external requirements, they become internal, psychological formations.
Social responsibility serves as a means of internal control of the individual (it is called self-control), i.e. activities that are carried out consciously and voluntarily.
A person's awareness of the need for social responsibility is associated with the action of various factors: cognitive, motivational, situational, characterological, personal and others.
Social responsibility is directly related to the implementation of group norms of behavior. When it is said that an employee violates the norms of the group of which he is a member, this means that such norms exist and that the person must follow them.
Group norms are understood as a set of requirements and rules developed within a group as a certain community and playing the role of the most important means of regulating the behavior of members of this group.
The practice of forming and functioning of groups (in social psychology they are called "small" or "working" groups) indicates that these norms are not set by anyone from the outside, but are added up in the process joint activities of people. We can say that group norms are created spontaneously and become the standards of behavior for all members of the group.
In a close-knit group, norms of relations with other people are also formed. The value-oriented unity of the group is one of the complex socio-psychological phenomena, since it is systemic in nature. To date, it has not been sufficiently studied. Group norms contribute to the performance of certain actions by people performing common work. The existence of group norms makes it possible to predict the behavior of not only individual members of the group, but the entire group as a whole. In the presence of group norms, the group itself becomes a collective organizer and coordinator of the activities of performers. The system of group norms is controlled by the group itself. Therefore, not only the leader, but the group itself become the subjects of management by all its members.
In any organization with a developed structure, there are formal and informal groups.
The leader is responsible not only for the present, but also for the future, for fulfilling his duties and foreseeing the consequences of his own actions. As an example, we can take any managerial decision, without which an organizational task cannot be solved. So, without solving the problems of personnel management, without selecting the necessary personnel and management personnel, it is impossible to solve a single managerial problem.
For any decision made, the leader is responsible. But there are situations when the leader does not accept specific solutions. Failure to make decisions may be a violation of the social responsibility of the leader. For example, no decision has been made to check safety measures by managers who are directly related to this. The result is the death of people due to the resulting fire.
The leader must foresee the consequences of his inaction and be ready to bear responsibility for it. The social responsibility of managers may conflict with legal responsibility. For example, contrary to the law, the manager seeks funds by renting out premises located on the territory of the enterprise to pay off wage arrears to employees. Such behavior of the leader from purely human positions can be regarded as socially responsible.
Social responsibility should be considered as a persistent personal property. When making life plans, a person usually weighs whether this goal is feasible for him or whether he needs to rely on external forces, on other people. According to researchers, one person can act as the master of his own destiny, while the other "floats at the will of the waves", i.e. one person takes responsibility and the other walks away from it.
In this regard, two different strategies of human behavior should be noted:
1) see the source of control of your life in external environment;
2) in itself.
In accordance with the views of J. Rotter, if a person takes responsibility for the events of his life, then this means that the person has "internal" control. The internality of the personality positively correlates with social responsibility, with awareness of the meaning and goals of life. Individuals with an internal locus of control (locus of control- the property of a person to determine the measure of responsibility for their actions to themselves or external circumstances) take responsibility for the course of life events, guided by a sense of duty, morality and clearly aware of the meaning.
Socially responsible individuals are characterized by the presence of positive qualities, ranging from punctuality, accuracy, obedience and ending with moral, civic traits such as honesty, justice, adherence to principles, etc.
If responsibility is attributed by circumstances to other people or to an occasion, then this characterizes the presence of an external, i.e. "external" control. The internality and externality of the locus of control are stable personality traits formed in the process of socialization (according to J. Rotter). Socialization- this is the result of the inclusion of a person in social relations, thanks to which social experience is assimilated, and then reproduced in activity. In contrast to interval, external personalities, suspiciousness, anxiety, depression, aggressiveness, conformism, dogmatism, authoritarianism, etc. are characteristic.
Questions for revision and discussion
1. What caused the need for management?
2. What is the essence of managerial interaction?
3. What is meant by the system of social management?
4. What is resource management?
5. What is included in the concept of a social system?
6. What elements does the control system consist of?
7. What is responsibility?
8. What characterizes social responsibility?
9. What is the relationship between personality and responsibility?
The influence of social institutions on the socialization of the individual
Definition 2
Socialization institutions are institutions and organizations that direct the process of socialization and have a direct impact on it.
Socialization institutions are divided into:
- primary institutions of socialization - family, preschool institutions, school, sections and circles for children and youth, peer groups, etc.;
- secondary institutions of socialization - the state and its bodies, the church, higher educational institutions, the media, etc.
The process of socialization of the individual is influenced by various social institutions:
- Family. Parents are agents of primary socialization. The family teaches the rules and norms of behavior,
- School. It teaches discipline, fosters collectivism, respect for elders. At school, cultural values, moral norms are mastered, the child acquires new knowledge, skills and abilities.
- Social circles, sports sections. They contribute to the development of physical qualities, patience, endurance, a sense of collectivism.
- Church. Teaches patience, kindness, justice and mercy.
- Army. Teaches discipline. Develops a sense of responsibility, patriotism.
- Mass media. They contribute to the formation of certain attitudes towards cultural and other values accepted in society.
Influence of educational and cultural institutions
Definition 3
Education is a social institution that ensures the development of society as a result of the structured transfer of social experience in the form of certain knowledge, skills and abilities.
Educational and cultural institutions have a variety of influences, including:
- adaptation, i.e. preparation for life in society;
- management on the basis of accepted norms of various manifestations of group and intergroup behavior, everyday interpersonal contacts of people;
- determining the methods and order of mutual communication;
- regulation of methods of exchange and transmission of information, appeals, greetings, etc.;
- training of specialists;
- familiarization with cultural norms and values;
- revealing the personal potential of each person.
The impact of economic and political social institutions
Remark 1
Economic and political social institutions have the greatest impact on the stability of society, its development as a social system.
The economic system is an interconnection of various economic structures, the functioning of which is regulated by certain economic institutions. The social institution covers only one segment of the economy.
Institutions that influence the economy:
- property institution. It includes a system of social control bodies, institutions and organizations of power, legal and moral norms, standards, values, stereotypes of behavior associated with various forms of ownership (state, public, municipal, group, individual, etc.). As a social institution, property is a powerful tool that activates and stimulates people's activities.
- market institute. A market economy is a self-regulating economic system based on the production of goods, their exchange in accordance with supply and demand in conditions of free competition. Institute market economy allows a person to realize his private interests, provides a path to effective and dynamic economic development, creates
190. Intragenerational mobility is…
1.Moving from one position to another at various points in an individual's working life
2. Moving from position to position in relation to the positions of the parents
3.Horizontal mobility
4. Downward mobility
191. Feature informal groups is that they arise...
1. As a result of management 2. Spontaneously
3. As a result of orders 4. Purposefully
192. One of the functions of the primary group is ...
1. Axiological function 2. Humanistic function
3. Socialization of the individual 4. economic function
193. K. Marx characterized the relations between the main classes in bourgeois society as a class (th, th) ...
3. Antagonism 4. Competition
194. The class of modern society that stands for political, economic and cultural stability is _____________ class.
1. Inferior 2. Underground
3. Medium 4. Supreme
195. The transition to universal literacy and the formation of national education systems is - characteristic ______ society.
1. Traditional 2. Industrial
196. The transition to universal literacy and the formation of national educational systems is a characteristic feature of _______ society.
1. Traditional 2. Industrial
3. Post-industrial 4. Class
197. The economic dependence of a woman on her husband and the recognition of the unconditional priority of a man in matters of family headship are characteristic of ______ families.
1. Nominal 2. Nuclear
3. Egalitarian 4. Patriarchal
198. The concept of "reference group" was introduced into sociology ...
1. M. Weber 2. C. Cooley
3. E. Durkheim 4. G. Hyman
199. The presence of interaction between members of the group is a sign of social ...
1. Communities 2. Roles
3. Groups 4. Connections
200. Employees of the Gazprom concern are ...
201. The totality of non-political and non-political government organizations, associations, movements - this is ...
1. Public 2. Party
3. State 4. Civil society
202. Representatives of _____________ define society as a stable and orderly system, the stability of which is achieved through common values, beliefs, and social expectations.
1. Interactionism 2. Social groups
3. Functionalism 4. Conflict theories
203. The economic basis of a traditional society is ...
1. Agriculture 2. Science
3. Trade 4. Industry
204. The process of ordering statuses and roles into a system to meet social needs is called ...
1. Institutionalization 2. Stratification
3. Socialization 4. Urbanization
205. A set of formal prescriptions that define the rights and obligations of a husband and wife, and two of them - in relation to their children and relatives, is called ...
1. Family 2. Marriage
3. Deviation 4. Sanction
206. A group of people united by the solution of certain social problems, characterized by common interests and goals, a sense of solidarity and self-determination, is called ...
1. Crowd 2. Community
3. Collective 4.Organization
207. Society has such features as territorial certainty and the presence of ...
1. Complete equality 2. Political interests
3. Common culture 4. Geographic environment
208. The transition to universal literacy and the formation of national educational systems is a characteristic feature of _____ society.
1. Post-industrial 2. Industrial
3. Class 4. Traditional
209. The marriage of one woman simultaneously with several spouses is called ...
1. Polygyny 2. Endogamy
3. Polyandry 4. Exogamy
210. The presence of a formal organization is a sign of a __________ group.
1. Big 2. Real
3. Small 4. Secondary
211. Two people waiting for a bus at a bus stop are called ...
1. In-group 2. Out-group
3. Reference group 4. Quasigroup
212. The legal assignment of rights and obligations to each group is characteristic of the _____ stratification system.
1. Slave 2. Class
3. Cast 4. Class
213. Successful adaptation to a new socio-economic situation characterizes the ____ layer.
1. Base 2. Underclass
3. Bottom 4. Medium
214. A set of people scattered in space who have similar interests in relation to some object is ...
1. Class 2. Strat
3. Crowd 4. Public
215. The transition to universal literacy and the formation of national educational systems is a characteristic feature of _____ society.
1. Traditional 2. Post-industrial
3. Class 4. Industrial
216. If the consequences of the activity of a social institution impede the functioning of another institution, then this phenomenon is called ...
1. Dysfunction 2. Deviation
3. Explicit function 4. Latent function
217. A set of formal prescriptions that define the rights and obligations of a husband and wife, and two of them - in relation to their children and relatives, is called ...
1. Sanction 2. marriage
3. Family 4. Deviation
218. The group with which the individual identifies himself and to which he belongs is called ...
1. Nominal 2. Primary
3. Internal 4. Small
219. A group of people united by the solution of certain social problems, characterized by common interests and goals, a sense of solidarity and self-determination, is called ...
1. Team 2. Commonality
3. Crowd 4. Organization
220. An association that claims a common origin for all its members, a common history, and is also characterized by a sense of solidarity is a ____ community.
1. Bulk 2. Rated
3. Territorial 4. Ethnic
221. The main feature of ____ is isolation from the institutions of a large society.
1.Bottom layer 2.Middle layer
3. Base layer 4. Underclass
222. A social group of three people, in which complicated relationship is called...
1. Dyad 2. Resocialization
3. Triad 4. Validity
223. The totality of non-political and non-state organizations, associations, movements is
1. Civil society 2. Party
3. State 4. Public
224. Economic basis industrial society is…
1. Science 2. Agriculture
3. Industry 4. Trading
225. A social institution that reproduces the population is called ...
1. Organization 2. Estate
3. Community 4. Family
226. A group in which communication is maintained by direct personal contacts and highly emotional involvement of members in the affairs of the group is called _______ group.
1. Reference 2. Secondary
3. Social 4. Primary
227. Customers in the store, passengers at the station are an example of ...
3. Social aggregate 4. Territorial community
228. Legal assignment to each group of rights and obligations are characteristic of _____ stratification systems
1. Class 2. Class
3. Slave 4. Caste
229. The most numerous part in the system of stratification of Russian society is the _____ layer.
1. Bottom 2. Middle
3. Basic 4. Sub-elite
230. A broad social group characterized by a certain geographic location m, political sovereignty and original culture, is called ...
1. Society 2. Culture
3. Subculture 4. Civilization
231. Association of people based on their participation in some activity, system-bound relationships that are regulated by formal or informal social institutions is called _________ group.
1. Social 2. Primary
3. Reference 4. Nominal
232. The presence of interaction between members of the group is a sign of social ...
1. Communities 2. Roles
3. Groups 4. Connections
233. Customers in the store, passengers at the station represent an example ...
1. Ethnic community 2. Social category
3. Territorial community 4. social aggregate
234. From the standpoint of _______, the basis of social inequality is private ownership of the means of production.
1. Functionalism 2. Marxism
3. Conflict theory 4. Exchange theory
235. Distinctive feature representatives of the _____ layer - low activity potential.
1. Sub-elite 2. Medium
3. Base 4. Bottom
236.According to the concept of E. Shils, the essential features of society are their own ...
237. Relations between the main classes in bourgeois society K. Marx described as class (th, th) ...
1. Cooperation 2. Rivalry
3. Antagonism 4. Competition
238. The class of modern society that stands for political, economic and cultural stability is _____________ class.
1. Inferior 2. Underground
3. Medium 4. Supreme
239. According to T. Parsons, maintaining the motivation of actors in the performance of roles, the elimination of hidden stresses is provided by the subsystem ...
1. Political 2. Culture
3. Social control 4.Economy
240. A broad social group, characterized by a certain geographical position, political sovereignty and original culture, is called ...
1. Civilization 2. Culture
3. Subculture 3. Society
241. The economic dependence of a woman on her husband and the recognition of the unconditional priority of the man in matters of family headship are characteristic of the family.
1. Egalitarian 2. Nuclear
3. Rated 4. Patriarchal
242. The group with which the individual identifies himself and to which he belongs is called ...
1. Primary 2. Internal
3. Rated 4. Minor
243. A social group consisting of two members, the relationship between which is based on feelings, equivalence of exchange and reciprocity, is called ...
1. Urbanization 2. Anomie
3. Dyad 4. Triad
244. Big businessmen and responsible officials are included in the stratum.
1. Sub-elite 2. Basic
3. Lower 4. Middle
245. The evolutionary typology of societies is based on social ______, typical for all countries and peoples.
1. Functions 2. Sanctions
3. Morals 4. Changes
246. If the consequences of the activities of a social institution impede the functioning of another institution, then this phenomenon is called ....
1. Deviation 2. Explicit function
3. Latent function 4. Dysfunction
247. The marriage of one woman simultaneously with several spouses is called ...,.
1. Exogamy 2. Endogamy
3. Polygyny 4. Polyandry
248. A group in which communication is maintained by direct personal contacts and highly emotional involvement of members in the affairs of the group is called ....
1. Secondary 2. Reference
3. Primary 4. Social
249. The totality of people who have a unity of relationship to a particular developed area is a ____ community.
1. Territorial 2. Bulk
3. Nominal 4. Ethnic
250. The legal assignment of rights and obligations to each group is characteristic of _______ stratification systems.
1. Class 2. class
3. Caste 4. Slave
251. A social institution that carries out the reproduction of the population is called ...
1. Organization 2. Community
3. Family 4. estate
252. A group of people united by the solution of certain social problems, characterized by common interests and goals, a sense of solidarity and self-determination, is called ...
1. Organization 2. Crowd
3. Collective 4. Commonality
253. Society has such features as territorial certainty and the presence of ...
1. Common culture 2. Complete equality
3. Political interests 4. Geographic environment
254. A set of people scattered in space who have similar interests in relation to some object is
1 class 2. Public
3. Crowd 4. Strat
255. The concept of "reference group" introduced into sociology ...
1. M. Weber 2. E. Durkheim
3. G. Hyman 4. C. Cooley
256. The presence of interaction between members of the group is a sign of social ...
1. Communities 2. Groups
3. Relationships 4. Roles
257. Society as a system of relations between people based on norms and values that form culture, determined ...
1. T. Parsons 2. M. Weber
3. K. Marx 4. E. Durkheim
258. The transition to universal literacy and the formation of national educational systems is a characteristic feature of _____ society.
1. Industrial 2. Class
3. Post-industrial 4. Traditional
259. The presence of a formal organization is a sign of a ______ group.
1. Small 2. Secondary
3. Big 4. Real
260. A distinctive feature of the representatives of the ______ layer is a low activity potential.
1. Bottom 2. Sub-elite
3. Basic 4. Medium
261. A set of formal prescriptions that define the rights and characteristics of a husband and wife. And two of them - in relation to
1. Sanction 2. Family
3. Marriage 4. Deviation
262. The totality of people who have the unity of relations to a particular developed area is ___ community
1. Ethnic 2. Nominal
3. Bulk 4. Territorial
263. Citizenship rights are the main criterion for stratification in the ______ system of inequality.
1. Slave 2. Cast
3. Estate 4. Class
264. Successful adaptation to a new socio-economic situation characterizes the ___ layer.
1. Underclass 2. Basic
3. Bottom 4. Medium
265. The totality of non-political and non-state organizations, associations, movements is ....
1. Civil society 2. State
3. Party 4. Public
266. A family consisting of representatives of several generations, fucks up ....
1. Patriarchal 2. Nominal
3. Expanded 4. Nuclear
Topic 5. Society and personality: problems of interaction.
1. The type of personality accepted by the culture of the corresponding society, which most reflects the characteristics of this culture:
1. Normative personality 2. Typical personality
3. Traditional personality 4. Cultural personality
2. Behavioral reaction (Merton), which is expressed in the complete denial of the goals and means proclaimed by society and replacing them with new goals and means.
1. Ritualism 2. Mutiny
3. Conformism 4. Retreatism
3. The totality of all statuses occupied by this individual is:
1. Main statuses 2. Social statuses
3. Status position 4. Status set
4. A generalized characteristic covering the profession, economic situation, political opportunities, the demographic parameters of a person are:
1. Social status 2. Personal status
3. Role set 4. Social status
5. A behavior model focused on a specific status is:
1. social role 2. Status role
3. Pattern of social action 4. Social norm
6. To the variety of statuses not applicable:
1. Social status 2. Personal status
3. Intergenerational status 4. Prescribed status
7. The process of transforming external real actions, social forms of communication into stable internal qualities of the individual through the assimilation of group values and attitudes:
1. Conformity 2. Interiorization
3. Deviation 4. Training
8. Social norms that are supported by the moral consciousness of believers, the belief in the punishment for sins when deviating from the norms:
1. Religious norms 2. Moral standards
3. Legal regulations 4. Legal regulations
9. To the methods of social control not applicable:
1.Manipulation 2. Persuasion
3. Coercion 4. Suggestion
10. Synonymous with the concept of "social status" Not is the term:
1. Social rank 2. Social position
3. Social position 4. Social role
11. The position of an individual or group in the social system, due to the social functions they perform with the rights and obligations arising from them, is:
1. Social position 2. Responsibilities
3. Subjectivism 4. Mobility
12. Type of social control characteristic of small groups:
1. Informal control 2. Formal control
3. Isolation 4. Isolation
13. The principle of behavior based on worldview, values and norms, readiness for action:
1. Value Orientations 2. Life position
3. Social norms 4. Values
14. A stable system of connections between individuals that has developed in the process of their interaction with each other in the conditions of a given society:
1. Friendship 2. Social relations
3. Cooperation 4. Integration
15. Type of personality, the most common in this territory:
1. Social personality 2. Normative personality
3. Modal personality 4. Typical personality
16. General concept, which is a biosocial category, is:
1. Personality 2. Man
3. Subject 4. Object
17. A unique combination of natural and social properties of an individual is:
1. Uniqueness 2. Individuality
3. Uniqueness 4. Inimitability
18. Socially approved by most people ideas about what goodness, duty, justice, friendship, etc. are:
1. Virtues 2. Rules
3. Norms 4. Values
19. A variety of _________ status is social class status.
1. Main 2 . prescribed
3. Attainable 4. Personal
20. Actual, real behavior of a person occupying a particular social position (social status):
1. Normative behavior 2. social behavior
3. Role performance 4. Conformity
21. Developed the theory of the hierarchy of needs:
1. A. Maslow 2. K. Marx
3. C. Cooley 4. F. Engels
22. The integrity of the social properties of a person, a product of social development:
1. Personality 2. Man
3. Subject 4. Object
23. The manifestation of social relations at the interpersonal level, the dependence of the behavior of one individual on another:
1. Social 2. Public
3. Psychological 4. Humanistic
24. A. Maslow developed a hierarchy of needs: basic (vital), security, __________, recognition, self-realization.
1. Material 2. Communication
3. Economic 4. Love
25. J. Mead identified three stages in the formation of personality: the stage of accepting the role of another, ________, the stage of accepting the role of a “generalized other”.
1. The stage of accepting the role of others 2. Stage of self-acceptance
3. Stage of awareness of oneself 4. Stage of awareness of others
27. Everyone living in society and having undergone socialization is:
1. Personality 2. Man
3. Subject 4. Object
28. A person who shares the same cultural patterns as most members of a given society, adapted to social conditions:
1. Conformist 2. Modal personality
3. A cultured person 4. Right person
29. In theory, _____ a person appears as a product or object of social relations - he is what the social environment surrounding him is.
1. Positivism 2. Freudianism
3. Marxism 4. Rationalism
30. The totality of social factors influencing the formation and behavior of the individual:
1. Society 2. Society
3. Social environment 4. Macro environment
31. Status characterizing the social position of a person, determining his way of life:
1. Important 2. Chief
3. First 4. Ascriptive
32. The process of assimilation by an individual of patterns of behavior, psychological mechanisms, social norms and values necessary for the successful functioning of an individual in a given society is:
1. Socialization 2. social reform
3. Social evolution 4. Social stability
33. The social position that is occupied by the individual and is fixed through his individual choice, his own efforts, this is the status:
1. Personal 2. Prescribed
3. Social 4. Achieved (descriptive)
34. A model of behavior, strengthened, established, selected as appropriate for people occupying a particular social position (status) in the system of social relations is:
1. Role expectation 2. social role
3. Social position 4. Social norm
35. Status that manifests itself at the level small group and is determined by personal qualities and character traits, this is the status:
1. Expected 2. Personal
3. Honored 4. Group
36. The expected model of behavior for people of a given status in a given social system:
1. Role 2. Role expectation
3. Role performance 4. Regulatory action
37. Awareness of one's "I" is formed with the awareness of other "I", considered:
1. Z. Freud 2. K. Marx
3. V. Pareto 4. C. Cooley
38. The experiential process, during which roles are identified and filled with content, change as the coordinate system changes, is:
1. Role building 2. Role analysis
3. Role play 4. Interaction of roles
39. The agents of primary socialization Not includes:
1. Parents 2. Close relatives
3. Peers 4. School administration
40. Behavioral reaction (Merton), expressed in the acceptance of goals, but the rejection of the means to achieve them:
1. Innovation 2. Deprivation
3. Socialization 4. Conflict
41. The clash of role requirements for a person, caused by the plurality of roles simultaneously performed by him:
1. Consensus 2. Controversy
3. Role conflict 4. Conformity
42. Researcher _______ organized and conducted a “prison” experiment:
1. E. Mayo 2. K. Marx
3. G. Tarde 4. F. Zimbardo
43. The process of formation of social qualities, properties, values, knowledge and skills, thanks to which a person becomes a capable participant social connections, institutions, communities:
1. Socialization 2. Education
3. Learning 4. Learning
44. This expected behavior, due to the social status of the individual, is:
1. Social role 2. Role play
3. Normal behavior 4. Planned behavior
45. Status that characterizes an individual as a member of a large social group, as a representative of a class, nation, profession, this is the status:
1. Expected 2. Personal
3. Honored 4. Group
46. Socialization agents: parents, relatives, friends, teachers and other reference (significant) people, they are important in the early stages of life, these are agents:
1. Main 2. Important
3. Reference 4. Primary
47. A set of social prescriptions and ceremonies, through which the entry of an individual into the members of a group, a change in his status, the acquisition of a new social role are noted:
1. Initiation 2. Crowning
3. Ceremonial 4. Acceptance
48. The process of assimilation of new social norms to replace the lost ones or their restoration:
1. Socialization 2. Deviation
3. Resocialization 4. Deprivation
49. Adaptation of the individual to role functions, social norms, socio-economic conditions, institutions:
1. Habituation 2. Acceptance
3. Social adaptation 4. Training
50. Conflict when an individual has to choose between the need to fulfill official duties and come to the aid of a friend in need:
1. Role conflict 2. Subjective conflict
3. Status conflict 4. Interpersonal conflict
51. Means of encouragement and punishment, forcing people to comply with social norms:
1. Sanctions 2. Orders
3. Directions 4. Wishes
52. Representatives of the administration of the school, institute (group curator), enterprises, army, church, state, media employees - their role is important at later stages of life, they are agents of socialization:
1. Secondary 2. Group
3. Non-referential 4. Public
53. The mechanism of socialization, expressed in more or less exact copying by the individual of the behavior of other people:
1. Imitation 2. Imitation
3. Repeat 4. Copy
54. The set of roles corresponding to this status is called:
1. Role set 2. Role selection
3. Playing roles 4. Performance
55. The process of including social norms, values in inner world person, i.e. giving social norms a personal character is:
1. Conformity 2. Interiorization
3. Deviation 4. Training
56. The process of weaning from old norms, values, roles, rules of conduct:
1. Desocialization 2. Socialization
3. Deviation 4. Deprivation
57. The state of the gap between the biological and socio-cultural maturation of young people, manifested in the non-acceptance of social duties and obligations:
1. Deviation 2. Socialization
3. Alienation 4. Infantilism
58. Illegal acts that violate the law, which are not in the proper sense of crime, punishable in an administrative manner:
1. Delinquent behavior 2. Deviation
3. Crime 4. Conformity
59. Behavioral reaction (Merton), which is expressed in the rejection of goals, but the acceptance of the means to achieve these goals:
1. Ritualism 2. Consent
3. Conformity 4. Agreement
60. A mechanism that ensures the maintenance of socially acceptable patterns of behavior and functioning of the social system as a whole:
1. Norms 2. Social control
3. Army 4. Police
61. Behavioral reaction (Merton), which consists in accepting the goals and means of a given social community, even by abandoning one's own beliefs:
1. Acceptance 2. Consent
3. Conformity 4. Arrangement
62. A variety of _______status can be professional and official status.
1. Ascriptive 2. achievable
3. Personal 4. Group
63. The concept that reflects a social attribute that discredits an individual or group in order to exclude them from social interaction is a “label” hung on a person:
1. Stigma 2. Exception
3. Deprivation 4. Conformism
64. The functionality of deviant behavior for society, in the opinion of _________, is manifested in the fact that it leads to the improvement of social norms in society.
1. E. Durkheim 2. K. Marx
3. M. Weber 4. M.M. Kovalevsky
65. The subordination of the individual to the norms accepted in society, the attitudes and behavior of the individual, corresponding to the expectations and norms of the social group:
1. Acceptance 2. Conformity
3. Deviation 4. Socialization
66. _______ are instructions on how to behave correctly in society.
1. Norms 2. Rules
3. Laws 4. Punishments
67. According to sociologists, the main type of "social lifts" in modern society is
1. Personal abilities of the individual 2. Social Institute of Education
3.Competition between individuals 4.Interpersonal relationships
68. Social norms that fix the established order of behavior of people, based on habits and supported by the power of public opinion:
1. Ritual 2. Norms of custom
3. Ceremony 4. Rules
69. The social position, which is prescribed in advance to the individual by society or a group, regardless of his abilities or efforts, is:
1. Prescribed (ascriptive) status 2. Main status
3. Achieved status 4. Characteristic status
70. A specific action of a person, and a system of actions, and a relatively stable mass social phenomenon that do not correspond to the norms of a group, society:
1. Violations 2. Crimes
3. Anomalies 4. Deviant behavior
71. Social norms, which are predominantly evaluative in nature and are provided by the power of public opinion:
1. Moral standards 2. Legal regulations
3. Norms of etiquette 4. Norms of law
72. Factors determining deviant behavior: biological, ________, social.
1. Economic 2. Psychological
3. Political 4. Personal
73. The norms that regulate the relationship between the individual and the authorities, between individual states and are reflected both in laws and in international treaties:
1. Political norms 2. Moral standards
3. Religious norms 4. Legal norms
74. Measures of influence of a social group on the behavior of individuals deviating from social expectations and norms:
1. Orders 2. Sanctions
3. Punishments 4. Rewards
75. The type of socialization that an individual undergoes in childhood, becoming a member of society, it is carried out in the sphere interpersonal relationships:
1. Personal 2. Primary
3. Home 4. Social
76. Individuals and organizations that implement the actions of social norms and apply social sanctions:
1. Agents of social control 2. Controllers
3. Police 4. Army
77. Types of social control: formal control and __________.
1. Informal control 2. Mandatory control
3. Administrative control 4. Army control
78. Delinquency is...
1. Same as deviation 2. Violation of moral taboos
3. Equivalent to anomie 4. Violation of legal and social norms
79. To refer to the layer of super-rich entrepreneurs in Russia who have influence on the authorities, the term ...
1. Nouveau riche 2. "Oligarchs"
3. "Business elite" 4. "New nobles"
80. Consensual decision making as a type of social interaction is called _____.
1. Cooperation 2. By consensus
3. Compromise 4. Competition
81. In ______ society school education becomes widespread and becomes one of the leading factors social stratification.
1. Industrial 2. Feudal
3. Traditional 4. Slave
82. Are the following judgments correct:
A) For modern societies Western Europe the class system of social stratification is characteristic;
B) Modern societies of Western Europe are characterized by a class system of social stratification.
1. Only B is true 2. Both judgments are wrong
3. Only A is true 4. Both judgments are correct
83. Are the following judgments correct:
A) to the "middle class" in modern Russia include mid-level managers, high and medium-skilled intellectual workers;
B) The "middle class" in modern Russia includes the intelligentsia, workers, employees and peasants.
1. Both judgments are wrong 2. Only B is correct
3. Only A is true 4. Both judgments are correct
84. From the point of view of liberal theorists, competition between sellers in a market economy leads to _____.
1. Price increase
2. Deterioration in the quality of customer service
3. Growth of economic efficiency
4. Shortage of goods and services
85. A. Maslow defined the full use of his talents, abilities, capabilities as ______ person.
1. Self-presentation 2. Self-knowledge
3. Self-actualization 4. Conceit
86. The initial stimuli of activity, reflecting the objective conditions of human existence, are called ...
1. Needs 2. Roles
3. Goals 4. Instincts
87. The desire to rest after a long journey can be an example of the action of needs ...
1. Ideal 2. Biological
3. Social 4. Spiritual
88. Motive is an internal motivating reason for an action, while ___ is an external one.
1. Factor 2. Condition
3. Incentive 4. Circumstance
89. The ability to self-reflection characterizes ________ personality
1. Modern 2. Primitive
3. Patriarchal 4. Traditional
90. In sociology, the term "personality" means ...